On November 12th, the fifth year of Song Zhenzong Tianxi (102 1 65438+ February 20th), Wang Anshi was born in Junxin County (now Xinshi County, Jiangxi Province). In the second year of Baoyuan (1039), Wang Yi, the father of jiangning house Chief Judge, died in Jiangning. Wang Anshi mourned in Jiangning. In the first year of Li Qing (104 1), Wang Anshi went to Beijing to take the does examination, and finally won the fourth place in March of the following year. After entering Jinshi, Wang Anshi was appointed as a book signing judge in Huainan and went to Yangzhou in August. At the same time, he went to Nanfeng, met Ceng Gong, which he had longed for for for a long time, and forged a profound friendship.
Wang Anshi's personality is stubborn, from dealing with state affairs to interacting with guests and friends, and he does not yield to power. Wang Anshi's personality is decent, he doesn't love money, he doesn't like women, he doesn't talk much about ostentation and extravagance in life, and he doesn't like to put on airs when interacting with people with low status. He is a man who can stick to the Confucian tradition in feudal society and behave himself.
After Yangzhou took office, he went to Beijing as a candidate. Wang Anshi is not willing to seek an official position in Beijing, but is willing to continue to be an official there, to further understand the people's feelings and to increase his political talents. So he was transferred to the county magistrate of Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province.
Wang Anshi, as a "parent official" of the people in a county, urged the villagers to build water conservancy projects, build dikes and dams, dredge canal channels and dig ponds and weirs in Yinxian County to relieve the threat of drought. Wang Anshi lent the government's grain reserves to farmers when they couldn't get them, so that they could pay some interest after the autumn harvest. This measure of his received practical results in Yinxian County, which made him more confident and had a great influence on the implementation of the young crops law in the whole country after he took office.
After three years of emperor drought (105 1), Wang Anshi was promoted to Zhou Shu as a judge, which enriched his political experience. After Zhou Shu was sentenced to a full sentence, Wang Anshi was transferred to Beijing and begged for a foreign post. Later, he was appointed as the animal husbandry inspector, and the animal husbandry department is the authority in charge of the state's horse raising affairs. Wang Anshi was appointed as the judge of Mu Mu, but his political ambition could not be displayed, and he also asked for a foreign post. In the second year of Yu Jiaku (1057), he learned Changzhou.
Soon, he was transferred to Jiangnan East Road to increase some punishment. Lifting the prison is to be in charge of the judicial and criminal prisons along the way (the highest administrative division in the Song Dynasty), to interrogate prisoners, review cases and supervise the duties of local officials. He returned to Beijing after his term of office, and his thoughts and suggestions on the reform of state affairs were written into the famous Book of Emperor Wan Yan.
When it comes to Jiangdong Criminal Prison, Wang Anshi still takes it as his duty to promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages. Jiangdong Road was one of the main producing areas of tea in the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, the government implemented the tea monopoly system, which was called the tea monopoly system. In September of the third year of Jiaku (1058), the tea monopoly system was abolished and changed to government tax collection, allowing people to sell tea. However, some officials called for the restoration of the old tea law. Wang Anshi wrote Twelve Treatises on Tea Merchants and resolutely opposed the restoration. Finally, he insisted on the new tea method in Jiangdong Road.
Wang Anshi's work in the local area for more than ten years has made him famous. In May of the fifth year of Jiaku (1060), the court appointed him as the judge of the Third Division. In November of the same year, the court appointed him as a fellow initiate to record the emperor's daily words and deeds, which Wang Anshi was not interested in. Once I went to the toilet to hide the appointment letter and was forced to take office by the court. Six years later, Wang Anshi was appointed as an imperial edict to picket the Beijing prison. The following winter, Wang Anshi was added to the position of Class Three. Shortly after Yingzong succeeded to the throne, Wang Anshi's mother died. He quit all his jobs and went back to Jiangning for a funeral.
