Ci is a unique poetic style, which sprouted in the Southern Dynasties and is a new literary style in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
In the Song Dynasty, after a long period of continuous development, Ci entered its heyday. The original name of Ci is "Quci" or "Quci", and it is also called: modern Yuefu, long and short sentences, Ci, Quci, music movement, musical interest, and harmony poems. It is a song and poem full of feasts, and the epigraph is the name of the tone of the word. Different epigrams have regulations on the total number of words, the number of sentences, the number of words per sentence and the level.
There are long words and short sentences, but the number of words in the whole article is certain. The level of each sentence is also certain
Ci reached its peak in the Song Dynasty and became a completely independent literary form, competing with poetic style. In the history of literature, Ci is called Song, which reflects the important position of Song Ci as a generation of literature.
The mainstream of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty is still following the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, paying attention to the lyricism and musicality of Ci. For example, Er Yan and Zhang Xian.
They deliberately refined, making the form of words richer, the language of words more refined, the artistic conception of words more profound, the style of words more delicate, especially the rhythm of words more delicate and harmonious. Extended data:
Ci can basically be divided into two categories: graceful and unrestrained.
Representatives of graceful and restrained school: Li Yu, Yan Shu, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan, Wu Wenying, Li Qingzhao, Nalan Xingde, Yan, Jiang Kui, etc. Representatives of the uninhibited school: Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Yue Fei, Chen Liang, Lu You, etc.
In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Shi summed up the form of ci as follows: "The tune has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number, and the word has a fixed tone." The style characteristics of graceful and restrained school: graceful, tactful and implicit.
Graceful ci school is mainly characterized by its love for children. The structure is profound and meticulous, paying attention to the harmony of melody, the language is round, fresh and beautiful, with a gentle beauty and narrow content.
The style of the bold school is characterized by boldness of spirit and unrestrained interest. The bold school is characterized by a wide range of disciplines.
It not only describes the love between men and women under the moon, but also tends to integrate major themes such as military affairs and state affairs into ci, so that ci can reflect life like poetry. It is grand, magnificent and straightforward, not subtle and graceful.
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2. Literary knowledge about words
Ci is one of China's ancient poems.
It began in Liang Dynasty, formed in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty. According to Old Tang Book; "Since Kaiyuan (the year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), singers have mixed the songs of Okoyi Lane."
Due to the wide spread of music; At that time, there were many talented musicians in the city who made a living by singing. According to the need to coordinate the lyrics with the music beat, they created or adapted some long and short sentence lyrics, which are the earliest words. It can also be seen from Dunhuang Quzi Ci that the words produced by the people are decades earlier than those created by the literati.
Folk words in the Tang Dynasty mostly reflect themes such as love and acacia, so they are not elegant in the eyes of literati. It is considered a poetic path.
Only those who pay attention to absorbing the artistic advantages of folk songs, such as Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi, write some words with simple and natural style and full of rich life flavor. Wen Tingyun and the "Huajian School" in the Five Dynasties, which are famous for their rich ci works, have a certain position in the history of ci.
However, Li Houzhu's poems after his capture in the Southern Tang Dynasty opened up a new and profound artistic realm, which strongly infected later poets. Ci originated from the folk, but it was difficult to see folk works in the study before 1900 Dunhuang stone room was opened.
It was not until the lyrics and songs of Dunhuang manuscripts came out that these defects were made up. There are a lot of Dunhuang lyrics and songs.
There are five poems by Wen, () and Ouyang Jiong, and the rest are anonymous. The author has a wide range of subordinates, and his writing time began from the last years of Wu Zetian to the Five Dynasties.
Among them, the most important one is "Yun Yao Ji Za Ge", with 30 words. The copying time was not later than the first year of Hou Liang Ganhua (9 1 1), and it was nearly 30 years earlier than the compilation of Huajianji (940 in the third year of Zheng Guang, Shu Dynasty). Except Neijiajiao, all the other 12 songs are included in Jiao Fangji's List of Songs.
Among them are slow characters and couplets. The early creation of Dunhuang Ci and the folk origin of the author's creation make the works show transitional characteristics in content, system and language style, and initially break away from the general cultural system of poetry and begin to become independent adults.
The postscript of Zhu Zumou's "Yunyao Zaqu" said: "It is a simple and gratifying poem, and it is a big song that relies on the sound of the vertebral wheel." It can be used to evaluate the whole Dunhuang ci.
[Edit this paragraph] The part of speech was originally called "Quci" or "Quci", also known as long and short sentences, songs, Quci, Yuefu, music movements, musical tastes, poems, and accompanied by music. From the music point of view, it is the same literary genre as Yuefu, and it also comes from folk literature.
Later, like Yuefu, Ci gradually separated from music and became a unique poetic style, so some people called Ci "poetry". Scholars' Ci is deeply influenced by metrical poems, so there are many metrical sentences in Ci.
There are long words and short sentences, but the number of words in the whole article is certain. The level of each sentence is also certain
Characters can be roughly divided into three categories: (1) poem; (2) alto; (3) Long tune. Some people think that words below 58 are minor, words between 59 and 90 are middle key, and words below 9 1 are long key.
Although this division is too absolute, the general situation is still the same. There are already some medium-long tunes in Dunhuang Quzi Ci.
Liu Yong wrote some long tunes in the early Song Dynasty. Su Shi, Qin Guan, Huang Tingjian and others followed closely, and long tunes became popular.
The characteristics of long tunes, in addition to the large number of words, are that the rhyme is generally sparse. Longer words can also be divided into two, three and four tones.
Topics added before words by predecessors when writing words. When the literary genre of Ci first appeared, the tone and theme of Ci were basically integrated.
Later, the content of the word was gradually separated from the tone of the word, and the tone of the word was not enough to express the content of the word, which led to the addition of the word title, which began in the Song Dynasty. For example, Su Dongpo's "More Leak" (the name of the word), plus "Send Sun Juyuan", explains why this word was written, and this is the title of this word.
[Edit this paragraph] epigraph epigraph is the name of the word format. The format of words is different from that of metrical poems: there are only four formats of metrical poems, but there are always more than 1000 formats of words (these formats are called music scores).
People can't call them the first class, the second class and so on, so they are given some names. These names are epigrams.
Sometimes, several formats share a epigraph because they are several variants of the same format; Sometimes, the same format has several names, just because the names are different. About the origin of epigraph, there are three situations: (1) is the name of music at first.
For example, Bodhisattva Man is said to be due to the tribute paid by the female country in the early years of the Tang Dynasty. They wear a high bun, a golden crown and garlands (garlands are jewelry worn on their bodies), like bodhisattvas. At that time, the teaching workshop was also divided into "Bodhisattva Manqu".
It is said that Tang Yizong loved to sing the word "Bodhisattva Crossing the River", which was a popular song at that time. "Xijiang Moon", "Pine Wind" and "Recent Flowers" all belong to this category.
These are folk tunes. (2) Choose a few words from a word as an inscription.
For example, Qin Yi E, because the first two sentences of the first word written in this format are "Xiao Shengyan, dreams are broken", so the epigraph is called E, also called E. Memorizing Jiangnan was originally named Wang Jiangnan, also known as Xie Qiuniang. But Bai Juyi has a poem praising "Jiangnan is good", and the last sentence is "Can you forget Jiangnan", so the epigraph is also called memorizing Jiangnan.
Dream as a Dream was originally named Yi Xian Zi and later renamed Dream as a Dream, which was written by Zhuang Zong in the late Tang Dynasty. Niannujiao is also called no return to the river, because Su Shi has a poem "Niannujiao", and the first sentence is "No return to the river".
It is also called "the moon on the Yangtze River" because the last three words of Su Shi are "the moon on the Yangtze River". (3) It is the topic of words.
The lyrics of "On a Horse" are about dancing, the lyrics of "Dancing on a Horse" are about dancing on a horse, the songs of swimming are about boating, the songs of fishermen are about fishing, the sand of waves is about the sand of waves, the music of throwing balls is about throwing hydrangeas, and the lost son is about the night. This situation is the most common.
Where the epigraph is marked with "original intention", that is to say, the epigraph is also a topic, and there are no other topics. But most words don't use the original meaning, so there are prefixes besides epigrams.
Generally, the topic is marked with smaller words under the inscription.
3. Literary common sense about characters
Ci is a unique poetic style and a new literary style in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, after a long period of continuous development, it entered its heyday.
Ci, also known as Quzi Ci, long and short sentences and poems, is a kind of songs and poems full of feasts. A epigraph is the name of the tone of a word. Different epitaphs have regulations on the total number of words, the number of words per sentence and the level. The character is 1. Every word has a musical tone (epigraph).
Generally speaking, the tone of a word is not the theme of the word, but only a score. In the Song Dynasty, some poets often added topics or wrote prefaces to express the meaning of words.
2. Words are generally divided into two paragraphs (called upper and lower paragraphs or upper and lower paragraphs), and few words are not segmented or not segmented. Generally speaking, the number of words in tones and the length of sentences are fixed and have a certain format.
4. The sentence patterns of words are uneven, and they are basically long and short sentences. 5. The rules of phonology in words are particularly strict, and words should be hierarchical. The tone of each word has its own rules, which are different.
The origin word of editing this paragraph is one of China's ancient poems. It began in Liang, became in Tang and flourished in Song, so it is commonly known as Song Ci.
According to Old Tang Book; "Since Kaiyuan (the year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), singers have mixed the songs of Okoyi Lane." At that time, there were many talented musicians in the city who made a living by singing. According to the need to coordinate the lyrics with the music beat, they created or adapted some long and short sentence lyrics, which are the earliest words.
It can also be seen from Dunhuang Quzi Ci that the words produced by the people are decades earlier than those created by the literati. Ci in the Tang Dynasty, folk ci mostly reflected the theme of love and acacia, so it was not elegant in the eyes of literati and was regarded as a trail after poetry.
Only those who pay attention to absorbing the artistic advantages of folk songs, such as Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi, write some words with simple and natural style and full of rich life flavor. Wen Tingyun and the "Huajian School" in the Five Dynasties, which are famous for their rich ci works, have a certain position in the history of ci.
However, Li Houzhu's poems after his capture in the Southern Tang Dynasty opened up a new and profound artistic realm, which strongly infected later poets. Ci originated from the folk, but it was difficult to see folk works in the study before 1900 Dunhuang stone room was opened.
It was not until the lyrics and songs of Dunhuang manuscripts came out that these defects were made up. There are a lot of Dunhuang lyrics and songs.
There are five poems by Wen, () and Ouyang Jiong, and the rest are anonymous. The author has a wide range of subordinates, and his writing time began from the last years of Wu Zetian to the Five Dynasties.
Among them, the most important one is "Yun Yao Ji Za Ge", with 30 words. The copying time was not later than the first year of Hou Liang Ganhua (9 1 1), and it was nearly 30 years earlier than the compilation of Huajianji (940 in the third year of Zheng Guang, Shu Dynasty). Except Neijiajiao, all the other 12 songs are included in Jiao Fangji's List of Songs.
Among them are slow characters and couplets. The early creation of Dunhuang Ci and the folk origin of the author's creation make the works show transitional characteristics in content, system and language style, and initially break away from the general cultural system of poetry and begin to become independent adults.
The postscript of Zhu Zumou's "Yunyao Zaqu" said: "It is a simple and gratifying poem, and it is a big song that relies on the sound of the vertebral wheel." It can be used to evaluate the whole Dunhuang ci.
The development context words in this paragraph originated in the Tang Dynasty, prevailed in the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Song Dynasty, declined in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties and revived in the Qing Dynasty. In the history of literature, Ci has become a popular literary genre with its unique musical beauty, intricate rhythm, uneven syntax and strong and profound emotional expression.
Ci is a new kind of folk poetry in Tang dynasty, that is, song ci. In the Tang Dynasty, "Hu Yue" originated in the western regions, especially Qiuci music, was introduced into the Central Plains in large quantities, and merged with other Han musicians, mainly Shang Qingle, resulting in a new kind of music-Yanle.
There are many tunes of Yanle, including dance music and songs. Lyrics are the embryonic form of words, which were then called "Quzi Ci".
