Liu houzheng
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness.
After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged.
This seven-character poem was written by Du Fu when he climbed the Chung Yeung Festival in September of the second year of Tang Daizong Dali (767). At this time, the poet lived in Kuizhou for the second year. At the age of 56, he climbed the high platform of Baidi Mountain and looked at the autumn scenery of Xiajiang River. He saw the wind rushing, the tigers whistling and the apes singing, and the leaves fell in Ji Xiang, Sha Ou, and he never returned to the river, all of which evoked his memories and aroused his feelings, thus pouring out the poet's complex feelings of long-term wandering, old illness and loneliness, and impassioned. Yang Lun's Du Shi Jing Quan called this poem "Du Ji's Seven-character Rhyme is the first", and Shi Yu of Hu Yinglin even emphasized that this poem is full of artistic conception, which is the best of the seven laws in ancient and modern times.
This poem is a classic of Du Fu's Kuizhou poems, which has both magnificent mountains and rivers and impassioned lofty artistic conception. If we want to understand this poem thoroughly, we must grasp its three complexes, namely, the complex of climbing high and looking far, the complex of loneliness for a hundred years and the complex of favoring Kuizhou mountains and rivers. The following is the author's understanding of these three complexes.
Climb to the top and worry for a long time.
In the poem Up the Mountain, the first four sentences are about what you see when you climb the mountain, and the last four sentences are about what you think when you climb the mountain. It all started with climbing the mountain. How can you feel the high wind and the high sky without climbing? How can you listen to the cry of the mysterious ape in Qingyuan? How can you overlook the clear sand and white sand by the river without climbing? How can you watch seagulls flying around without climbing? Climb high, expand the realm, boundless forest, rustling leaves, magnificent; Climb high and look far, open your mind, the Yangtze River is endless, the waves are rolling and surging.
Du Fu "studied in thousands of books and walked on Wan Li Road" all his life, and he liked climbing mountains best. At the age of 24, he was a scholar, traveled to Zhao, climbed Mount Tai, wrote the poem "Looking at Yue", and had the broad-minded mind of "reaching the peak and the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.". . Everywhere he goes, he always visits local famous mountains and rivers. Every time he climbed the mountain, he got interest and inspiration from poetry and wrote hundreds of poems.
Du Fu likes reading poetry, which was inherited from the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Sima Xiangru's Zi Xu, Shang Lin and Ban Gu's Two Capitals and Zhang Heng's Two Capitals are magnificent and graceful, while RoyceWong's Climbing the Building and Bao Zhao's Wucheng pay attention to people's livelihood and are melancholy and lyrical. Du Fu, his ancestor in the Tang Dynasty, likes to write sightseeing poems. A poem "Climbing Xiangyang City" is called Du Zimei's ancestor poem. Du Fu worships Chen Ziang, and Zi Ang's You Zhou Tower, Bai Di Nostalgia and Fairy Mountain Nostalgia are actually the forerunners of Du Fu's extensive reading of ancient poems. Li Bai's influence on Du Fu is more direct. They are friends who have forgotten each other, and they all love their country and their people. "When you drink a bottle of wine, you should pay attention to the details" (Spring Memories Li Bai). Li Bai's poems, such as Difficult Travel in Shu, West Lotus Mountain, and On Climbing Nanjing to Phoenix Terrace, inspired Du Fu to look at the poems and lament the people, pinning his sadness of parting and worrying about his country.
Before the age of 40, Du Fu's poems had a wide range of themes, including travel, scenery writing, nostalgia, narration, enjoyment and enjoyment. "At the age of 40, he wrote" Going to Ci 'en Temple Tower with the Duke ",which is the first masterpiece full of thoughts about the country. Since then, his poems with a sense of hardship have begun to emerge in large numbers, some climbing and some singing by the water. Few of his poems are written purely for the sake of scenery, and most of them combine the poet's experience and feelings, the turmoil and misfortune of the country. " (Jiang Xianwei's Du Fu on Poetry)
Du Fu, an old guest living in Xiqin Caotang, Zhangzhou, looked up at the majestic postures of Chi Jia and Baiyan Mountains. It is these two mountains that stand opposite each other, forming a towering Kuimen. "Chi Jia and Bai Yan both hit the sky, and they swept around the top of the mountain." (Du Fu's Ten Songs of Kuizhou) (4) "Running on the steep back is bare and the cliff is white with salt." (The first part of Du Fu's "Three Poems of Entering the Room") "Xu Bu looks up at the mountains with Bambusa." (Looking at the Salt Mountain in Baidicheng) We are not sure whether Du Fu has climbed these two peaks nearly 1000 meters above sea level, but there are quite a few poems about Du Fu's visit to these two mountains. Du Fu's favorite place to visit in Kuizhou is Baidicheng. He pointed out that there are seven poems about visiting Baidicheng: going to Baidicheng, two poems about going to Baidicheng, a work for a banquet at the head of Baidicheng, the tallest building in Baidicheng, Baidicheng, Baidilou and Baidicheng. Bai Di, which is adjacent to Du Fu's Caotang, is only 400 meters above sea level, but it is independent of the river. At the mouth of Qutang Gorge, it guards Kuimen like a loyal guard, facing the Yangtze River rolling eastward from the horizon. Every time Du Fu boarded Bai Di City, he always looked ahead and looked back, and his thoughts flew high: "The sharp path of the city is full of worries, and it is an independent and ethereal flying building" ("The tallest building in Bai Di") "Jiangcheng is abnormal and getting better every day." ("Two Songs Uptown") "I am eager to try." ("Go to Bai Di City") "Who is a stick that sighs and tears back to the white head?" (The tallest building in Baidicheng)
Du Fu also has many poems in Kuizhou, such as "Climbing the Building": "The flowers near the tall building are sad, because I see from this height that sadness is everywhere." "Nine Days": "Chongyang drinks a glass of wine alone, and when he is sick, he goes to the river to get a table." Wait a minute. However, among all his poems, the most famous and outstanding one is Climbing the Mountain. In this poem, the complex of climbing high and looking far is the most closed and open, which is the peak of his poetry creation. This poem is not only a magnificent and unrestrained landscape poem, but also a political poem that expresses the feelings of worrying about the country and the people with scenery. "Sharp wind apes whimper from the vast sky, and birds fly home to the clear lakes and white beaches. Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward. " Climbing high and looking far, there is love and scenery. The scene is filled with deep grief and vicissitudes, and the feelings are magnificent and magnificent. It is really a model of scene blending. "I came from three thousand miles away. With the sadness of autumn, with my sorrow of a hundred years, I climbed this height alone. Bad luck has a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. " Climbing high and looking far, thinking about the country's constant turmoil, thinking about my life's drift from place to place, when I was young, my ideals and ambitions of "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years", "saving the world and willing to commit suicide" and "being loyal to the monarch and being honest" were not realized, and when I was old, I was poor and sick, and my family was helpless. With these thoughts in mind, Du Fu's mind really tumbled like the Yangtze River. Du Fu, personal misfortune embodies the misfortune of the country and the people. How profound is the thought of worrying about the country and the people in the poem Ascending the Mountain!
A hundred years of loneliness hurts time.
"Ascending the Mountain" shows a grand occasion, with crisp autumn, boundless forest and endless Yangtze River; But where are people? Nature is dwarfed. The more a sick and helpless poet climbs and looks farther, the stronger his loneliness will be. "I came from three thousand miles away. Sad autumn, my sorrow for a hundred years, I climbed this height alone. " Take the responsibility of climbing high and looking far, telling the loneliness of life. Luo Dajing, a poet in the Song Dynasty, analyzed this couplet and said, "Wan Li is far away, because it is autumn sorrow, sometimes it is sorrow." Be a guest and travel; Frequent visitors, long-distance travel; For a hundred years, teeth are dying; Sick and sick; Taiwan, high back also; Alone on the stage, no relatives or friends. "This couplet is rich in images and vividly reveals the poet's feelings of hardship, poverty and loneliness. In fact, the word "Wan Li" should be understood as a poet wandering in Wan Li, and "a hundred years" should also be understood as a poet's lonely life.
Why Du Fu had a lonely and bitter complex all his life, this is of course related to the historical reality at that time and Du Fu's ideological personality. Song Qi wrote in The Biography of Du Fu, a Book of the New Tang Dynasty: "It's just that if you are open-minded and don't behave yourself, you can talk about what's going on in the world, but you can't cut it. A few messy smells are quite innocent. For poetry, when you are hurt, you are weak, you don't forget your feelings, and people are loyal. " These comments do reflect Du Fu's ideological personality and reveal the reasons for Du Fu's loneliness and pain all his life.
When Du Fu was young, he had a positive idea of joining the WTO for the people of the world and the prosperous Tang Dynasty. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and the imperial examination system made aspiring young people eager to make contributions. However, in the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (735), the poet returned to his hometown from wuyue with confidence, and then went to Beijing to attend the tribute ceremony, but he failed in the exam. During the Tianbao period, he lived in Chang 'an for nearly ten years and was unhappy. Ten years of Tianbao (75 1), Du Fu was 40 years old. He gave these three gifts to Fu, which surprised him. The Prime Minister was dissatisfied and got an official order to participate in the selection. This is undoubtedly another pot of cold water. At the age of forty-four, he was named the governor of Hexi County because of his poetic title. The poet resigned and refused to go to church. He was appointed right back and led Cao to join the army. However, less than a year after taking office, he encountered an Anshi rebellion, and he was trapped in the rebels and almost died. In the second year of Zhide (757), Du Fu, who fled, chased the emperor in Fengxiang and worshipped him as left-handed. The emperor was so angry that he almost asked for help. After the Anshi Rebellion, the emperor arranged Du Fu to be an official several times, but the poets all responded with the attitude of leaving the official, abandoning the official and not going. The reason Song Qi made it very clear: "Open your mind without introspection", with lofty ideals and broad mind, but without power and status and the way to be an official; The theory of "high without cutting" is wonderful, but it is not valued by the court; "Very clean", suffered and lived a hard life, and never bowed to evil forces; "Weak in times of trouble", caring for the country and the people, upholding justice and hating corrupt officials. Such an ideological character, in a dark and decadent society, can only lead to his loneliness and desolation, down and out.
