Nalan Xingde (1655- 1685): a poet in Qing Dynasty. Formerly known as Chengde, Rong Ruo,No. Lengjiashan, a native of Zhenghuangqi, Manchuria. Son of the pearl of college students. Kangxi Jinshi, the official to the first-class bodyguard. Good at riding and shooting, good at reading. Ci is good at short poems, full of sentimental sentiment, and occasionally bold works. You can also write poems. There is a collection of local chronicles. The word set is called Nalan Ci, and there is a separate book. And Xu, since the compilation of Tang Shu, said that these classics are all the classics of Tongzhitang. (Cihai 1989 Edition)
A butterfly in love with flowers
The moon in the sky is pitiful.
A night is like a ring.
It's all decided at night (change jade next to it)
If the moon finally comes out.
Your body, as cold as snow, will be revived by my warmth.
It's easy to die without that kind of fate.
Yanzi Yiran
Soft pedal hook theory
Sing autumn grave sorrow.
Recognition of Amphibian Butterflies in the Shrub in Spring
Endless desire
Shanyicheng
Shuiyicheng
We trudged to Shanhaiguan.
Late night thousand-account lamp
Feng
Xue yiguang
The roaring snowstorm broke my dream.
There is no such sound in my hometown.
well
Ten thousand accounts are intoxicating.
Ying Xing is teetering.
Guimengge He Lang
Broken by the sound of the river.
Still sleeping
Still sleeping
Wake up tasteless.
Nalan Xingde's poetry constructs his emotional poetry world with the beauty of sadness. Although his ci is graceful and restrained, he got rid of the glitz and decadence of his ci style, won the praise of "the only one since the Northern Song Dynasty" (Wang Guowei's language) with his pure, natural and fresh and detached style, and established his position as a giant in the early Qing Dynasty.
Image is an objective image with subjective feelings. Its appearance depends on the objective image first. Only when the objective image enters the poet's impression and memory, rises to the appearance, brings the poet's aesthetic ideal and interest through the poet's conception, and infiltrates the poet's personality and interest, can the image with the poet's subjective color be formed. A mature and individual poet will form his own image group through clever absorption and combination of some common images, which is the case with Nalan Xingde. The images created by Nalan are mostly common scenes in traditional poetry, such as sunsets, moons, storms, willows and phoenix trees, branches and leaves on trees, wild geese in birds, peaches, pears, plums and fallen flowers in flowers, and lamps and candles in daily utensils. However, by integrating his unique feelings, his poems formed a unique image.
"Rain" is the most frequent image in Nalan's ci. Rain has been closely related to people's lives since ancient times. Since the Book of Songs, it has been affecting the feelings of poets and writers. Poets may express their joy in their hearts by "knowing the season" and moistening things silently, and endow the image of rain with the brilliance of life; Or take the silk rain as a worry, express boundless sadness with the drizzly dusk rain, and give it a sad and helpless charm. Therefore, the rain in classical poetry, after different people melt into different subjective feelings, produces different rain images, and people can feel its softness and profundity from the "drizzle", thus generating endless worries; You can also experience its confusion from misty rain to express a vague and erratic feeling; You can also experience sadness from the sadness brought by rain, which can be used to express feelings of sadness, sadness, depression and depression. Of course, you can also use the freshness of rain to praise the vitality and hope it brings to people. Because Nalan's ci mostly describes the ups and downs of life, the joys and sorrows of love, or reminisces about the past, dreams and laments the rise and fall, the rain image in his ci has a sad rhyme, which has become the carrier for him to express his sad feelings. The rain in his works includes: Mao Mao rain, cold rain, rainy day, red rain, nocturnal rain, cold rain, silk rain, autumn rain, spiritual rain, light rain, tear rain, flower rain, sparse rain, zero rain, misty rain, harmonious rain, residual rain, returning rain, yellow rain, dark rain, knocking on the window rain, nocturnal rain, fading rain and rustling rain. He wrote down his sleepless dream in the autumn night: "It's late at night, listening to the sound of raindrops in the air, the dream is unfounded." He expressed the desolation among the guests: "If you are alone, you will miss me. It is cold and rainy at dawn." ("Bodhisattva Man") He expressed the helplessness of his followers: "How much is the journey tomorrow, and the clothes are new and cold." ("butterfly lovers") He expressed his sadness about the rise and fall: "Mo Wen pedestrians lived in the past, the graves were full of wind and rain, and the fish lights were lonely. Tianshou Shantou is cold in Heng Yue. " ("Picking Mulberry Seeds") He used the disappearance of rain to imply that prosperity cannot be relied on for a long time: "The night rain is a few times thin, and prosperity