Wang Anshi served in the local and central government for more than 20 years, and his long political experience made him have a concrete understanding of the national conditions and people's feelings in the Song Dynasty. He gave Injong a book of ten thousand words, and the next year he wrote a book of current affairs, which focused on his political views.
After Zongshen ascended the throne, he often discussed reforms with ministers around him to consolidate his position. He has long heard about Wang Anshi's talent. After he acceded to the throne, he appointed Wang Anshi as the magistrate of Jiangning. A few months later, he was also called the Hanlin Bachelor. Zong Shen asked Wang Anshi's way of governing the country. Wang Anshi pointed out that "changing customs and making laws" is a top priority.
In the second year of Xining (1069), in February, Wang Anshi was appointed to participate in politics. At that time, the prime ministers were Ceng Gongliang and Fu Bi, and the politicians were Tang Jie and Wang Anshi. These five ministers are "born and sick." Wang Anshi is 49 years old, full of vigor and vitality. However, suffering from such a situation when he first took office, he gradually realized that he might not be able to implement the reform without setting up a new institution, so he set up the "Three Divisions Planning Division" as the general organ of the reform. Zongshen asked Chen Shengzhi and Wang Anshi of the Privy Council to preside over the work of the Law Department of the Third Division. Lv Huiqing, Su Zhe and others were elected as officials. The Law Department of the Third Division has made a lot of preparations for the reform and formulated some specific provisions for the new law. In the second year of Xining, this institution was merged into the Chinese book.
After a series of preparations, under the auspices of Wang Anshi, from July of the second year of Xining to September of the seventh year, major reform measures such as the average loss law, the young crops law, the farmland water conservancy law, the Jiabao law, the exemption law, the city change law, the horse protection law, the land equalization law and the art of war were promulgated successively, and the school and the imperial examination were reformed.
The general goal of Wang Anshi's political reform was to enrich Qiang Bing and consolidate the rule of feudal countries. Although there are many disadvantages due to the limitations of the reform itself and various reasons in the implementation process, the actual implementation is not far from Wang Anshi's original intention, and the effect is naturally greatly reduced, but some new laws have achieved certain results. First of all, to some extent, the merger house was suppressed. Secondly, the implementation of the new law has increased national income. Third, the new law has played a certain role in the development of social production.
But Wang Anshi's political reform ended in failure. The most fundamental reason, of course, is that all the contents of the new law are formulated from the interests of the rulers, so they cannot be supported by the broad masses of the people. In addition, there are other reasons, such as the strength of the opposition, improper employment, internal contradictions among reformists, and too fast reform process.
Wang Anshi's "ancestral land system" reform caused an uproar within the ruling clique, especially some senior officials opposed it most fiercely, and Sima Guang was the first person to oppose the reform. At the same time, Han Qi, Cheng Hao, Su Shi and others have repeatedly talked about the inconvenience of the new law. Zongshen was shocked by it. /kloc-in February, Wang Anshi was appointed as the secretary of the same school, and the process of political reform was accelerated under the auspices of Wang Anshi. In April, the seventh year of Xining, natural disasters were frequent. Opponents took this opportunity to slander Wang Anshi, so they suspended him for the first time, and Lv Huiqing and Han Jiang were in power to restore the new law. In February of the eighth year of Xining, Wang Anshi resumed his phase, but the political reform stagnated. In June of the following year, Wang Anshi was deeply saddened by his son's death. 10, he went on strike for the second time and never returned to the capital.
Improper appointment is also an important reason for the failure of the new law. Wang Anshi still used old bureaucrats at all levels to implement the new law, so something went wrong with the new law. Disputes within the reformists gradually discouraged Wang Anshi.
