In the 6th century BC, The Book of Songs was compiled into a book, including local folk music 160, elegant music 3 1, 74 ditties, 40 sacrificial music, * * 305 songs and 6 sheng music, and the score was lost. The producing areas include Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and northern Hunan. There are poems in The Book of Songs that reflect the joy of feasting, such as Xiaoya Luming Literature. There are poems reflecting the war, such as Xiaoya in June; Famous love poems such as Zheng Fengji; The ironic reality of Feng Wei's attack on Tan: There are also a number of large-scale royal epics of the Zhou Dynasty that reflect the founding history of the Zhou Dynasty, such as Sheng Min, Gongliu, Mian, Yi Di and Daming.
On the 14th day of the first month in 339 BC, Qu Yuan, the first great man in the history of China poetry, was born. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled works such as Qu Yuan and Song Yu. A book "Songs of the South" was written, including twenty-three songs of Lisao, nine songs (1 1), nine chapters of Tian Wen (9) and Evocation. Among them, "Li Sao" takes loyalty to the monarch and patriotism as the theme and vanilla beauty as the symbol, which repeatedly generates lingering grief and indignation and creates a loyal and noble hero image.
poetic sentiment
Qu Yuan's poems created a new poetic style, which directly influenced the emergence of Han Fu. And a large number of Chu dialects, such as "some, talented, Qiang, dispute, oath, oath, oath", have a strong local color. Chu Ci highlighted the romantic spirit and influenced later poets such as Li Bai, Li He and Han Yu. The symbolic tradition of vanilla beauty has a long history, and its influence has been extended to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in the Qing Dynasty.
Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty appeared in the poetry circle, and were collected by Yuefu organs in the Western Han Dynasty and Huangmen Propaganda Department in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Yuefu poetry is good at narration, Lang tells about the beauty's resistance to violence, Sang tells about Luo Fu's disobedience to the satrap, Xing tells about his wife sewing clothes for a wanderer, causing her husband's suspicion, and the famous poem Peacock Flying Southeast tells a sad love tragedy. The poet's brush strokes go deep into their respective classes, which together fully reflect the true face of the whole society, both exhorting wealth and sympathizing with suffering. Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty realized the transition from four-character poems to five-character poems with miscellaneous words.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, poems created by literati groups appeared. Five-character poems have replaced the traditional four-character poems and even produced a complete seven-character poem. The earliest extant literati poem in the Eastern Han Dynasty is Ban Gu's Ode to an Epic, and his Poem of Bamboo Fan is an early and complete seven-character poem. The most famous literati poem is Nineteen Ancient Poems, without the author's name. It is about wandering and caring for women, so nostalgia and love are integrated. At the same time, it involves many philosophies of life, discussing eternity and brevity, people's mentality and life cycle, sadness and joy. Literati's poetry is good at expressing emotion, and the language is perfect and precious, which directly influenced Cao Zhi and Tao Yuanming.
From the Jian 'an period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the early Cao Wei period, three Cao and seven sons came out at the same time. Honest and frank's sad Cao Cao, graceful and restrained Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi, who is both a father and a brother, completed the final transformation of Yuefu folk songs into literati poems with the wings of "Jian 'an seven sons" and opened up the broad road of five-character poems. The famous ones are Cao Cao's Short Songs, Cao Pi's Beautiful Songs, Cao Zhi's White Horse Wang Biao and White Horse Pieces. Cao Zhi is the most respected poet in Jian 'an, because his literary talent is gorgeous, which has a great influence on the development of five-character poems, and his unfortunate life experience has aroused the admiration of later scholars.
white cloud
"Jian 'an Style" is a distinctive and energetic style in Jian 'an literature, especially in five-character poems. Based on the writer's generous thoughts and feelings, he has formed the characteristics of deep ambition, broad outline, sadness and generosity. The distinctive personality and characteristics of the times have become the unique charm of Jian 'an's poetic style.
In the early period of the last years of Cao Wei, Sima came to power, and a group of people were dissatisfied with Sima's rule and lived in seclusion in the mountains. Seven people, led by Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, are called "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Ruan Ji's masterpiece is "Eighty-two Poems for Memories", which is the first poem in the history of China literature. The poem is full of loneliness and depression, but under the pressure of politics, he dare not speak, relying on metaphors and symbols to pin his arms. The highest achievement of Ji Kang's poetry is four words, pursuing nature and transcending independence. Generally speaking, Zheng's poetic style has changed into a poem with a long theme and profound sustenance, which embodies a unique artistic view.
