Metaphor not only has two sides, but also has polysemy. The so-called polysemy means that as a vehicle, it can have many connotations and can be compared from different aspects or angles. If so? Month? For example, some people use a circle to describe the moon, such as? As round as Sanqiu Hao Yue's wheel? (Wang Yucheng's Longfeng tea)? I brought a little moon in the sky to try Er Quan, the best in the world. (Su Shi's "Huishan Thousand Island People Cooking Little Dragon Group"); Some people use mirrors to describe the moon, such as Li Bai? The moon rises like a mirror, and the sea clouds shine like palaces? ("Jingmen farewell"); For example, like what? When I was a child, I didn't know the moon, so I called it a white jade plate. (Li Bai's Gu Lang Yue Xing). There is also a metaphor for the moon: reading like the moon? (Su Shi's Hanging Li Taiqing); Compare women by month:? The bright moon was born in the west sea, and the quiet day rises? (Chen Ziang's Yu Sheng), the moon here refers to Wu Zetian. Besides, the ancients used it? Moon eye? 、? The moon? Metaphorically, the former takes the moon, such as? Let the light shine on people? ; The latter takes the circle of the moon, such as? The posture of the moon is round? Wait a minute. And the month that describes the time:? Like the moon in the water. (Li Bai's "Inscription for the Girl Drifting in the Yang"). This is the ambiguity of the moon metaphor. Everything has more than one personality and one function, so the use of metaphor for things is not limited to one function and one effect, which is the reason for the ambiguity of vehicles. Like what? Liu? Bai Juyi compared the eyebrows of a beautiful woman with the slender features of his willow leaves. But petals are like her face and willow leaves are like her eyebrows? ("Song of Eternal Sorrow"); Li Shangyin describes women's eyebrows with their slender and graceful curves. Liu Mei is lip service, but Yu Jia still flies to buy money for laughter. ("Talking with People about Mother's Tomb"). Yu Xin uses the slender pendulum of willow branches to compare the slender and soft waist of a woman. Shanglin has a thin waist and many Xinfeng wine channels. "Yong Ri Evening Scenery Banquet Kunming Pool"). So is Han Wo: Medicine, chess, thinking, theory, Liu Yaolian's face is forgetful? (Frequent interviews with Lu Xiucai). Liu Yiqing used Liu Fengchun's hair and vitality to describe Wang Gong's mental state. Like a willow in spring? (the world speaks new words). Gu Kaizhi, on the other hand, used the willow to bud first for spring, and the fallen leaves for autumn first, which is a metaphor for people to decline before they get old. Liu Pu remains the same. Let's look at autumn first. ("Jin Shu? Biography of Gu Kaizhi) and so on.
3. Metaphor needs freshness and appropriateness.
These are the two major factors for the success of metaphor and the key to the success of metaphor application. Among the classical poets in China, as mentioned above, Su Shi is a very successful one. His metaphor is not only surprising, but also appropriate, fresh and appropriate. For example, poems such as tea tasting have been prepared by predecessors. However, Su Shi's tea-tasting poems can really find another way, which is amazing. In "Send Hui Jian Tea to Gan 'an Road", the poet used an ancient metaphor:
Snowflakes rained down on He Zudao's feet, and you never knew the true taste until you took a sip.
After hardships, it can be recorded. Ji An is generous and fierce.
The rogue of Caocha has an empty name, and the highest is evil and stubborn.
Although the body is light, the body is strong and floating, and the sex is stagnant and biased.
At the same time, it is a masterpiece. Yu zhang's sages are not bones.
Ji An, mentioned in the poem, was a duke and a surname during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He is honest and selfless, and he doesn't know how to avoid it. He once confronted Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was called by Emperor Wu? What a shame, Gian? ! Gai Kuanrao, Emperor of Xuan Di in Han Dynasty, was a captain of Li Si. He was upright and fearless of powerful people, and many relatives were arrested and impeached by him. Yu zhang, an official and emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a teacher who recorded history. Honest and thrifty, caring about people's livelihood. However, after the Empress Dowager Deng came to North Korea, she dared not do anything to protect her position. The poet thought: use? Snowflakes? 、? Rain feet? It is unreasonable to describe the beauty of Huiji tea by comparing things with things. We must compare the bitter smell of Huiji tea with the simplicity of Ji An and the forbearance of beggars' gangs, and then use yu zhang's life to criticize this kind of tea's fly in the ointment, which can be regarded as a virtuous man who still sticks to his position. It is unique and appropriate to compare the quality and nature of tea with the gains and losses of the above-mentioned historical figures. A Qing Dynasty Ji Xiaolan commented? Compare things with people, remove all traces of things and open up many methods for future generations. (Notes on Yuewei Caotang).