Wang Anshi lived in Jiangning from the second strike in October in the ninth year of Xining (1070) until his death in April in the first year of Yuanku (1086). At first, he awarded jiangning house to our time with the title of Pingzhang. Later, he simply resigned from this position and only served as the special envoy of the Queen Mother Jubilee. This is an expensive idle job. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), it was named Duke of Shu and renamed Duke of Jing in three years. These are titles, but there are no real jobs. During his ten years in Jiangning, he never asked about state affairs again.
Wang Anshi built a simple house in Jiangning, named "Mid-Levels Garden". He calls himself "the old man in the Mid-Levels". He often shuttles between scenic spots in Zhongshan with books. Wang Anshi often goes out by donkey, but there seems to be no certain destination. If the servant leads the donkey ahead, it will follow the servant's intention. If the servant walks behind the donkey, he will follow the donkey himself. During Wang Anshi's retirement, Su Shi passed by Jiangning and visited Wang Anshi. They traveled to Zhongshan together, talked about poetry and Zen, and lived happily.
Wang Anshi lived in idleness for 10 years. Besides reading and writing poems, he also works hard at writing. He collated the three classic "New Meanings" completed in the past, including Zhou Li, The Book of Songs and Shu Jing, and corrected their mistakes. He also spent a lot of time writing twenty-four volumes of Zi Shuo. Explore the meaning of words in order to form a family statement.
Wang Anshi's academic thought is summarized as "Gong Jing Xue Xin". His academic thoughts provided a theoretical basis for the reform, and the practice of the reform prompted Wang Anshi to further improve his academic thoughts. The symbol of new learning is the revision and promulgation of three classics and new meanings. The New Meaning of Three Classics is based on Wang Anshi's theory of Confucian Classics and was finally revised by Wang Anshi.
In order to unify his thoughts, Wang Anshi wrote three classics and new meanings. Its practical significance lies in refuting the old school's attack on the new law and serving the reform. Wang Anshi's new learning works include 24 volumes of Zi Shuo and 20 volumes of Yi besides Three Classics and New Meanings. Hong Fanchuan, Interpretation of Analects of Confucius, Bei Zijie, Lao Zi's Note, Huainan Miscellaneous Notes. All the above works have been lost except Biography of Hong Fan, which has been included in his anthology.
In the poetry innovation movement in the middle of Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi made great contributions to poetry innovation with his profound knowledge and outstanding artistic achievements.
Wang Anshi emphasized that literature must be "useful to the world", that is, practical. At the same time, he also stressed that the article should "express the will" and "run through the Tao" and should not leave the way of saints. He opposed the grandiosity of Quincy style and criticized Liu Han for his preference for words.
Wang Anshi's prose creation has made outstanding achievements, especially his political essays, which also occupy a prominent position among the "eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". His political essays are related to the political situation in the Northern Song Dynasty, and they are arguments about political reform. In the famous Answer to Sima Suggestions, he quoted 300 words from Sima Guang, which was extremely lengthy. The longest three letters with more than 3,300 letters were torn to pieces, making them look fierce and sharp. His essays and essays have different argumentation methods, and they can all explain the problem fairly, profoundly and thoroughly in the end. His travels are often mixed with narration and discussion. Wang Anshi formed his own unique rough, bold and fluent style and became a famous prose expert in the literary world. After Han Yu, he is also a famous prose writer with strong brushwork.
Wang Anshi's poems are rich in subject matter, diverse in genre, eclectic in ancient style and close in style. There are two kinds of his poems, one is a political poem with strong ideological content; The other part of the poem is a leisurely poem about scenery and lyricism. It uses rhymes and quatrains, works exquisitely, pays great attention to artistic tempering, and has high aesthetic value.
Chen Shidao said: "Wang is a worker, innovative, and Huang Lu is magical." The words "Gong", "Xin" and "Qi" show the characteristics of these three poets. Wang Anshi's short poems really win with work. His quatrains are the most admirable and interesting.
Wang Anshi is a poet whose poetic achievements are second only to those of Su Shi in Song Dynasty. He is a poet who links the past with the future.