Celebrity's exposition of literature

Social structure is mainly composed of two parts: economic base and superstructure. Literature is a part of the superstructure. This is only a very simple position in Marx's thought about the relationship between literature and society. In fact, from all Marx's viewpoints, the complete structure of society is much more complicated than this, and the position of literature in the social structure is not so flat. On the relationship between literature and society, on the one hand, literature is an ideology; On the other hand, literature can face the whole society composed of superstructure and economic base at the same time. There is not only a static relationship between literature and the whole society, but also a dynamic structure worthy of our attention. The outstanding question in the dynamic relationship between literature and society is where does literature come from? That is, what is the source of literature. In this respect, there are three main theories in history: representation theory, expression theory and dynamic reflection theory.

Reproduction theory advocates that literature and art come from life, which is an imitation and reproduction of life. In the west, the representative theory, which has existed since ancient Greece, is a typical literary representative view. Before Socrates, Greek thinkers believed that literature and art imitated nature. For example, Heraclitus put forward the view that art imitates nature and appears in the face of nature. Since Socrates, the concept of literature and art has turned to humanism, highlighting the object of literature imitating social life. Aristotle inherited Socrates' thought and made a deeper discussion on the representative theory. /kloc-the trend of thought of western realistic literature in the 0/9th century, on the one hand, is the continuation of the representative theory of ancient Greece, on the other hand, it has perfected the representative literature concept from theory to practice at the height of the times. Chernyshevski, a Russian literary theorist, thinks that life is the best, so he thinks that literature and art can achieve their goals as long as they accurately reproduce life. Reproduction theory is a long-standing and relatively dominant ideological tradition in the West. Although China's Book of Changes also has the concept of "viewing things and taking images", and this concept has been deepened to a certain extent, China's view of literature and art is still more inclined to expressionism.

Expressionism advocates that literature and art are the expression of the writer's inner world and the natural expression of the writer's feelings. Performance theory has a large number of supporters in China and the West. China's ancient Book of History Yao Dian said: "Poetry expresses ambition, and songs always say." This is very similar to the viewpoint of performance theory. This concept was summarized as the tradition of China's poetry by later generations, which had a great and lasting influence on China's poetry creation and theory. "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Poets have ambition. Have ambition in your heart and speak like a poem. Emotions move in the middle and are formed in words. " Whether they are called "ambition" or "emotion", they obviously refer to the writer's inner world. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long can be seen from the title alone. In fact, it is also the case. This classic literary theory book always revolves around the relationship between "sentimentality" and works. The phenomenon that China's lyric literature is far more developed than narrative literature is probably related to this literary concept of "expressing ambition through poetry". Expressionism is China's long-standing dominant literary concept. Of course, China's thought on expressionism already contains some moral meanings and reasonable elements. In the west, Plato in ancient Greece put forward the inspiration theory of poetry creation. Although his inspiration theory is mysterious, it means that literature is regarded as the expression of the soul. Kant regards literary and artistic creation as an emotional activity of human beings. /kloc-European romantic writers in the 0 th and 9 th centuries created under the guidance of this literary view, such as Wordsworth and Shelley. Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis in the 20th century, put forward a distinctive expressionist literary view. He believes that literature is only the sublimation of human subconscious and a daydream of writers. This takes the deep consciousness of people who have no direct relationship with the outside world as the source of literature and art.

Reproduction theory emphasizes the original position of social life on literature and the dependence of literature on life, which embodies the creative spirit of realism. At the same time, it also ignores the relationship between literature and art and the creative subject and the subjective initiative of writers in literary creation in a certain sense. On the other hand, expressionism and reappearance pay attention to the relationship between the writer's inner world and literature, emphasize the initiative and autonomy of the creative subject, and ignore the ultimate decisive significance of life to literature and the dependence of literature on life. In this way, although the literary concepts of representation theory and expression theory are reasonable to a great extent, they also have obvious theoretical bias and fail to summarize all the facts in the history of literature. Different from the above two concepts, there is another theory that tries to avoid the theoretical limitations of representation theory, that is, dynamic reflection theory.