is always like a dream." (Huanxisha) But in Nalan's ci, the image of "rain" is most related to his love life: "When we meet in silence, a lotus blooms with autumn rain." ("Minus Magnolia") The gorgeous and shy state of the girl can be felt; "In the new cold, wine knocks on the window and rains, and the fragrance is fine in autumn." ("Bodhisattva Man") The wife's loneliness and lovesickness can be seen; "The fragrance is exhausted, and it is thin and cold." The concern for his wife has doubled; ("Bodhisattva Man") "Pear blossoms are like last year, but it rains a lot." ("Qian Qiu Suo") The drizzle added a hard-to-find melancholy; "The dead poplar leaves are hard to finish, and the cold wind and drizzle hit the bridge." ("Yu Zhonghao") expressed the sadness different from his wife's life and death; "Half-life duckweed dies with the water, but one night's cold rain buries famous flowers." (Shanhuazi) laments both his own fate and his wife's death; "Point out the fate for Iraq and let the rain wash away the legacy." (Lotus Cup) Wash the remains of cymbals with warm and clean rain to express the desire to remarry. In a word, the "rain" in his poems is soft, sad, sad, bitter, cold or foggy, which conveys rich images of "rain".
"The cold pond crosses the crane shadow, and Leng Yue buries the soul of poetry." Nalan's poetic soul also has an inseparable complex with Leng Yue. Of course, it contains the aesthetic taste of the traditional image of "moon", but it is also because "moon" is the direct object that triggers his emotions. The bright moon written by Nalan can cross the isolation of space and connect the lovesickness of the two places: "After desolation, the two should be the same, and the most difficult thing is to clear up the grievances in the month." ("Young Beauty") "Where is the soul, the moon is thousands of miles away, and how much they hate the desolation of the two places." ("Recalling Taoyuan Slow") "The crystal curtain is sad and white, the clouds are fragrant and foggy, and there is no language to ask for clothes. The children's voice has gone west. " ("Bodhisattva Man") The modality of the moon here is lonely, and the color of the moon is bleak and blurred, which well expresses the sadness and helplessness of his separation from his wife and has profound aesthetic significance. Nalan also used the image of the moon to lament the passage of time: "The heartbroken moon is bright red and nutmeg, the moon seems to be at that time, and people seem to be at that time?" (Preface to Yun Song on the Bones) "When you are different, pear flower falls is in the west of the moon" ("Picking mulberry seeds") "Cool moon? Lucy, you have a little frost on your temples. Do you know that you will come back when you are eight years old? " ("Picking Mulberry Seeds") It's really a falling moon, and the deceased is like this. In the face of this endless nature, it is more and more obvious to feel the shortness and fragility of life, which contains the sadness of life. He compared the reunion of the month with the loneliness of people: "Where does Acacia say that the month is free, and the month is different at that time, group?" Take a look at the silk. " ("Bodhisattva Man") He used months to express his weariness of the bodyguard's retinue career: "Mayor Xiao Lou Yue Ming is idle, what is life?" In particular, he broke through the traditional mode with the moon as the lyrical background, established an image as much as possible, communicated the relationship between the moon and life, and directly expressed his mourning for the moon: "Hard work is the greatest pity for the sky and the moon. A past is like a ring, and the past is like smoke. If the moon finally comes out, I will not hesitate to be roasted by snow and ice. Without that dust, the swallow is still there, said the soft curtain hook. After singing the autumn grave, I don't rest, and the spring bushes recognize amphibious butterflies. " (Recent Flowers) The poet sends all his feelings to the moon and writes them in the sky, centering on the poem that his dead wife sang in her dream, "I wish I hated the sky and the moon, and it would be round every year." The moon is missing a round. He wrote about the lack and loneliness of love, linked the sadness of the moon palace with his wife's sadness, and told her that if you are really like the bright full moon in the sky, then I am not afraid of the moon in the moon. It shows that he is a ghost in his heart and never forgets it. In the next chapter of the word, although the world is still an amphibious butterfly and a swallow, it is already "the ghost in the autumn grave sings Bao poetry and hates the beauty of the world for thousands of years." Qiu Lai of Li He wrote about the endless sadness after his wife died. In the cold light of the moon, the poet's sadness and loneliness are clearly visible. It can be said that in Nalan's ci, the image of the moon is the fleeting time of life, the interpretation of life's joys and sorrows, and the accommodation and bathing of love. The compassion and sadness of the moon became the eternal background for Nalan to express his feelings of gathering and parting.
