The county seat of Gaoshi (704-765 AD) was Guo County in Bohai Sea, which belonged to Dezhou in Tang Dynasty and now belongs to Jingxian County in Hebei Province. His grandfather was a famous soldier Gao Kan, and his father Gao Chongwen was the magistrate of Shaozhou (now Qujiang, Guangdong). Gao Shi lived in Lingnan with his father in his early years. Gao Chongwen later died in office, and Gao Shi returned to live in the Central Plains between Liang and Song Dynasties. In his poems, Gao Shi often said that he lived in Zhong Song, Shang Qi and Pushang. Zhong Song was Suiyang County of Songzhou at that time, and its location was Shangqiu, Henan. Shang Qi was then Weizhou, which is now Weixian County, Hebei Province; Pushang was then Zhou Pu, which is now Xinyang, Henan. At that time, both places were north of the Yellow River. Liang was located between Qi and Puhe, when he was from Bianzhou, which is Kaifeng today. Gao Shi has his own career in Qi, but his income is very limited. After his father died, Gao Shi was poor and helpless, and made a living by borrowing money from relatives and friends. No wonder his travels spread all over the vast areas such as Liang, Song and Wei. ?
Gao Shi's personality is informal, successful, respects benevolence and righteousness, likes to talk about Wang Ba's outline, and enjoys it, belonging to the category of being open-minded and good at vertical and horizontal debate. He is unwilling to farm and disdains to take care of his share of the land, that is, "don't make trouble." Two people died like him in history, one was Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and the other was Ada, the younger brother of Liu Xiu, the Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Liu Bang and his second brothers, Liu Zhong, Ada and Liu Xiubi, are all famous for causing trouble. Of course, when Gao Shi was born, the world was at peace, and Li Tang's luck was booming. He can't have any wild desires. However, it is still possible to save yourself below, and this ambition is not small. It happened that he was ashamed to expect and didn't want to take the ordinary Jinshi exam. Shame is expected, that is, I want to get a special course, that is, the system presided over by the emperor himself. We have to wait for an opportunity, because it doesn't happen every year. Who knows that time flies, waiting for thirty years. In 30 years, even if I started as a low-level official with Do, it's time to get to the county governor level for the first time. However, Gao Shi waited until the temple frosted, and his eyes were still empty. In desperation, he had to emulate his fellow countryman, Shi Li of Levin Township, Qiu Yong, Bianzhou. If he can't become a Confucian, he will become an alcoholic. ?
The Book of the New Tang Dynasty says that Gao Shi is "less down and out", and Shao wants to explain the meaning of "down and out", which means "the appearance of declining ambition and evil". The Yuan Dynasty's new biography of talented people in Tang Dynasty called Gao Shi a "recluse". So the shape of Gao Shi's ambition at that time can be imagined. The meaning of wine lies in madness, and the meaning of bo lies in gambling. Gao Shi gambled his whole life. He would rather be an alcoholic, live a poor life and gamble. There are only two possibilities for gambling, either to become famous overnight or to plummet. During this period, Gao Shi's poems often showed two keynote: one was broad-minded, showing the atmosphere of prosperity at any time; A willing to be a savage, hiding in the country without asking Wen Da. This is an idea. If you advance, you will help the world. If you retreat, you will be spared. There are advantages to publishing these two kinds of comments: first, being famous is enough to show that I am superior. I didn't want to be an official, but the court was wise, and people had to use it. It was fate. How can I have the heart to disobey it? Even if I am not appointed for life, it is my good nature. It is not because I am bent on being an official and being rejected by others that I cannot doubt my character and IQ. ?
Tang style is open-minded and cheerful, and scholars are outspoken about fame and fortune. They often sign up themselves. Li Bai has the Book of South Jingzhou, Du Fu has the Three Rites Fu, and Gao Shi has two poems, Liu Chen (Chen Xilie) and Liu Li (Li), in Long Ge, an ancient Yuefu. Li Bai said in the article: "We can try every word every day and wait for us by horses. Why not cherish the place in front of the stage and not let Bai Yang be proud and excited? " Du Fu said: "Although my narrative works are not enough to spread the Six Classics, I can always give them when I am depressed and frustrated, and Yang Xiong and Gao Mei can both achieve them." If there is such a minister, will your majesty bear it? "Their words are so loud and their feelings are so urgent that they have reached the point where they want officials to do it directly. This was rare in later generations, but it was very common in the Tang Dynasty. From this point of view, it is not difficult to understand Gao Shi's calculation at that time. ?
But when talking about seclusion, outsiders can't see it, but in Gao Shi's own heart, he can't help but feel anxious. And as the years passed, he became more and more anxious, which can be called anxiety. Throughout the ages, gambling has lost, and countless people have lost their wives and children to old age. Gao Shi is likely to be one of them. ?
However, Gao Shi won. He is a great scholar, and he is really famous. Jia Yi said: "I heard that ancient sages did not live in the imperial court, but they must be among fortune tellers." Isn't that what heroes of later generations are like? Gao Jianli and Zhu Hai hid in the city, while Hou Sheng and Zhang Er kept outside. Later, they became famous all over the world, making people with lofty ideals applaud. In the eighth year of Tianbao, Zhang Jiugao, the secretariat of Songzhou, recommended Gao Yishi as a branch. After a long time, Gao Shi finally became a poet, and Huang Shou turned over and jumped to Longmen. However, by that time in Tianbao, it was already very common, and it was actually a regular subject. Gao Shi only became a county commandant. In a county, he worked as a magistrate, a county magistrate and a principal book, so he resigned three years later. It was not until the twelfth year of Tianbao that Gao Cai hoped for a second chance to advance and retreat in life, that is, he was recommended by Tai Wei to serve as the secretary of the Geshuhan shogunate in Longyou, Hexi. The fly in the ointment is that Gao Shi has reached the age of knowing his destiny. He is fifty years old. Gao Shi paid a heavy price for this huge wealth of life. ?
There are two people in history, only in their early fifties last year. One is that Zhao, who started to study in Qi at the age of 50, was the master of millet and offered wine three times. One is Yan, the ancestor of the Western Han Dynasty, who moved at the age of four. Others worry that he is too rich. He said that famous saying: "I have been studying abroad for more than 40 years, and my strength is not enough." Relatives don't agree, brother Kun doesn't accept it, and the guests dislike me. I have been dead for a long time! Besides, doctors can't produce five pots of rice, and death is five pots of cooking. I am far away, so I will be very violent. " Shortly after arriving in Wuwei, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, just in response to Gao Shi's own words: "At ordinary times, the chaos in the world is high." There is chaos in the world, and all loyal ministers see it. Gao Shi takes the security of the world as his own responsibility and promises himself fame and fortune. In a year's time, he even moved to Zuo to collect bones, supervise suggestions, advise suggestions, and advise doctors. In a blink of an eye, he did it in Huainan. Since the Tang Dynasty, the poet has been most prominent in frugality, and only one person is tall and suitable. ?
Among the poets of past dynasties, several poets in the Tang Dynasty achieved the greatest success, but their life experience status was also the lowest. Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, Li Jie and Chang Jian are all county magistrates. In his poetry, it was full of flames, but in his official position, it was just eight products and nine products, which was extremely insignificant at that time. No wonder Yin Kun in the Tang Dynasty lamented in Biography of He Shen that "talent is too high to be an official". There are two reasons for this. One is that the staff was full at that time and the officials were slow to come. Another is that scholars themselves have defects in this respect. Scholars in the early Tang Dynasty took part in the imperial examination only as a form and a sign of intelligence. Although the exam is poetry and fu, the selected characters are all people who have a deep understanding of official management. These people have high political talents. Then it was different. The world is flashy and it is said to be ambitious. In fact, it lacks talent and is arrogant. In other words, Li Bai and Du Fu's achievements in poetry have attracted worldwide attention, but their political talents, like Li Bai's heavy drinking and arrogance, have led ministers to take off their boots, which is really good and will naturally be dismissed; Du Fu's temperament is arrogant and arrogant. He thinks he is a pure Confucian, but his wife is in danger and his children starve to death. This is exactly what Sima Qian said: "It is shameful for the rich and the poor to walk without rocks." ?