According to the theory of dynamic reflection, literature is a writer's dynamic reflection of social life and the product of objectification of human's essential power. Hegel put forward the viewpoint of dynamic reflection theory very early. He said: literature and art "are the reflection of the artist's mind in his works, which provides not only the reproduction of external things, but itself and its inner life." [2] Here, people are reminded that when understanding the essential attributes of literature, we should not only pay attention to the objective life, but also pay attention to the writer's mind. Marxist exposition on the relationship between life and literature and art embodies the idea of dynamic reflection theory. Marx once thought about the universal creative activities of human beings from the perspective of philosophy. He said: "The object of labor is the objectification of human life; People not only reproduce themselves rationally as in consciousness, but also dynamically and realistically, thus visualizing themselves in the world they create. " [3] That is to say, all objects created by people will reflect the existence of the creator's essential strength, which is the result of people's active creation. Literature, as a kind of spiritual labor of human beings, prominently embodies this feature. The artistic world written by a writer is the result of the writer's unique understanding of real life and re-creation according to this understanding, and it is the result of a dynamic reflection of the objective world. Mao Zedong once said: "Literary and artistic works, as ideology, are the products of a certain social life reflected in the human mind." [4] This not only affirms the source position of social life to literature and art, but also emphasizes the writer's subjective initiative, and establishes the basic concept that literature and art are the dynamic reflection of real life by the creative subject.

Without life, literature loses its objective foundation, and without the writer's subjective consciousness, literature loses its meaning of existence. The theory of dynamic reflection dialectically deals with the relationship between life, writers and works, which not only recognizes that literature comes from life, but also emphasizes the unique creativity of writers, truly generalizes the basic fact that literature always embodies the unity of reproduction and expression, and truly reveals some essential attributes of literature. Social structure is mainly composed of two parts: economic base and superstructure. Literature is a part of the superstructure. This is only a very simple position in Marx's thought about the relationship between literature and society. In fact, from all Marx's viewpoints, the complete structure of society is much more complicated than this, and the position of literature in the social structure is not so flat. On the relationship between literature and society, on the one hand, literature is an ideology; On the other hand, literature can face the whole society composed of superstructure and economic base at the same time. There is not only a static relationship between literature and the whole society, but also a dynamic structure worthy of our attention. The outstanding question in the dynamic relationship between literature and society is where does literature come from? That is, what is the source of literature. In this respect, there are three main theories in history: representation theory, expression theory and dynamic reflection theory.

Any valuable knowledge I have learned comes from self-study. Darwin

In the field of observation, opportunities only favor those who are prepared. Pasteur

Knowledge itself does not tell people how to use it, but the way to use it is outside books. bacon

Reading all good books is talking to many noble people. Descartes

Knowledge is as precious as human blood. Without blood, people will be weak; Without knowledge, people's minds will dry up. Gao Shiqi

Of course, a writer must earn money for living and writing, but he should never live and write for making money. Marx

I have never made an accidental invention in my life. All my inventions are the result of careful consideration and rigorous experiments. Edison

Man's value lies in his talent. Marx

It is much more difficult to turn words into actions than to turn actions into words. The original name of NIZHNI NOVGOROD in Gorky City

Don't linger on the established career! Pasteur

It's never too late to study. The original name of NIZHNI NOVGOROD in Gorky City

Less and eager to learn, such as the rising sun; Strong and eager to learn, such as the light of Japan and China; Old and studious, bright as a candle. Liu Xiang

Reading without thinking is eating without digesting. Polk

Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous. Confucius

Positive and unsatisfied are the first conditions for progress. Edison

Curiosity makes scientists and poets. France

Don't wait for tomorrow what you do today, and don't wait for others what you do. Goethe

People with rich knowledge and experience are more likely to produce new associations and unique opinions than those with only one kind of knowledge and experience. taylor

The wider a person's knowledge, the more perfect he is. The original name of NIZHNI NOVGOROD in Gorky City

All wrong knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. Shavian

Books have turned me into a happy person and my life into a relaxed and comfortable poem. The original name of NIZHNI NOVGOROD in Gorky City

I owe my success to my positive thinking. newton

Knowledge is power. bacon

Knowledge is a candle that guides life to the bright and true realm. Li Dazhao

Books are the ladder of human progress. The original name of NIZHNI NOVGOROD in Gorky City

If you want to succeed, you should regard persistence as your good friend, experience as your reference, prudence as your brother and hope as your sentry. Edison

