Poetry Style in the Early Tang Dynasty 1 Poetry in the Early Tang Dynasty is a transition from cool breeze to prosperous Tang Dynasty. In many aspects, such as style, temperament and artistic conception, he prepared for the peak of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The literature of an era is bound to be contaminated with the flavor of an era, and the unified atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty is bound to be reflected in the poems of the Tang Dynasty. In the second half of the early Tang Dynasty, the style of poetry changed, which was manifested in the style, theme and genre of poetry. From the perspective of poetic style, poetry gradually got rid of the habits of Qi Liang and Yan Fu, showing a fresh and vigorous character; From the content point of view, poetry broke through the narrow theme field of poetry in the Six Dynasties and began to show broad social life and major political issues; In terms of genre, the form of metrical poems is basically established, and the seven-character songs have also developed greatly.
Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo, the four great poets in the early Tang Dynasty, were four poets with small professional positions and high talents from the Tang Dynasty to the marquis of Wu. It should be said that Tang poetry with both temperament and personality started from them. The vigorous atmosphere, outstanding talent and prestige of the Tang Dynasty made the four outstanding men full of the mind and ambition to help the world, but their humble official position and status prevented them from displaying their talents. ? Depressed The four great poets, represented by Shangguanti, developed the theme in their poems, and moved the poems from the palace to the street, from Taige to Jiangshan and Saimo. At the same time, the development of the theme has brought serious thoughts, bold momentum and generous and sad style. Therefore, the poems of Sijie became excellent works with concise poetic style in the early Tang Dynasty. Chen Ziang's creative achievements: Thirty-eight Poems of Meeting is Chen Ziang's masterpiece, while Youzhou Tower and Qiu Ji Guangu and The Second Yan Zhaowang are famous masterpieces. These two poems are also important epic poems in the early Tang Dynasty.
The early Tang Dynasty is also an important period for the development of poetry genre. Yongming style developed into regular poetry, among which Shen Quanqi and Song made the greatest contribution to regular poetry. The so-called "Yongming style" is a new poetic style that began to appear in the first year of Qiyong in the Southern Dynasties. At that time, Shen Yue, a famous poet, studied the harmony of sound, rhyme and tone in poetry according to the four-tone and two-tone overlapping rhyme of Chinese characters, and pointed out eight prosodic defects that should be avoided, which were called "eight diseases". This combination of meter and antithesis forms a new metrical poetic style. Because this new poetic style was created in the following year, it is called Yongming style.
Yongming style laid the foundation for the establishment of regular poetry. On the basis of Yongming style, Shen Quanqi and Song, important court poets in Wuhou period, dualized the four tones, that is, divided them into two flat tones. It also solved the sticky problem of law and completed the transition from legal sentences to legal texts. So as to create a new poetic style with both procedural constraints and broad creative space, that is, metrical poetry. In the process of shaping metrical poems, Song Shen made the greatest contribution, and they finally completed the task of "recalling the sound and getting sick, and the sentences are consistent", so metrical poems were originally called "Shen Songti". The stereotype of metrical poetry is of great significance to the development of poetry and promotes the climax of Tang poetry.
Poets in the early Tang Dynasty also made great contributions to the development of artistic conception. They began to get rid of the flashy atmosphere of the Six Dynasties and devote themselves to poetic artistic conception. Zhang's Moonlit Night on a Spring River is the best one. It wrote the old topic of wandering about thinking about women with the old songs with five tones of Yuefu, but it was praised as "the lonely piece overwhelmed the whole Tang Dynasty" because it opened up a new artistic conception.
Poetic style in early Tang Dynasty II. Poets in the early Tang Dynasty inherited the palace poems of the Southern Dynasties, and their words were flowery, beautiful and empty.
1. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Tang Dynasty, Zhenguan poems were mainly written by court poets around Emperor Taizong. Main drafters: Yu Shinan, Wei Zhi, Yang Shidao and Li Baiyao. At first, most poets still had strong and simple works, but after entering the court, more and more poems were sung and entertained, and the poetic style tended to be flashy and extravagant, showing a tendency of nobility and court. Wei Zhi can be unique outside the style of court poetry.
2. Shangguan Yi was the most famous and influential court poet from the late Zhenguan period to the Gaozong period. His poem "Based on Charm" (Shangguan Yi in the old Tang Dynasty) pays attention to form and skills, pursues the beauty of rhetoric, is neat in antithesis and harmonious in sound and rhyme. But the content and subject matter are relatively narrow. His poems are imitated by people, which is the so-called "official style". His theory of "six pairs" and "eight pairs" and his creative practice have contributed to the perfection of formal metrical poetry and played a connecting role in the development of metrical poetry.
3. The court poets in Wuhou and Zhongzong periods were Li Qiao, Su Weidao, Cui Rong and Du Fu. Among them, Du made great achievements and made great efforts in exploring the form of metrical poems. At the same time and later generations, there were Shen Quanqi and Song. Shen and Song were in the court of Wuhou State in the early stage, and were later banished to a remote place. Shen and Song's main contribution to poetry lies in metrical poetry, which has made important contributions to the maturity and finalization of metrical poetry.
Four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty and other poets
In the early Tang Dynasty, some writers whose life experiences were different from those of court poets showed different creative characteristics in their poetry creation. This kind of poets are represented by Wang Ji and "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty".
1. Wang Ji
Wang Ji lived in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, either as an official or as a hermit. His poems mainly show the hermit's self-comfort and the indifferent mood of entertaining people with mountains and rivers. His poems, with natural and simple language, created a quiet and leisurely artistic conception, which stood out from the crowd in the early Tang Dynasty when the style of palace poetry was all the rage. He was also a pioneer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Wang Ye, his masterpiece, has the style of Tang poetry and is a typical five-law.
