The influence of various schools of thought's prose on later generations is far-reaching and extensive. The most influential is Confucianism. The political opinions of Jia Yi and Chao Cuo in Han Dynasty originated from Mencius and Xun Qing. In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu advocated retro, and mainly emphasized learning Confucian ideology and writing skills. Together with Liu Zongyuan, he set off a massive ancient prose movement. From Liu Han's prose, we can see the shadow of philosophers. Later, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun and Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty also spared no effort to advocate learning the brushwork of various philosophers.
Secondly, Taoism has a great influence. Zhuangzi is a real literary work in hundred schools of thought's essays. Fables and tautology in Zhuangzi are the ancestors of China's fable literature. As a philosophical thought, Laozi and Zhuangzi influenced later scholars and directly inspired the development of China's romantic literature. Such as Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Li Bai and Su Shi. , have inherited the ideas of Lao zi and Zhuang zi to varying degrees.
Other essays also have a certain influence on later generations. Zhang Qing Xue Cheng once had an incisive exposition on this: "... the works of later generations are all works of the Warring States period ... the poems of Kyoto, which survived in six countries." Going to the forest and feather hunting are also the same fishing of Anling from the fields and Longyang. Guest Difficulty, Tide Robbery, Qu Yuan's Fisherman and Buju, Zhuang Zhou's Hui Shi and Question Difficulty. Han Fei's "Chu Shuo" involves many things for couples, and "Julian" is also the cause; Or it began with Fu Yi's disciples, not his quality. Mencius asked the king of Qi about his great desires, and raised the inspiration of warm, fat and sweet calendar and colorful seven forests. Or think that it is beautiful and forget its ancestors. Defamation, Jiang Yan said in Jianping, and the Su case explained loyalty. The theories of Wang Ming, Six Dynasties and Bian Wu were repeated, and the poet satirized the purport, so Meng and Xun were called the first kings and princes. "("Wen Shi Shi Jiao ") This passage makes it very clear that the influence of a hundred schools of thought contend on later literature, especially the relationship between the origin and evolution of the article.
Prose of various schools refers to the works of various schools in the Warring States period, reflecting the ideological tendencies, political opinions and philosophical views of different schools. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "a hundred schools of thought contend and nine streams rise together." Representatives of various schools of thought have written books and published their own social and political opinions. All kinds of philosophers' articles have their own styles. During this period, Confucianism, France, Taoism and Mohism were four important schools.
develop
Its development can be roughly divided into three periods. The first period is the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period. The main works are The Analects of Confucius, Laozi and Mozi.
The second period was the mid-Warring States period, and quotations were still popular, but they were not just records of later learning like The Analects, but the collective works of a group of teachers and apprentices. Memory is not limited to a single quotation, but generally takes the form of dialogue. His major works include Mencius and Zhuangzi. The main features are rich words, fluent reasoning, and many fables and metaphors in writing. Mencius is based on dialogue, full of eloquence, vivid discussion and magnificent momentum. Zhuangzi's reasoning and argumentation are characterized by unrestrained writing, rich imagination and extensive use of fables and romanticism.
The third issue is the late Warring States period, which completely got rid of the bibliography and became a monograph. They are no longer the collective writings of a school, but the personal essays of scholars; It is not based on refutation, but on positive arguments. This is the result of a hundred schools of thought contending constantly. His major works are Xunzi, Han Feizi and Lv Chunqiu. The main features are rigorous argumentation and penetrating power. Xunzi's prose is analyzed in detail, and repeated metaphors and arguments are very reasonable. Han Feizi is sharp and incisive in writing, detailed in analysis, good at explaining abstract truth with simple fables, and powerful in arguments. They all had a far-reaching influence on philosophical prose since the Han and Wei Dynasties.
The so-called "philosophers" refer to the representatives of various schools in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to relevant ancient books, there were eleven schools in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: Confucianism, represented by Kong Qiu, Mencius and Xunzi; Mohism, represented by Mo Zhai and Song Tong; Legalists, represented by Shang Yang and Han Fei; Taoism, represented by Lao Dan and Zhuang Zhou; Farmers, represented by Xu Xing and Sean; Famous, the representative figure is Gong Sunlong; Saint, represented by Lv Buwei; Strategists and strategists, represented by Su Qin and Zhang Yi; In addition, there are yin and yang writers and novelists. The representative works of various schools include The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi and so on.
The essays of philosophers are mostly philosophical works, so they are also called philosophical essays. It is undoubtedly the task of philosophers to discuss them in detail. However, philosophers' essays are of great literary value in terms of style, language and structure, and have a far-reaching impact on later literature. However, a hundred schools of thought contend is not a literary school, and the differences between schools are mainly differences in political views, not differences in article styles and schools. It can even be said that bad articles sometimes have some similarities in genre and style; But everyone's articles in the same school are often very different. From the perspective of literary development, hundred schools of thought's essays have roughly gone through several stages: the quotation stage, with The Analects of Confucius and Mozi as the representative works. The latter began to mingle with plain discussion in the transcript. In the dialogue stage, the representative works are Mencius and Zhuangzi. The former began to transition from transcripts to dialogue and debate; The latter began to transition to a monograph with concentrated arguments. In the monograph stage, the representative works are Xunzi and Han Feizi. The length of these articles has generally increased, and the style has changed from simplicity to development.
Due to political and historical reasons, various schools of prose flourished in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Since Zhou Pingwang moved eastward, the slave society began to shake, and the struggle between the emerging landlord class and the slave owner class was quite fierce. Representatives of all classes and strata put forward different views on political issues from the perspective of safeguarding the interests of their own classes and groups. Those in power openly practice their ideas; People who have no power also go to lobby and express their political views; Opponents of the views argue endlessly with each other, while representatives of various political forces compete to write books and systematically expound their respective political views and positions. As a result, a hundred schools of thought contend, forming a new situation. In this regard, the History of Art and Literature has made a clear sense of smell: "There are ten philosophers, and only nine are considerable. It all started when the king was weak and the governors were in power. The monarch is in the world, and he likes and hates different ways. It is based on the skills of nine schools, each leading one end, worshiping its goodness, and so on, saying that it is one with the princes. Although his words are different, they will never go out. It is difficult to express the active thoughts of philosophers simply in the form of poetry, so the philosophical prose of argumentation and reasoning has developed greatly.