On the one hand, Song Ge's Rhyme in the Southern Song Dynasty criticized Gao Shi: "Those who intend to retire will not leave despite hunger and cold;" People who have the will to make progress, though greedy, are all poets. Gao Shi tasted the cloud:' I plan to get what I can, and the natural road is wide, otherwise I will buy a mountain field and plough it all.' Be an official if you can. If you can stop, why not? There is a saying in "Farewell to Li Shaofu":' Twelve years of fishing, planting melon and lacquer gardens, and drilling wells near Lumen.' "For Wei Congjun" says: "Cloth can't be the wise master, Liang Songdong has no land, the rabbit garden has no farmers, and the fishing heart in Yanchi is long and bitter. "Its physiology is very narrow. Zhang Jiugao, the secretariat of Songzhou, is a strange man. He conferred the title of Qiu Wei, saying,' At this time, I have resigned my fishing salary, my green robe is wrapped in the holy court, and my ox plough and fishing rod have disappeared. People from the county and officials from the municipal government have invited me. It is hard to bear the embarrassment of fishing and collecting firewood, and I am glad that the official at the end of the year is too humble. I gave up when I was frustrated. What's the matter? The poem "Fengqiu" says:' I am a fisherman and a savage, and I live a long life. At first, I could sing wildly on the grass, so I would rather be an official. At the end of the sentence, it says, "I know that Mei Fu is a disciple, but I remember that Tao Qian came back.". Being humiliated by officials is unbearable, and I think of fishing and collecting firewood in Zhu Meng. The cloud of Han's retreat:' It's hard to take responsibility from the official if you live at leisure and don't have enough to eat. That's what it means! "That is to say, since you want to retire, don't have any resentment. Since you seek fame, you can't stand the hubbub. Why can't an official complain? Now that you have become the county captain, why were you so happy at first, and then gave up easily? Han Yu's poem says that people like Gao Shi will starve in seclusion because they don't want to farm. You can't be an official because you lack talent. As a result, you can't do anything and you have to complain. Confucius once said: "It is difficult to raise a woman, but if she is near, she is inferior, and if she is far away, she will complain." Ge's criticism is really harsh. ?
However, Ge's criticism of Gao Shi is untrue. In fact, Gao Shi is a very realistic, intelligent and capable person who refuses to sell himself short. He used the Anshi Rebellion to "change with righteousness" and skyrocketed, which illustrated this point. An uncle said that Lu was "contemptuous of Confucianism and ignorant of change". The word "change" is difficult to do. Therefore, Hu Zhenheng's "Tang Yin Gui Qian" in the Ming Dynasty also commented: "A poet who is suitable for height is also different from others. Just a good house, suitable for discussing independence and left. White chess was mistakenly hit by the eternal king, and it is more appropriate to observe it alone and be prepared. The second son is poor and comfortable, no doubt. " Why did Gao Shi manage our time, but Li Bai and Du Fu failed? This evaluation is reasonable. ?
Cen Can (AD 7 15-769) originally lived in Jiyang County, Nanyang, and later moved to Jiangling, Jingzhou, which is now Jiangling, Hubei. Cen Can's great-grandfather Cen Wenben was a famous figure in the period of Emperor Taizong. His great-grandfather CenChangQian was the prime minister of Wu Zetian, and his uncle CenXi was the prime minister of Tang Zhongzong and Zong Rui. After that, Cen Changqian and Cen offended and were killed, and their wealth declined. Cen Can's father, Cenzhi, is an official immortal, a secretariat of Jin and Er states. Cen Can himself has business in Gaoguan Valley at the foot of Zhong Nanshan Mountain in Gyeonggi County (now Huxian County, Shaanxi Province), but the situation is not good. ? Although Cen Can also has the heart of fame, Zeng Zeng wrote Chang 'an, but his temperament is close to Taoism. He once lived in seclusion in Songshan and Zhong Nanshan, and wrote excellent landscape poems. Later, he was a scholar in high school, and soon he was transferred to Anxi (now Kuqa, Xinjiang) and Beiting (now Jimsar, Xinjiang), the farthest frontier of the Tang Dynasty, and really joined the army.
Five times in his life, he entered the Rong curtain and twice went out. Only for this reason, poets since the Tang Dynasty can never find another one. "I walked back and forth between the pommel horse and the dust for more than ten years, and I was very eager to leave. The city was blocked and the fort was blocked. " This is really difficult for Cen Can, who is elegant and handsome. ?
Frontier poets in Tang Dynasty can be divided into several categories. One is to write frontier fortress themes without having been to frontier fortress, such as Li Ang and Cui. One has been to the frontier fortress, such as Cui Hao. The other is people who have lived and worked in frontier fortress. In this sense, Gao Shi and Cen Can are both true frontier poets. When they were young, they all went to Zhao Yan and crossed the river. When they were young, they all joined the army in frontier fortress. ?
As far as frontier poems in Tang Dynasty are concerned, Gao is as famous as Cen, and the style is similar. Yan Yu's Cang Lang Shi Hua in the Southern Song Dynasty said: "Gao Cen's poems are tragic and sad to read." But Gao Shi's poems are tragic; Cen Can's poems, solemn and stirring, have a steep pulling force. Gao Shi's poems emphasize quality, while Cen Shi's poems emphasize beauty. Cen Can went to the frontier fortress because of some negative factors. After he arrived at the frontier fortress, he began to write frontier fortress-themed works and wrote more and more poems. Gao Shi took the initiative to go to the frontier fortress. He wrote frontier poems from his early trip to Heshuo. When he was appointed governor of Fengqiu County and secretary of the shogunate in Hexi Longyou, his poems gradually decreased, but after he was appointed as our ambassador to Huainan, his poems were almost gone. Historically, Gao Shi began to write poems at the age of 50, but in fact it was just the opposite. Because Gao Shi wrote poems for fame and gain, by the time he entered the screen at the age of 50, the role of poetry was not great. In contrast, Cen Can's poems have incorporated more painstaking efforts and true feelings. ?
Gao Shi's poems are quite archaic, and there are many feelings about life in the sentences. On the surface, they seem to be more readable. Cen Can's poems, on the other hand, contain more achievements of modern poetry since the Six Dynasties. They are rich in imagination, changeable in meter and rhythm, more creative and poetic. Gao Shi is close to Confucianism and Cen Can is close to Taoism. Gao Shi pays attention to life practice, while Cen Can occupies a high position in the history of poetic art. They have similarities in experience and poetic style, but they also have differences in temperament and specific poetic characteristics. As far as their differences are concerned, there is a sharp contrast between them. ?
Gao Cen and Gao Shi are 62 years old and Cen Can is 55 years old. Gao Shi was eleven years old and died four years before him. They are basically the same person. ?