"Light" is also a common image in Nalan's ci, which has been used more than 50 times in more than 300 ci works. From this frequent image, we can see the emotional orientation of the author.
In classical poetry, "lamp" seems to be often associated with the word "solitary", and the scenery under the lamp is less concentrated and more discrete. Therefore, "lamp" has become the best image to express lovesickness, and people often use it to express their bitterness. This is also described in Nalan's ci: "The night is cold, tears fall with snuff." ("Bodhisattva Man") "Qiu Meng did not return, and the residual lights were broken." ("Bodhisattva Man") "Because of listening to the rain at night, I remember the night light in the red chamber." ("Yu Zhonghao") "There are thousands of waters in Qian Shan in the chaos, so it's hard to remember. I wonder if the small window red candle shines on people tonight? " ("Qingpingle") "The moon is shallow and the lights are deep. Where did the cloud in the dream go? " (Picking Mulberry Seeds) "When shall we meet? Cut the candles in the west window and tell us in detail now. " ("Jade Case") "There is only a shadow under the candle, and the soul stays in the misty autumn sky" ("Man Jiang Hong") The invisible thoughts tell the feelings of loneliness, longing, mourning or expectation through the visible and tangible lights. I can't sleep at night, and my misty thoughts connect Tianya Road with Xiao Xuan window, illusory sky and miserable people through the flickering lights in the night, showing an unspeakable bitterness. The lamp of lovesickness is dim, but the lamp of memory is distant and clear. "The cloister is one inch lovesick, and the moon is lonely. It is a ten-year-old heart "("Young Beauty "), a land of acacia, which reminds the poet of a date under the lamp. For fear of being seen, he turned his back on the lamp, but there was still moonlight, so he had to hide in the shadow of flowers for ten years, but that scene lingered day by day and was unforgettable. "The red font on the wall is blurred. I remember that the hand in front of the * * * light is Iraqi." (Young Beauty) "I remember you best. You are wrong. Cut the silver lamp and pour the tea yourself" (Blue Wet). Two small things in front of the lamp show that the couple are in harmony. It was so sweet at that time. Where is the Iraqi now? "Half a month in advance for illness, scissors are still in silver? . My wife has passed away, and the sound of cutting by the silver lamp is still vivid. This immortal lamp contrasts with the people and things that passed away, adding a lot of vicissitudes to the lamp.
As a generation of poets, the images of Nalan Ci are rich. He used these images to sing a sad song in his heart. Nalan was born in a famous family, only lived for 3 1 year, but experienced bitterness for most of his life. His best friend Gu Zhenguan said in his eulogy: "My brother has a hundred talents to try; There are many different industries to be established; If you want what you want, you will get nothing; There is a lot to say. " He himself said, "Before I was born, I was half sad. My heart is like a fallen flower, and the spring breeze has broken. " The early death of his wife (archaizing) made him sad that everything in the world would eventually disappear. His indifferent nature to fame and fortune made him tired of obeying the official life of value, plus "eyes are self-sufficient, enviable and stormy." (Rui He Xian)' s anxiety, or what people call anxiety, is the tragic temperament of the forerunner of the times, which makes him have a layer of unspeakable hidden resentment and deep sorrow. He integrated this kind of regret, disappointment, sadness and sorrow into his ci, which made the images in his ci into a typical subjective feeling, and also made his ci always filled with a dignified, hard-to-hide and cutting meaning. Therefore, he always looks at things with sad eyes, whether it is natural landscapes, human feelings, boudoir, or wind and smoke, it seems that he has melted into his sigh of life and endless sense of home and country, making the feelings expressed in his poetic images more hazy and sad. Such as "picking mulberry seeds": "whoever turns over the bleak music of Yuefu, the wind is also rustling. The rain is rustling, and the snuff is thin all night. I don't know what bothers me, but I was bored when I woke up. The meaning of drunkenness is not in wine, and the dream has not arrived. " Rainy night, lonely lights can't sleep, the sound of wind and rain and bleak music are accompanied by a lonely and unbearable mood. The artistic conception formed by these images looks sad, and some people think it is a love story, but Mr. Liang Qichao thinks it has "the sad voice of the times" and "broad vision and deep feelings." So is his divertimento. Sauvignon Blanc: "The mountain is a journey, and the water is a journey. Walking towards Guan Yu, there are thousands of lights at night. When the wind changes, the snow changes, and the dream of breaking the hometown fails. There is no such sound in the garden. " The snow and snow on the frontier, the sound of breaking the country's heart and the spectacular thousand-account lamp, the magnificent scene composed of several images, are extremely tragic, just as Yan commented in the History of Qing Ci: "The thousand-account lamp in the middle of the night is magnificent, but what kind of feelings are there under the thousand-account lamp?" One is warm and the other is cold, and the two match each other and write down their feelings of being tired of obedience. " This shows that in addition to the superficial "eternal time", it also contains his deep world of sadness and pain. And "Like a Dream" "The awning is drunk and the stars are crumbling. Dreams are separated by the Wolf River and broken by the sound of the river. Still sleeping, still sleeping, waking up is tasteless. " Although the frontier fortress image is very magnificent, it still makes people feel a sense of vastness and history, and at the same time it is surrounded by a kind of sadness, which contains some unspeakable feelings about life.
The beauty expressed in Nalan's ci is a kind of sad beauty, and the formation of this style should also benefit from his choice of images. From the above analysis, it can be seen that Nalan rarely chooses vivid images in his ci, and the images he chooses often contain a sad, lonely and sentimental tone, which is shrouded in a hazy color and conveys inner loneliness, depression and sadness. Even though some images, such as the vitality and freshness of rain, the brightness and warmth of lights, and the reunion and celebration of the moon, are rarely expressed in his poems, some vivid images, such as pear blossoms and peach blossoms, are full of sadness: "The new moon can only shine alone, but it can also shine on the Pear Waterfall." ("Qiu Qiansuo") "So far, I have been alone with the pear flower shadow, which is cold and gloomy." ("The sky is wet and the ground is wet") "Beam, lamp. Good wind and good peach blossoms. " (Fairy) is full of heavy life, late sigh and strong sentimental sentiment. As for some common images in his poems, such as "dusk", "late autumn", "late spring" and "falling flowers", it is an unavoidable sadness. Such as "Hui Huan": "Falling flowers like a dream. The faint smoke is the sunset diving into the west of the small building. " Falling flowers, musk smoke and sunset make people feel a sudden death, which constitutes the image of people in the boudoir who are sad about spring and miss the distance. Another example is "Huanxisha": "Who thinks that the west wind is cool alone? The rustling yellow leaves closed the window. After thinking about it, the sun sets. " Yellow leaves, sparse windows and sunset, all of which are desolate and cold, cause feelings for the dead and sadness for the living. His "Butterfly Love Flowers Out of the Plug": "There is no definite evidence for the ancient rivers and mountains today. With the sound of drawing horns, horses come and go. Everywhere is desolate. Who can talk? The west wind blows the old Danfeng. There have been countless grievances. Ma Tiejin Pavilion, Qingcheng Evening Road. I am deeply in love. The rain and dew in late autumn shines in Shan Ye. " The whole poem is written in landscape language, especially the iron image of Jin Goma in those days, and today's Mausoleum, dusk, sunset and autumn rain are desolate and full of emotion, which seems to have a short life consciousness and also contains many aspects of life worries and social worries, as Mao Zedong commented: "Seeing rise and fall". Therefore, it can be said that Nalan not only expressed his unspeakable feelings with images in his poems, but also sang a deep and sad elegy for himself, the times and the society.