2. "Four Masters in Early Tang Dynasty"
The creative activities of the "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty" represent the ideological tendency and creative spirit of the lower literati in the periods of Gaozong and Wuhou. Their hearts are filled with the ideals and lofty sentiments of saving the world and making achievements, as well as the indignation of the literati at the bottom. Their main contributions to the evolution and development of Tang poetry;
(1) They were dissatisfied with the prevailing style of court poetry at that time, and criticized it as "striving for exquisite structure and carving" and "lacking strength and vitality" (Preface to Yang Jiong and Wang Bo), trying to break through and change this delicate, exquisite and gorgeous style of court poetry with fresh and vigorous poems. Although it can't be said that it has been swept away and its own creation can't be said to be completely unaffected, it has indeed opened up a new situation and created a new atmosphere in the creation of Tang poetry with its conscious aesthetic pursuit and creative practice.
(2) Their poetry creation also broke through the narrow scope of the content and theme of court poetry, and moved towards a broader world of social life. Their poems are rich in content and subject matter. Some of them write about the military life in the frontier fortress, some express their lofty aspirations, some bid farewell to their hometown, miss Chang Zaixin's head and sing praises to history and things. Their creative themes from the palace to the market, from Kyoto to the frontier fortress, and even the expression of personal feelings are in line with the spirit of the times, showing a broad vision and a broad gas field.
(3) Their poetry creation not only played a certain role in the rise of Tang poetry in the early stage of innovation, but also made beneficial explorations and contributions to the development of five-character rhythm poetry and seven-character singing. For example, Biography in Shu, Yang Jiong's Joining the Army and Luo's A Political Prisoner Listening to Cicada are all relatively mature five-character poems, and the forms of five-character poems in their hands have taken shape. Lu's "Ancient Meaning of Chang 'an" and Luo's "Emperor Jing Pian" are both excellent works of seven-character songs, which provide artistic reference for the creation of seven-character songs in later generations.
3. At the end of the early Tang Dynasty, Zhang established his position in the history of Tang poetry with a seven-character quatrain "Moonlight on the Spring River". At the same time, Liu Xiyi's seven-character swan song "Pulsatilla Daibei" has also become a masterpiece.
The poetic style of the early Tang Dynasty was still in the afterglow of the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui Chen period. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, and the literati poems around him are gorgeous and soft. Shangguan Tiqi was wrong and charming. Only a few people, such as Wei Zhi, Wang Ji and Wang Fanzhi, can get rid of this custom. It was not until the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty that the content and form of poetry were developed. However, it still has not got rid of the influence of "adopting beauty and competing for differences" in the late Six Dynasties. It was Chen Ziang in Wuhou period who really expounded the influence of Chen Liang's poetic style. He advocated "Han Wei style", took retro as innovation, and resisted extravagant poetic style. Shen Quanqi, Song and four friends of the article (Li Qiao, Cui Rong, Su Weidao and Du Fu) have similarities with him in different genres. Most of their works are based on harmony and embellishment, but there are also some excellent works in their other poems. Especially Du Fu's poems. But their main contribution lies in the perfection of the law. Shen, Song and Du are called the founders of five-character poems and seven-character poems by later generations.
At the beginning of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the country declined and the poetry world was in a depression. The works of Liu Changqing and Wang Wei, ten talented poets in Dali, are exquisite and elegant, but their contents are superficial. Lu Lun and Li Yi have some desolate frontier poems with bold artistic conception. The most outstanding figure in this issue is Wei, whose pastoral poems are elegant and free, while his Yuefu songs are satirized in aestheticism. In addition, Yung Wing, Gu Kuang and Dai Shulun also have excellent articles reflecting the sufferings of people's livelihood. Yongzhen's innovation and Yuan and Zhongxing revived the poetry circle. Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Li Shen, Zhang Ji and Jincon advocated the New Yuefu Movement and created a large number of political allegorical poems that widely reflected the reality and criticized the current politics, with a leisurely style. Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Li He and Jia Dao are famous for their strange and steep sculptures. Han's poems are heroic, Meng's poems are profound, Li's poems are beautiful and Jia's poems are austere. In addition, Yao He's poems are strange and bitter, while Lutong, Liu Cha and others are good at strange rise. Apart from these two schools, Liu Zongyuan's poems are either elegant or sad. Liu Yuxi's poems are concise and implicit, with beautiful artistic conception and harmonious rhythm. The innovative spirit and personality style of poets in this period are outstanding.
In the late Tang and Five Dynasties, the poetic style became more and more delicate. Although there have been writers and works with great influence in the history of literature, they generally lack the broad spirit and muddy realm in the middle of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Outstanding poets Li Shangyin and Du Mu made unique contributions to the art of poetry. His poems are full of emotion and profundity, but when he is hurt, he is worried about the country and the people, deeply sad and has a sense of decline. The writing is clear and elegant, but the style is low. He also has a good show, but the overall style is light and thin. Since then, most poets have imitated their predecessors and made no great breakthrough in art. The famous poets are Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng, Nie, Du Xunhe, Luo Yin, Han Wo and others.
Finally, to sum up, if the Tang poetry is based on flowers, the early Tang Dynasty is like peaches and plums, and it is still beautiful because of the beautiful spring breeze. The flourishing Tang Dynasty, like a peony, won the essence of nature and attracted wealth. In the middle Tang Dynasty, pomegranate flowers were full of eyes, and in the late Tang Dynasty, they were like crape myrtle, stroking branches and moving the whole tree, which was extremely gentle and charming.