Self-destruction, this is a poisonous snake that corrodes and devours the soul forever. It sucks the fresh blood of the soul and injects the poison of world-weariness and despair. Marx

Only with the support of great confidence can inventors have the courage to advance in the unknown world. Balzac

Not knowing is not terrible or harmful. No one can know everything. Terrible and harmful, pretending to know but not knowing. tolstoy

Success = efforts+correct methods+less empty talk. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

Successful scientists are often people with a wide range of interests. Their originality may come from their erudition. Diversification will make people fresh, while studying in a narrow field for too long will make people stupid. William Lan Beardmore Beveridge

For everything, only love is the best teacher, which far exceeds the sense of responsibility. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

Patience and perseverance will always be rewarded. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

Patience is the foundation of all wisdom. Plato

A calm lake can't make a thin sailor; Comfortable environment can't make a great man of the times. Lebedev

The ideal book is the key to wisdom. tolstoy

What matters is not the quantity of knowledge, but the quality of knowledge. Some people know a lot, but don't know the most useful things. tolstoy

Between genius and diligence, I chose diligence without hesitation. She is the midwife of almost all achievements in the world. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

A person who can think is really a person with infinite strength. Balzac

Life is about seeking new knowledge. Mendeleev

The more books you read without thinking, the more you will feel that you understand. And the more you read and think, the more clearly you will see how little you know. Voltaire

I never remember what was printed in the dictionary. My memory is used to remember things that are not in books. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

Learning knowledge should be good at thinking, thinking and rethinking. This is how I became a scientist.

[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

No matter what kind of knowledge you have, it is useful for your intelligence. It will throw away useless things and keep good things. Leonardo da Vinci

The original meaning of the word literature refers to articles and erudition. Judging from the existing literature records, the word "Wen" first appeared in Confucius' Analects of Confucius, pointing to articles and erudition, and was listed as one of Confucius' four subjects (morality, language, politics and literature): "Wen Xing is in the summer." Later, the biography of Shu Wei, Zheng Yichuan said: "And the sixth is literature." Literature here refers to literary language works, that is, literature in today's sense; At the same time, literature also refers to people's erudition, that is, knowledge or knowledge in today's sense, such as philosophy, history, language and so on. As you can see, when the word literature appeared in China, it highlighted the meaning of "literary talent" from the beginning. At the same time, literature has the meaning of knowledge (erudition) since it was used. According to this view, any literary works that show profound knowledge can be called literature.

Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, literature has gradually ruled out the meaning of "erudition" and paid attention to expressing emotions in literary language. This has formed a new and narrower meaning: literature refers to literary and sentimental works. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, specifically in the 5th century A.D., Emperor Wen of the Southern Song Dynasty established "Four Learning", namely Confucianism, Metaphysics, History and Literature. This is an important landmark event: "literature" began to separate from the broad literary family and developed independently without non-literary forms, establishing its own particularity [1]. This particularity can be roughly equivalent to the connotation of "language art" today, although the word "art" was not used at that time. In other words, literature is actually considered to have the nature of language art, so that we can understand another simple meaning of literature: literature refers to those literary language works that mainly express emotions.

In ancient China, the meaning of the word literature was not fixed, and it was often associated with knowledge and even all linguistic works. Its original meaning of "erudition" has not faded or disappeared with the prominence of its "predestination" characteristics, but has often revived due to the special needs of social and cultural context, and sometimes it still occupies a dominant position.

