First, the emphasis on literature and the development of literary view. The emphasis on literature was first manifested in the fact that the upper classes of society, including many emperors, were generally keen on literary creation during this period, which affected the whole society and led to a large increase in literary works. With the prosperity of literary creation, literary criticism has also made unprecedented achievements, and literary criticism and literary theoretical works have appeared constantly.
Second, the activities of literary groups. During the Jian 'an period, a group of people gathered around Cao Shi and his son, forming the first important literary group in history. Since then, there have been "seven sages of bamboo forest", "twenty-four friends" and "eight friends of Jingling".
The activities of literary groups further stimulated the prosperity of literature. During this period, there appeared a court-centered group of poets, which mainly consisted of three groups: Wang Xiaoliang Zi from Jingling of Southern Qi Dynasty, Xiao Yan, Xiao Tong and Xiao Gang from Liang Dynasty.
Third, the important development of literary themes. During this period, Tao Yuanming founded pastoral poetry, and Xie Lingyun completed the transformation from metaphysical poetry to landscape poetry. Poems with frontier life as an important theme consciously also began in the Southern Dynasties.
There is also the "Palace Poetry" centered on Xiao Gang Literature Group in the Liang Dynasty. In a word, all the natural and social phenomena that can "linger" and "sway the soul" were incorporated into the literary expression by the literati in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Fourth, the continuous evolution of literary forms. The prosperity period of five-character poems in Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the emergence period of seven-character poems, the peak period of lyric fu, the maturity period of parallel prose, and the pioneering period of novels and metrical poems. It can be said that this is a crucial period for the development of several basic forms of China ancient literature.
Fifth, the combination of literature and philosophy. Literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties pays attention to inner experience and thinking about the value of life, which shows the author's deeper psychological activities. This makes literature get rid of the tradition of simply and realistically reflecting real life and social phenomena.
Han has also become richer and deeper.
Extended data
Characteristics of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties;
Confucian poetry in the Han Dynasty is dominant, emphasizing the relationship between poetry and political education. Poetry is regarded as a tool for "being a wife, filial piety, love, educating beauty and changing customs" (Preface to Poetry).
As for the characteristics and laws of poetry itself, it has not attracted due attention. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, poetics got rid of the shackles of Confucian classics, and the direction of the whole literary trend of thought was to get rid of the need of political education emphasized by Confucianism and find the significance of independent existence of literature.
At this time, some brand-new concepts and theories are put forward, such as style, verve, image, the relationship between words and meaning, and the relationship between form and spirit. , formed the aesthetic thought of emphasizing image, style and charm. Poetry seeks meaning, pleasure seeks meaning, and painting seeks interest outside the image. This conscious aesthetic pursuit of communication among various literary forms marks the arrival of a new literary era.
The literary creation of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was carried out under the influence of this new literary trend of thought, which also provided a practical basis for this literary trend of thought. A remarkable feature of literary creation in this period is that the demand for serving political education has weakened, and literature has become a personal behavior, expressing personal life experiences and emotions.
It is a very representative change from the big fu in Han Dynasty to the small lyric fu in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Five-character ancient poems flourished in the late Han Dynasty, and the literati's personal lyric work Nineteen Ancient Poems was regarded as a standard by later generations.
Since then, Cao Zhi, RoyceWong, Liu Zhen, Ruan Ji, Lu Ji, Zuo Si, Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun, Bao Zhao, Xie Tiao and Yu Xin have all embarked on the road of personal lyricism, and their creations are also personal behaviors. Some of these political lyric poems express grievances in political life and have no purpose of political education.
As for Liang Chengong's poems, although they were written by court literati, they were only used for court entertainment. The direction of the poet's efforts lies in the formal beauty of poetry, that is, language skills such as temperament, duality and practicality, as well as the perfection of meter.
It is under this trend that China's ancient poems have been perfected, and new poems have been formed, which has prepared for the emergence of modern poems in all aspects. It is on this basis that Tang poetry reached its peak.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Literary Consciousness
Baidu Encyclopedia —— Literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties