Four tones, here refers to the four tones of ancient Chinese. If you want to know the four tones, the heart must first know the tone.
How are tones formed? So let's start with the tone.
Tone is the characteristic of Chinese (and some other languages). Height, elevation and length of sound.
Shortness constitutes the tone of Chinese, and high and low, rising and falling are the main factors. Take Mandarin as an example, there are four kinds of * * *.
Tone: Flat tone is Gao Pingtiao (flat tone without rising or falling); Rising tone is rising tone (not high)
Not low call); The rising tone is a low rising tone (sometimes a low flat tone); Voiced is a high tone.
Ancient Chinese has four tones, but it is not exactly the same as Mandarin today. ancient times
These four tones are:
(1) flat voice. This tone is divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping in later generations.
(2) on the sound. Part of this tone will become unvoiced in future generations.
(3) sounding. This tone is still unvoiced in later generations.
(4) if you are born. This sound is short. Modern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu
The western countries and other places still retain the entering tone. There are also many places in the north (such as Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) where raw milk is preserved.
The tone of entering tone in Hunan is not short, but it also retains the tone category of entering tone. Most of the north and southwest
In most spoken languages, the entering tone has disappeared. In the north, some entering tones are flattened, while others are flattened.
Ascending tone, some become upper tone, and some become lower tone. As far as Putonghua is concerned, Rusheng words have become the most disyllabic words.
The second is the rising tone, which becomes the least vocal. In the southwest dialect (from Hunan to Yunnan), the entering tones are all changed.
It became a rising tone.
What is the shape of the ancient four-tone ups and downs? Now we can't know in detail. According to tradition
In other words, the flat tone should be flat tone, the rising tone should be rising tone and the falling tone should be falling tone.
The entering tone should be short. There is a Song formula in front of Kangxi dictionary, which is called "Four Tones Division":
Flat voice, flat road, mo di ang,
The voice above shouted fiercely and strongly:
It's a long way to go, Xiu Yuan,
The tone is short and urgent.
This narrative is not scientific enough, but it also gives us a general understanding of the ancient four tones.
The relationship between four tones and rhyme is very close. In rhyme books, words with different tones cannot be regarded as homophones. exist
In poetry, words with different tones generally cannot rhyme.
It is very clear in the rhyme book that what words belong to what tune. Today, the Chinese side of Rusheng still remains.
Between the lines, it is quite clear that a word belongs to a certain sound. Pay special attention to reading one word and two words. Sometimes,
A word has two meanings (usually different parts of speech) and two pronunciations. For example, the word "for",
Used as "because" and "for", read pronunciation. In ancient Chinese, this situation is more than that in modern Chinese.
Much more. Now give a few examples:
Ride, flat voice, verb, ride; Disyllabic, noun, cavalry.
Thinking, flat voice, verb, absence; Out of tune, nouns, thoughts and feelings.
Fame, flat voice, verbs, praise; Disyllabic, noun, reputation.
Dirty, flat voices, adjectives, filth; Voiced, verb, dirty.
Number, consonant, verb, calculation; Disyllabic words, nouns, numbers, fate; Enter the tone (read like a new moon),
Adjective, frequent.
Teaching, desensitization, noun, enlightenment, education; Life, verb, make, let.
Command, silence, noun, command; Life, verb, make, let.
Forbidden, silent, noun, forbidden, forbidden; Life, verb, can stand.
Kill, Rusheng, transitive verb, kill; De-sounding (sounds like Sun), intransitive verbs, fade.
Some words, originally pronounced in a flat voice, were later changed to disyllabic, but their meanings and parts of speech have not changed. King,
Words such as "Han" and "Kan" all belong to this category. Both "Wang" and "Tan" are pronounced in Tang poetry.
The word "look" is always pronounced. There are more complicated situations: for example, the word "Guo" is sometimes used as a verb.
As for the second reading, as for the use as a noun, when it is interpreted as wrong, you only need to read it in the sound.
Distinguishing four tones is the basis of distinguishing flat tones. Let's discuss the problem of leveling.