Gao Shi traveled to Jimen and Lulong in Heshuo. He was twenty-eight years old in the nineteenth year of Kaiyuan. Cen Can traveled to Jizhou and Dingzhou in Heshuo, but later than the 27th year of Kaiyuan, at the age of 25. In the 27th year of Kaiyuan, Cen Can returned from crossing the river. Later, in the 29th year of Kaiyuan, Gao Shi had a good friend Li Qi's resignation and visit. In the third year of Tianbao, Cen Can Jinshi and Ren Younei led the government to join the army. In the same year, Gao Shi traveled with Li Bai and Du Fu in Liang and Song Dynasties. In the eighth year of Tianbao, Cen Can went to Anxi frontier fortress, and in the same year he became the first Fengqiu county commandant under the highly adaptive system. Cen Can returned to Chang 'an after ten years in Tianbao. The following year, Gao Shi resigned. In the autumn of the eleventh year of Tianbao, they attended the poetry meeting of Qiongzhi in Chang 'an. After that, in the 12th or 13th year of Tianbao, Gao Cen went to Hexi and the Northern Dynasties outside Shanhaiguan. Tang Suzong to Germany for one or two years, recovered Chang 'an, Xuanzong abdicated, Gao Shi was promoted to Huainan, and Cen Can returned to Chang 'an from Beiting to fill the vacancy. After the troubled times, their lives had a new beginning, but the creation of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty came to an end.
Gao Shi and Cen Can know each other, but they don't have much contact. In the autumn of the eleventh year of Tianbao, eight poets gathered in Chang 'an and presented Qiongzhi's poem Future. One of Cen Can's poems is "Go to Ji 'an House with Gao Zhi". They still have some friends, such as Wang Changling and Du Fu. In the communication between Wang Changling and Gao Shi, there is a famous story of a flag pavilion painting a wall; Together, Wang wrote "Leave Brothers" and Cen wrote "Send Wang Changling to Jiangning". Du Fu and Gao Shi met in Wenshang in their early years, then in Liang and Song Dynasties, and in Shu in their later years. Cen Can and I knew each other as early as eight years before Tianbao went to Cen Can, as evidenced by the poem "Send Cen Can on the 9th". In his later years, Du Fu also wrote a poem "Send to Pengzhou High School, Fifteen Ambassadors, Cen, Twenty-seven Long History, Thirty Rhymes" and wrote it to Gao Cen. Gao Shi was deeply influenced by Li Qi, a former poet, and Cen Can was also deeply influenced by Wang Changling. Li Qi and Wang Changling resumed contact.
Through the association between Gao Shi and Cen Can, we can get many famous poets at that time and form a group of poets. Among them, Li Qi, Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan and Cui Hao became famous in Kaiyuan period, and they all wrote frontier poems, which were the predecessors of frontier poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Chang Jian, Xue Ji and Meng Yunqing all have the characteristics of awkwardness and resentment. The sum of money belongs to Qingyuan school. Li Bai's style is different, while Du Fu became famous among the public at the latest, and most of his works were written after the An Shi Rebellion. All these people have one thing in common, that is, "I'm not even on the street." Likui jy "cherishes his great talents and only goes to yellow books". Wang Changling's "two outings made his bosom friend sigh". Chang Jian was "reduced to a captain" and "quite dissatisfied with his official position, so he was freed from Gin". According to Xue, "you can't arrive early if you hurt yourself" and "you leave your job at the end of the mountain late". Meng Yunqing's "Tianbao is different, the gas is quite difficult to level" "Living in the north and south, if nothing happens, why not live?" Although Li Bai and Du Fu have the heart of loyalty and filial piety and the ambition to help the world, their life experiences can simply be summarized by their lifetime absence. Therefore, the evaluation of the two in Talented Persons in the Tang Dynasty is: "Those who can speak may not be able to do it, and those who can do it may not be able to speak. Looking at Du Li's Duke and Duke, he speaks Wang Ba, but he is afraid of wizards and Qu Si. Now I'm reading a poem "Farewell to Zhang Xiucai in High School" written by Li Baizhide to Gao Shi, who has served two years in Xunyang Prison. The poem says "Huaihai is in Gaogong Town" and "He Yun is in Qi Lin", and I clearly want to ask Gao Shi for help. Du Fu lived in Sichuan, poor and destitute, and once took refuge in Gao Shi. There is a sentence in the poem "Because Cui Wushiyu sent Pengzhou stunts" "When is it difficult to save the emergency? "This kind of situation, in the early years, three people traveled through Liang Song, which can hardly be compared with Qiu Ma's frivolous and generous poems. Du Li's predicament in her later years can be seen.