Sima Yan proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Wei and established the Western Jin Dynasty. The artistic characteristics of the poetry circles in the Western Jin Dynasty are called "Taikang Poetry Style", which is characterized by paying attention to form, complicated description, gorgeous rhetoric and complicated poetry style. Lu Ji's imitation of ancient poems is a masterpiece of gorgeous algae decoration. The representative figures of Taikang's poetic style are Zhang (Zhang Xie, Zhang Zai,), Erlu (Lu Ji,), (and Uncle Penny). The description of landscape elements in their poems has greatly increased, which is the forerunner of landscape poets such as Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao. At the same time, Zuo Si, with his eight poems on epic poems, pioneered the road of chanting history and became an example for later poets to follow.
One hundred years after the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the poetic world was occupied by metaphysical poems, and the development of poetic art was interrupted. It was not until Tao Yuanming, the second great man in China's poetry history, that this clue was reconnected. His poems originated from Nineteen Ancient Poems and were influenced by Ruan Ji's legacy. The original style of Wei-Jin poetry and even China's ancient poetry rose to an unprecedented height in his hands, making him a milestone in ending a generation of poetic style. He wrote pastoral poems such as "Returning to the Garden" and "Drinking", wrote his feelings about farming and reading life, and expressed his philosophical thinking about life in plain and simple language. Tao Yuanming is a representative figure of romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties, pursuing the artistry of life. He is also one of the spiritual destinations of China literati, and has built a spiritual home for later literati.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was replaced by the Song Dynasty, and then the Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty alternated, and the four dynasties were in the south of the Yangtze River. The beautiful natural environment and rich economic conditions in the south make the folk songs of the Southern Dynasties present a beautiful and lingering style. The masterpiece is the long poem "Western Zhou Qu", which has four rhymes and euphemistic rhymes. The folk songs of the Northern Dynasties are the cultural achievements created by the people of all ethnic groups in the North, and the "Chile Song" is magnificent and magnificent, and it is a swan song throughout the ages; The masterpiece Mulan Poetry is fresh and vigorous, and it is about the heroism of a heroine.
Kasper? Lingyun In the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, the poetic style of literati changed. His creation of landscape poems is characterized by freshness and emphasis on description and depiction of objects. But due to careful consideration, they are extremely beautiful, such as "going upstairs in the pool". He is the pioneer of a new generation of poetic style, which influenced the whole generation of poetic style in the Southern Dynasties. The period of Qi, Liang and Chen is the period of the formation and development of new-style poetry, which is characterized by paying attention to rhythm and duality. Shen Yue and others founded the "Yongming Style" with strict phonology, stipulated four tones and eight diseases, and advocated that poetry should pay attention to the beauty of phonology. The "Yongming Style", represented by the poet Xie Tiao, continues to write landscape poems, avoiding the obscurity of big pavilions, blending scenes, being profound and subtle, paying attention to Yongming temperament, and having a smooth and harmonious tone. Xiao, Xiao Yan and Xiao Tong are three literary groups formed during the Qi and Liang Dynasties, and their poems are mainly erotic poems in palace style. However, Yu Xin, a southern poet, stayed in the north and brought the style of writing from the south to the north. At the same time, his own poetic style also combines the strengths of the north and the south, and the poor north and the south win. The combination of the beauty of the south and the strength of the north made necessary preparations for the formation of the new poetic style in the Tang Dynasty.
Tang poetry is the symbol of China's poetry. Four masters and poets in the early Tang Dynasty created a new poetic style-metrical poems on the basis of Yongming style, and five kinds of metrical poems were finally finalized by Song and Shen Quanqi. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the country was strong, and Li Bai, the third great man in the history of China's poetry, stepped onto the poetic scene. With his peerless talent and unrestrained and elegant temperament, he wrote poems such as "Difficult Road to Shu" and "Entering Wine", which are unpredictable, full of backbone, without trace and profound and meaningful. The frontier poets Gao Shi and Cen Can's Ge Yanxing and The Journey to the West make the frontier life magnificent, heroic and generous. Pastoral poets Wang Wei and Meng Haoran expressed the tranquility and beauty of landscape pastoral as beauty and ethereal.
Zhejiang University Poetry
In 775 AD, An Shi Rebellion broke out. Du Fu, the fourth great man in the history of China's poetry, wrote about human disasters in the war with earth-shattering songs. "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" incorporate deep lyricism into the narrative, which is a major change in the way of poetry expression and marks the transformation from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty. Du Fu is a connecting figure, and his fate led to Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty. Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Li He, and the school of bitter poetry made strange remarks; Li Shangyin's Seven Laws began in the late Tang Dynasty and became a model for later generations.