Since the Han Dynasty, the double meanings of literary language works and erudition have been decomposed, and people began to distinguish between literature and learning, articles and literature, calling literature in today's sense literature or articles, and academic works as learning or literature. Correspondingly, in the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, people also put forward the distinction between "writing" and "pen". In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the boundary between "literature" and "learning" gradually narrowed, and the view that "literature embodies Taoism" or "literature embodies" became popular, and the concept of great literature was further concretized. Han Yu advocates that literature conveys "Tao" or "ancient road": "The more words, the better." [2] He opposed the past trend of paying attention to "words" (equivalent to "literary talent") and emphasized that literature conveyed the "ancient road" of Confucianism. "Reading is learning, writing is writing, not boasting too much and fighting too hard. Gai Xue is the Tao and Wen is the reason. " [3] If the purpose of "learning" (academic) is to express Confucianism, then similarly, the purpose of "literature" is to convey "reason"-the specific form of Confucianism. "Literature" and "learning" are integrated on the basis of "Tao". Liu Zongyuan advocated more directly that "writing should be based on Ming Dow": "At first, I was young and energetic, and my job was to write articles and make speeches. And the dragon, it is know this passage. He is meticulous, meticulous, thinks he can use color, and he is praised. What I'm talking about is called a shortcut, but I don't know if the fruit is near or far. My son is good at Taoism, but he can write, or he is not far from Taoism. " [4]。 He reflected on the prejudice that he only paid attention to writing and literary talent when he was young, and realized that "writing with Ming Dow" was the most important thing in literary creation. He pointed out: "Those who are afraid of the world are addicted to literary talent and fall into injustice. They must not enter the path of Yao and Shun by the golden mean." [5] He insists that if you indulge in "literary talent", it will hinder the road to "Yao Shun". In this way, since the Tang Dynasty, "writing" and "literary talent" in literature have been suppressed, and "Ming Dow" has become the highest goal, paving the way for eliminating the distinction between literature and non-literature. It is precisely because of the leading role of Tao that the difference between "Wen" and "Xue" was eliminated on the basis of Tao, and the two meanings of "Wen" and "erudite" were re-integrated, thus "Wen" revived the original meaning of the pre-Qin era in the new context. From this time to the Qing dynasty, the academic concept of literature has been used. Zhang in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China can be said to represent an extreme of this broad literary view. He insisted: "a writer is called a text because he has words written on bamboo and silk;" On its French style, it is called literature. " [6] In his view, the word "document" should have the following meanings: anything displayed on bamboo slips and silk books in written form is called "writing"; Those who discuss the laws and rules of literature are called literature. Here, not only the literary articles and academic meanings are clearly followed, but also it is infinitely extended to all writing forms "written on bamboo and silk". This means that all language symbols created by human beings with written records can be called literature, which makes literature a general term for all written (linguistic) works, including articles and academics. All works composed of language can be called literature. This includes almost all language (writing) symbols created by human beings: spoken words, written language and the works they convey, such as poetry, prose, novels, philosophy and history. Literature can refer to language works with literary expressions, that is, today's literature; It can also refer to daily conversations that convey news, historical books that record words, and academic works that say theoretical things. , which is today's non-literature. This inclusive and broad literary meaning is similar to the word "language symbol" in modern western linguistics and semiotics. In this way, the word literature is synonymous with all human language symbols and their works. Therefore, literature broadly refers to all language symbols created by human beings, including today's literature and non-literature.

With the introduction of western academic classification mechanism since the late Qing Dynasty, China gradually formed the following modern literary terms: literature is a kind of language art, and this modern meaning is actually the result of the intersection of narrow-sense literature from the modern west and narrow-sense literature from ancient China. It can be said that the western literary concept provides a modern academic classification mechanism for literature, while the narrow literary concept in ancient China laid a traditional foundation for it. In the face of the introduction of the western concept of "the art of beauty", China's literary concept of literary talent since the Wei and Jin Dynasties was activated, thus merging into a new modern literary concept. This convergence is manifested in two aspects: first, the connotation of formal beauty in the western "art of beauty" corresponds to China's "literary talent"; Secondly, the expressive connotation in the western "art of beauty" is similar to the connotation of China's "fatalism". That is to say, the formal beauty and expressive thought from the West have achieved modern cross-cultural convergence with China's inherent traditional view of literary talent and emotion. Therefore, if we only see the influence of the West and ignore the activation of China's own narrow literary concept tradition in ancient times, we can't fully grasp the origin of modern literary significance. In this way, the modern significance of literature is that literature is a kind of language art and an artistic style of expressing ideas in literary language. 1. Literature is the richest and most vivid expression of human feelings and the most vivid interpretation of human history. -Zhao

2. The art of using language and literature as tools to reflect objective reality. Including drama, poetry, novels, essays, etc. -Modern Chinese vocabulary

3. Language and writing are tools for human beings to express their thoughts and expressions. Literature is well expressed and well expressed. -Hu Shi

Poets are the echo of the world, not just the nanny of their own souls. Gorky