In the middle Tang Dynasty, there were a group of poets who were good at describing frontier life. Their poems reflecting frontier life are spectacular and are called "frontier poets" by later generations.
The representatives of frontier poets are Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, William Wang, Wang Wei, Gao Shi and Cen Can, among which Gao Shi and Cen Can are the most representative, collectively known as "Gao Cen".
Cen Can (about 7 15-769) has been on the frontier twice since the eighth year of Tianbao (749). He first went to Anxi as the secretary in charge, and then to the North Hospital as a judge, and experienced eight years of frontier life.
Gao Shi (about 702-765) worked as a secretary in the shogunate of the Song ambassador to Hexi, and was exposed to the desert scenery and the hard life of guarding the border, which laid the foundation for his creation of frontier poems.
Background information: Some poems of frontier fortress poets.
Gaohang City, Yan Ge
The northeast border of China is shrouded in smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric invaders, our generals left their families. Stride forward together, looking like heroes should watch, and received the emperor's most cordial favor. They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums. They waved a row of flags around the stone tablet. Until their captain in Shahai gave the order with feathers, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain. The highlands and rivers on the outer border were cold and desolate, but soon the barbarians' horses ran wild in the wind and rain. Half of us were killed at the front, but the other half are still alive, and the beautiful girls are still singing and dancing for them at the camp. In autumn, the desert is full of grass, the sun sets, and there are only a few surviving watchmen by the lonely wall. When you meet your enemy, you will despise him. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still not safe. Still in the front line, the real clothes are thin, and it's time for Bai Weiling to look after his departure. Still in this southern city, the young wife's heart is broken, while the soldiers on the northern border are looking forward to going home in vain. The wind cut off our progress, and there was nothing ahead in the place of death and blue void. Three times a day, the dark clouds of slaughter rose over the camp. All night, the drums on the hour trembled and gave a cold rumble. Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame? However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, today we will mention Li, a great general who lived a long time ago.
A Song of Snow White Farewell to Tian Shuji Ng Wui
The north wind swept across the earth and messed up Pennisetum, and the weather in August will be covered with heavy snow. Suddenly, like a night wind blowing, like a pear tree in bloom. Snowflakes fell into the curtains and wet them. The fur was not warm and the gold cup was too thin. The bow becomes stiff, it is almost impossible to pull it out, and it is difficult to protect your iron clothes. The desert freezes over/kloc-0.000 feet, with a crack, and the sky is full of darkness and melancholy. In the manager's account, this wine is a farewell party, and the Huqin Pipa flute ensemble adds luster to this entertainment. In the evening, in front of the headquarters gate, heavy snow fell, the red flag froze, and the wind could not drag. Luntai East Gate, welcome to the capital. Go, the mountain road is covered with snow. I haven't seen you in the winding mountain road, leaving only a row of horseshoe prints.
Cen Can's Western Expedition was put forward on the way to Sichuan.
Haven't you seen the trip to Sichuan? The snowy seaside, the sand in the desert and the yellow ones fly to heaven. On the night of the ninth month, there was a cold wind blowing in the wheel tower and the valley, and the valley was full of broken boulders like pecking rice, which went down and forward with the wind. Despite the dust, the Tatar horse fat, the west of the Jinshan Mountain, and the gathering of smoke and dust, Oh, general of China's army, start your campaign! . Wear your armor all night and let your soldiers March with rumbling weapons! And the sharp tip of the wind cuts his face like a knife. The sweat of snow evaporates on horseback, freezing the pattern of five-flowered coins, your challenge from the camp, and the ink bottle from the ice. It has cooled the heart of the barbarian leader, and you will no longer need a real battle! We are waiting for the news of victory in Xiguan! .