In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi's sad Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Trip, and Han Yu's cruel and generous Song of Deer Soul and Shigu Mountain Fire led the climax of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty. However, in the late Tang Dynasty, the poetic style changed again, and Du Mu's epic was infused with profound historical feelings. Li Shangyin's Beitie (Seven Laws) is gloomy and unique to Du Fu, while his obscure poems such as Jinse and Untitled go deep into the spiritual world, forming a melancholy and colorful style and becoming the last poet in the Tang Dynasty.
Poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty is the continuation of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The works of this period mainly describe social unrest and people's suffering. Bai Juyi was the most outstanding realistic poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. He inherited and developed the realistic tradition of The Book of Songs and Han Yuefu, and set off the climax of realistic poetry in literary theory and creation, that is, the New Yuefu Movement. Yuan Zhen, Zhang Ji and Wang Jian are all important poets in this movement. The main works of Yuan Zhen (779-83 1) are 19 Ancient Yuefu and 12 New Yuefu. Meta-poetry is very close to Bai Juyi's poetry in both content and form. Their common feature is that the language is easy to understand, which is due to the consistency of their literary views. Although Wang Jian in Zhang Jihe had no clear literary ideas, they became the backbone of the New Yuefu Movement with their rich creations. Sympathy for farmers' sufferings is the theme of Zhang Ji's Yuefu poems, especially wild old songs. Although there are not many poems by Shen Li that are very similar in style to the above-mentioned people, two poems, Benevolence for Agriculture, have won him a wide range of readers.
In addition to the New Yuefu Movement, another school of poets appeared in this period, namely, Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Li He and others. Their poetic art is different from Bai Juyi's and unique. Han Yu (768-824) is a famous essayist. He is good at writing poetry, bringing new language styles and techniques into the world of poetry, expanding the field of poetry expression, but at the same time bringing about the atmosphere of writing poetry, stressing talent, pursuing adventure and strangeness. Meng Jiao (75 1-8 14) and Jia Dao (779-843) are both famous for their "bitter songs", and their * * * characteristics are the pursuit of adventure and hard thinking. Liu Yuxi (772-842) is a poet who is keen on creating folk songs. Many of his poems about Zhi Zhu describe the facts and are very popular with people. Besides, his poems and quatrains are also famous. Like his prose, Liu Zongyuan's poems (773-8 19) express personal grief and depression. His landscape poems are euphemistic and concise, showing his noble personality everywhere, such as Jiang Xue, which has always been told by people. Li He (790-8 16) did not follow the path of his predecessors in image, artistic conception and metaphor, and was unique in the poetic style of the middle Tang Dynasty, opening up a new romantic world with strange rise, beauty and sadness. Su Xiaoxiao's Tomb and Dream in the Sky are both works that fully embody his unique style.
Poetry in the late Tang Dynasty has a strong sentimental atmosphere, with Du Mu and Li Shangyin as the representative poets. Du Mu (803-852) is famous for his seven-character quatrains. His representative works include Jiangnan Chun, Mountain Walking, Bo Qinhuai and Guo Huaqing Palace. These poems show handsome talent in beautiful words and vivid pictures. Li Shangyin (8 13-858) is good at love poems. Du Fu, his theory of seven laws, has exquisite allusions, neat antithesis and is very representative, such as Ma Wei. His seven-character quatrains are also very skillful, among which Notes for Northern Friends on a Rainy Night and the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon are both famous works.
In the late Tang Dynasty, a group of realistic poets inherited the spirit of the new Yuefu in the middle Tang Dynasty. Representative figures are Pi Rixiu, Nie and Du Xunhe. Their poems are sharp-edged, pointing to the disadvantages of the times.
Poetry did not develop as brilliantly as in the Tang Dynasty, but it has its own unique style, that is, reducing lyrical elements, increasing narrative and discussion elements, emphasizing description, and widely using prose syntax, which alienated poetry from music.
The poems by Su Shi and Huang Tingjian (1045- 1 105) best reflect the characteristics of the Song Dynasty. Huang Tingjian's poetic style was peculiar and abrupt, which influenced Su Shi at that time. Together with Chen Shidao, he founded the most influential "Jiangxi Poetry School" in Song Dynasty. Mei (1002- 1060) and (1008- 1048) in the early Song Dynasty were also called "Sumei", which laid the foundation of Song poetry. The poems by Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086) have played a great role in sweeping away the Kunxi wind. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the national disaster was deep, and poetry was often full of melancholy and anger. Lu You is a representative figure of this era. At the same time, Fan Chengda (1126-193) and Yang Wanli (1 1206), who are famous for their pastoral poems, are conscious. Wen Tianxiang (1236- 1282) was the last great poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, and his masterpiece Guo Yang held high the national spirit of preferring death to surrender.