Su Shi compared tea not only to past dynasties, but also to beauty:
The Cao Ling in Xianshan is wet with clouds, and it is warm and fragrant.
The bright moon comes to vote for Yuchuanzi, and the breeze blows Wu Linchun.
You know, ice and snow have a kind heart, not a new face.
Don't laugh when you play a poem. Always beautiful.
? The second rhyme Cao Fu sent a letter to the source of the valley to try to bake new tea.
Su Shi also used chanting tea to promote righteousness, attack current politics, belittle villains and introduce daily life into the political category. It is Su Shi's usual practice to make a fuss about small things. Many of them praise the taste of tea through novel and appropriate metaphors, such as "sending Huijian tea to Gan 'an Road" mentioned above? Hey? 、? Fierce, derogatory? Demon? 、? Stubborn? People, laughing and cursing driving, have become one-liners. The last cloud of the poem:? Collect love, be kind to guests, but dare not wrap the diamonds right. Don't pass this poem on just because it smells good, but it makes people angry if it is empty. It is also the sarcasm of the villain who opened the right door with good tea.
In Litchi Tan, it is pointed out that aristocratic bureaucrats compete with the emperor for new favorites by offering new tea. You didn't see the millet buds by Wuyi Creek. The former Ding and the latter Cai are caged birds, vying for new pets, and each has his own ideas. Do you want to fight for official tea this year? And frankly: I hope god will have mercy on a child and not have a stunner as a scab? , fully demonstrated his sympathy for tea farmers, criticized the exorbitant taxes. Which one is used? Things? Tea, would you like it? Millet buds by Wuyi stream? The famous tea dragons in Wuyishan are novel and appropriate. Su Shi sometimes expresses his feelings about life by chanting tea, which is actually a portrayal of his own life experience. "Send Zhou Tea" is long 120 sentences. It is Su Shi's first long poem, and it is a poem about tea. The poem first describes the history of tea culture before the Song Dynasty, and then sings and sighs: Famous tea can give people full enjoyment, but we can't help but sigh the humiliation of famous tea. Tuanfeng and sunflower, types of miscellaneous fish? ,? If you don't pay attention for a few days, you will know that you have been humiliated by two wells. . In fact, it is a sigh of my life!
Of course, Su Shi was not the only poet in ancient China who used metaphors vividly and aptly. There are many poets and poems. Metaphor, for example, generally makes abstract and intangible things concrete and sensible through metaphor, but there are also some people who take abstract, vague and strange things as metaphors in turn, which are novel and unique, such as? Free flying flowers are as light as dreams, and endless rain is as fine as sorrow? (Qin Guan's joyful yarn)? The shadows are horizontal, the water is shallow, and the evening is fragrant. (Lin Bu's "Little Sister in the Mountain Garden"); ? Peach and plum in the city are worried about the wind and rain, and shepherd's purse is spent in the stream in spring? (Xin Qiji "Day? Dai Fu "). Generally, flowers are used to compare women, but rachel is used to compare men. In spring, the wild peach blossoms on the mountain are bright red, and the Shuhe River beats the cliff on the edge of the cliff. Bonuses are easy to decline, such as lang yi, and water is infinite, such as sorrow? (Nine of Zhi Zhu's Ci); Another example is "hurricane? Bai Zhou, with two negative adverbs? Bandits? :? My heart is full of bandits, so I can't turn around; I'm full of bandits, can't I get out? In order to express? My heart? Perseverance; "Xiaoya? In Scott, together? Like wings, like thorns, like birds, like flies? Four metaphors to describe the unity of architectural lines; " Feng Wei? In Storytelling, used in three verses? Shuo Shu? Beginning:? Master mouse, master mouse, don't eat me? ,? Twinkle, twinkle, no grain, no wheat? ,? Master mouse, master mouse, have you eaten my seedlings? . They are all adverbs used together or real words overlap, but they don't feel verbose, but they feel novel and unique. Bai Juyi's poetess? Snow at half peak in a lonely mountain, a lotus in Yao water? It is normal to compare a beautiful woman to a flower; Su Shi, on the other hand, compared famous flowers with beautiful women: dizzy lips and rolled sleeves. Anh Hong meat? (begonia) Liu Yin's "Drinking Mountain Pavilion after Rain" goes:? The mountain is like a green wave in the rain, and the porch is like a boat? How fresh and appropriate this metaphor is!