In the course of its development, the lyrics of Yanle in Tang Dynasty gradually formed a remarkable feature, that is, the lyrics were created in strict accordance with the requirements of music, including segmentation according to the movement structure, sentence making according to the beat, word selection according to the music sound, etc., and its glyph became a form with irregular sentence length and fixed frame. After the middle Tang Dynasty, many literati used this method to create poems, which were later commonly known as "Ci".
Many tunes in Yan music are folk songs, including songs and words, which have different lengths or interlining forms. Many notes and lyrics found in Dunhuang in modern times were written for speeches.
The structure of these lyrics is long or short. It can be seen that these lyrics are in line with or changed according to the requirements of music singing, which shows that the lyrics of Yanle written for music are an etymology.
Another source of ci is the poetry of literati. The beat of some music in the Tang Dynasty and the lyrics of poems, especially Yang Liuzhi, are not much different from metrical poems.
However, there are also some inconsistencies between poetry and music. In order to adapt to the melody format, some changes need to be made, such as sentence breaking and overlapping.
According to the explanations of Shen Kuo and Zhu in Song Dynasty, "harmony" and "overtone" should be added when singing these songs, so as to be consistent with the uneven beat length. This eventually led the literati to write lyrics directly according to the musical beat.
Poetry into music has contributed to the lyrical trend of musical words. Judging from Zeng's poems, most of them are five-character quatrains or seven-character quatrains, and the contents are mostly chanting mountains and rivers, expressing feelings, or reflecting friends' friendship and parting feelings, which gradually forms remarkable artistic characteristics: the content is mainly to express daily life feelings, the artistic conception is more delicate, the expression method is more euphemistic, and the language is more concise and delicate.
Popular folk words in the early Tang Dynasty are the embryonic stage of words. The inflectional characters written by the literati in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are basically neat five-character and seven-language forms, and some are long and short sentences.
In the mid-Tang Dynasty, literati began to seriously rely on sound to write lyrics. After the end of Yuan Dynasty, the number of literati ci gradually increased, and ci formally became one.
However, at this time, the scope of literati's use of tunes is still relatively narrow. As far as the available materials are concerned, the number of tunes they usually use is limited, such as Seventeen Orders, Recalling Chang 'an, Funny, and Santai, but in terms of language, they have started.
4. Literary common sense of "Ci"
Ci was originally called "Quci" or "Quci", accompanied by music.
Later, it gradually separated from music and became another style of poetry, so some people called the word "poem". Because literati ci is deeply influenced by metrical poems, there are many metrical sentences in ci.
Words are long and short sentences, but the number of words and sentences in the whole article is certain, and the number of words and levels of each sentence is also certain! Words can be roughly divided into three categories: (1) poem; (2) alto; (3) Long tune. Some people think that words below 58 are minor, words between 59 and 90 are middle key, and words above 9 1 are long key.
This division is too absolute, but it is probably the case. In Dunhuang Quzi Ci, there have been some alto and long tones.
Liu Yong wrote some long tunes in the early Song Dynasty. Su Shi, Qin Guan, Huang Tingjian and others followed closely, and long tunes became popular.
The characteristics of long tunes, except for the large number of words, are generally sparse rhyme.
5. Literary common sense of words
The original name of the word is "Quci" or "Quci", and it is also called long and short sentences, songs, Quci, Yuefu, music movement, musical interest and poetry, with music as its companion. From the music point of view, it is the same literary genre as Yuefu, and it also comes from folk literature. Later, like Yuefu, Ci gradually separated from music and became a unique poetic style, so some people called Ci "poetry". Scholars' Ci is deeply influenced by metrical poems, so there are many metrical sentences in Ci.
There are long words and short sentences, but the number of words in the whole article is certain. The level of each sentence is also certain
Characters can be roughly divided into three categories: (1) poem; (2) alto; (3) Long tune. Some people think that words below 58 are minor, words between 59 and 90 are middle key, and words below 9 1 are long key. Although this division is too absolute, the general situation is still the same.
There are already some medium-long tunes in Dunhuang Quzi Ci. Liu Yong wrote some long tunes in the early Song Dynasty. Su Shi, Qin Guan, Huang Tingjian and others followed closely, and long tunes became popular. The characteristics of long tunes, in addition to the large number of words, are that the rhyme is generally sparse.
Longer words can also be divided into two, three and four tones.
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