Ci originated in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty. Wen (8 12-870) was the first full-time poet in the late Tang Dynasty. His rhetoric is gorgeous, and he writes about women's feelings of parting and lovesickness, which is called "Huajian School" by later generations. Li Yu (937-978), the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty, occupies a very high historical position in the development history of Ci. Later, he made great achievements in the art of ci. Yu Meiren and Langtaosha use appropriate metaphors to visualize his feelings. His language is close to spoken English, but he uses it beautifully.
Poets such as Yan Shu (99 1- 1055) and Ouyang Xiu in the early Song Dynasty all have excellent works, but they are still influenced by the Huajian School. When he arrived in Liu Yong, he began to write long-term slow words, and the scale of words has changed obviously since then. By the arrival of Su Shi, the theme of ci has been further developed, and the content of nostalgia for the past and injury to the present has entered his ci. Su Shi's contemporary Qin Guan (1049-1kloc-0/00) and Zhou Bangyan (1056-11) are also excellent poets. Qin Guan's masterpieces include Huanxisha, Treading on the Sand, Queqiaoxian, etc. He is good at writing short stories and conveying sadness through lyrical scenery writing. Zhou Bangyan is not only good at writing lyrics, but also good at composing music. He wrote many new songs and made great contributions to the development of Ci. Influenced by Liu Yong, his lyrics are precise in melody, suitable for singing, exquisite in words and meticulous in description. His representative works include Crossing Qin Lou, ManFang Ting, Warrior Lan Ling, Six Ugliness and so on. Li Qingzhao, a poetess, occupies a very important position in the Song Dynasty with her unique style.
In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, in the face of the crisis of national destruction and death, most poems expressed the patriotic feelings of writers. Xin Qiji is a famous patriotic poet and a representative figure in this period. Influenced by Xin Ci, Chen Liang, Liu Guo, Liu Kezhuang, Liu Chenweng and others formed the most powerful patriotic ci school after the mid-Southern Song Dynasty.
Jiang Kui (about 1 155- 1235), a poet in the late Southern Song Dynasty, was the most famous. Most of Jiang's ci poems are about things. In his ci works, he mostly lamented the drifting of life experience and the frustration of love, and the more representative work is "Long Pavilion Slow Complain". His ci follows the path of Zhou Bangyan, paying attention to rhetoric and temperament, but its content is not substantial.
Ci reached its peak in the Southern Song Dynasty, Sanqu prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty, but poetry took a back seat.
Crossing the ocean of zero
Poetry in the Ming Dynasty moved forward in the repetition of imitation and anti-imitation, and there were no outstanding works and poets.
There are many schools of poetry in Qing dynasty, but most writers have not got rid of the archaism and formalism, so it is difficult to surpass their predecessors. In the late Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen (1792- 184 1) broke the silence of poetry circles since the middle of Qing Dynasty and walked in the forefront of modern literature history with his advanced thoughts. His poems often pay attention to social, historical and political viewpoints in order to expose reality and make poetry a critical tool of the real society. Later Huang Zunxian (1848- 1905), Kang Youwei (1858- 1927), Liang Qichao (1873- 1929) and other new poems.
In the May 4th literary revolution, modern literature in China was born. 19 17 years, Hu Shi (1879- 1942) published eight vernacular poems for the first time in New Youth, put forward the idea of "great liberation of poetic style" and advocated informal and flat-length "Hu Shizhi-style" poems. In the process of the birth of new poetry, Liu Bannong, Liu Dabai, Kang and Yu Pingbo were the main writers. Through their efforts, the new poetry has formed the basic * * * nature of not sticking to rhyme, carving, elegance, simplicity and vernacular. The earliest published new poetry collections are: Trial Collection by Hu Shi, Winter Night by Yu Pingbo, Grass by Kang and Goddess by Guo Moruo.
In the creation of new poems, the field of love poems is the most striking among the poems of the lakeside poetry club, including Ying Xiuren (1900- 1933), Pan Mohua (1902- 1934) and Feng Xuefeng (1903). The love described in their poems is bold and naked, among which the pure beauty is the most touching place.
Feng Zhi (1905- 1994), who writes free verse, is also an accomplished poet. His poems are not only about love, but also about affection and friendship. His published poems include Song of Yesterday and Journey to the North.