Knowing what four tones are, it is easy to understand the flat tone. Pingdiao is a term of poetic meter: poet.
Divide four tones into two categories: flat tone, that is, flat tone, and flat tone is three tones. Well, literally,
It means uneven.
What makes it possible to divide it into two categories? Because the flat tone does not rise or fall, it is longer, while the other three tones
There are up and down (the incoming sound may also increase or decrease slightly) and shorter ones, so they form two big ones.
Type. If these two tones are interlaced in poetry, the tones will be diversified, not single.
Tune. The ancients called it "sonorous voice". Although there are many stresses, balance and harmony are one of them.
Important factors.
How are the flat lines in poetry staggered? We can sum it up in two sentences:
(1) even lines appear alternately in this sentence;
⑵ Flat lines and even lines are opposites in the dialogue.
This kind of flat and even rule is particularly obvious in metrical poems.
For example, the fifth and sixth sentences of Chairman Mao's Long March poem:
Jinsha water pats the clouds and cliffs warm,
The beams of Dadu Bridge are cold.
The level of these two poems is:
Flat, flat, flat,
Flat | flat | flat | flat.
As far as this sentence is concerned, every word has a rhythm. Flat sentence is followed by flat sentence, followed by flat sentence.
Very flat, the last one is awkward. A sentence is flat at the beginning and flat at the back.
One is flat and the last one is flat. This is alternation. As far as sentences are concerned, "Jinsha" is opposite to "Dadu".
Is flat to flat, "water beat" to "bridge crossing", flat to flat, "cloud cliff" to "iron rope",
It is flat to flat, and "warm" is flat to "cold". This is opposition.
Regarding the rules of poetry, we will discuss them in detail from the following aspects: the rules of poetry, the rules of poetry. at present
Let's talk about how to distinguish flatness.
If your dialect has tones (for example, you come from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanxi, Hunan and South China)
People), then the problem will be solved. In those dialects with entering tones, there are not only more than four tones.
Pingsheng is divided into yin and yang, and even rising tone, falling tone and entering tone are often divided into yin and yang. Like Guangzhou Rusheng, it can be divided into three categories.
It's simple: just combine them, for example, combine Yin Ping and Yang Ping into a flat sound, and combine Yin and Yang Ping into a flat sound.
Up, up, down, up, down, up, down, up, down, up, down into a muffled voice, that's it. The problem is that you must do it first.
Know how many tones there are in your dialect. It is necessary to find a friend who understands the tone to help. If you ...
In Chinese class, I have learned the corresponding rules of dialect tone and Mandarin tone, and I have made it very clear.
The tone in the words is better.
If you are from Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and northern Guangxi, then Rusheng is on your side.
It's all rising tones. In this way, we should pay special attention to the words with rising tones, some of which are ancient.
Belonging to the tone. As for which words belong to entering tone and which words belong to entering tone, you have to look them up in a dictionary or rhyme book.
If you are from the north, then the method of distinguishing flat tones is slightly different from that in Hubei and other places. Ancient entries
Because most of the phonetic symbols of Putonghua have become disyllabic, disyllabic is also a kind of disyllabic. The other part changed its voice, up.
The voice is also awkward. Therefore, the words from entry to change and from entry to change do not prevent us from distinguishing levels; Only by
Only when the entrance is flat (Yin Ping and Yang Ping), it is difficult to distinguish flat. When we meet the poetic rules, we should use conjunctions.
Place, and the poet used a word that sounds very flat today, which aroused our suspicion. We can look it up.
Canon or rhyme book to solve.
Note that any word ending in -n or -ng will not be an entering tone word. If Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan,
As far as Guizhou and northern Guangxi are concerned, there are basically no syllables such as ai, ei, ao and ou.
In a word, the problem of entering tone is the only obstacle to distinguish flat tones. This obstacle can only be removed by looking it up in a dictionary or rhyme book.
Except; However, the truth of leveling is easy to understand. Moreover, about half of China is reserved.
People in those places are eager to enter the voice, and it is no problem to distinguish the flat tone.