Du Fu moved to Kuizhou, which was already poor and sick. He was exiled to Bashu because of the Anshi Rebellion, and was unable to return to his hometown because of the warlord scuffle and Tubo invasion in the middle of Shu. Every time he was exiled, his loneliness always followed him. These feelings can be seen everywhere in his poems, and they are often expressed by climbing high and looking far. "The orioles keep singing." ("Climbing the Ci 'en Temple Tower with Gentleman") "It's sad to kill time near tall buildings, because I can see from this height that sadness is everywhere." ("Climbing the Building") "The ancient city of Kuifu is set in the sun, each according to the Beidou Wangjinghua" ("Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity") "But I have no words from my relatives and friends, and I am old, weak, sick and lonely." (Climbing Yueyang Tower).
Du Fu was writing Ascending when he wrote Five Nine Days a few days ago. The first one can be said to be the preparation for climbing. Ninth session (1):
Chongyang drank a glass of wine alone, and when he was ill, he went to the river to go on stage.
Bamboo leaves are nothing to people, and chrysanthemums don't have to bloom anymore.
Mysterious apes crow at dusk, and the white goose in the old country comes before the frost.
Where is the depression of younger brothers and sisters? Let's go to war and thank each other!
Interpretation of "Nine Days (1)": On the Double Ninth Festival, a person drinks alone and climbs the high platform of Bai Di with illness. Although there are many bamboo leaves on the mountain, there is no feeling of being close to the people. People are in a bad mood and it is unnecessary to open chrysanthemums. The black ape in the distance is crying in the sunset, which is heartbreaking; The white goose in my hometown is called by autumn frost. Can the wanderer go home? I don't know the news of my sister-in-law's displacement, but war and disease are coming again!
As can be seen from the above quotation, Du Fu's "hundred years of loneliness" complex has a long history, and climbing is the deepest and strongest expression of this complex. Let's analyze how this complex is expressed:
"I came from three thousand miles away. Sad autumn, my sorrow for a hundred years, I climbed this height alone. " "Alone on the stage" shows that the poet looks down from a height and closely connects the eye scene with the heart. Frequent visitor points out the poet's wandering life. "One hundred years" means a limited life, here refers to the twilight. The word "sad autumn" (also known as sadness) describes deep sadness. Autumn is not necessarily sad, but when the poet witnessed the desolate and magnificent autumn scenery, he couldn't help thinking of his own exile, the old, the weak and the sick, so he gave birth to infinite sadness. The poet summed up the feelings of a long-time guest who is most likely to be sad in autumn and love to go on stage alone, which makes people deeply feel his heavy emotional pulse. The "Wan Li" and "Centennial" of this couplet also echo the "Boundless" and "Endless" of the previous couplet: the poet's wandering worries and loneliness, like fallen leaves and rivers, are inexhaustible and can't be driven away, and the feelings and scenery blend together. At this point, the poem has given the general meaning of homesickness, added the content of long-term loneliness, added the feeling of sad autumn and illness, and added the sigh of people in their twilight years, which made his poem more profound.
"Bad luck has laid a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine." Couplets inherit the meaning of five or six sentences and end in deep loneliness and sadness in autumn. The poet suffers from hardship and poverty, worrying about the country and the people, and his hair is getting gray. In addition, because of illness and alcohol deprivation, it is even more difficult for them to let go. In the end, it comes down to bitterness and bitterness. Difficult times are the root of poverty. In this way, Du Fu's feelings when he was worried about the country and the people and hurt the country were vividly displayed.
I prefer the water condition of Kuizhou Mountain.
The poem "Ascending the Mountain" depicts a typical scene of Kuizhou in autumn: "The sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow, and birds fly across clear lake to return to Baisha. Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward. " This scene is both magnificent and gloomy. There is no similar work in Du Fu's poems, and it is hard to find such a magnificent antithesis in all Tang poems. Du Fu's fine writing style is closely related to his preference for Kuizhou landscape.
Poets prefer Kuizhou landscape for three reasons:
Living in Kuizhou has brought me unprecedented happiness.
"Fu pillow Yunan county, moved to baidicheng. Spring knows to urge Liu to leave, and Jiang Zhouqing. It is said that birds who farm can see the scenery in the mountains. The foolish old man spared the stone and the soil was leveled. " ("Moving to Kuizhou for Work") In the good time when the Qingjiang River was warm in spring and green in willows, Du Fu moved to Kuizhou, where he heard that people loved labor, planted spring crops and harvested autumn crops, and saw beautiful scenery, birds and flowers. The landscape here is great, and there are rubble left by Dayu digging mountains and guiding rivers. The field is flat, where he can feed. "There are ten thousand families in the east, ten thousand families in the west, and spring and summer flowers in Jiangbei in the south. Fly to the back, the crane stays in Qiongrui, and he enters the ginger tooth while he is a teenager. " ("Ten Kuizhou Songs" 5) Xiqin, where Du Fu stayed, is a land of grain and oil with warm climate, dense population and rich products. "There are many green rice in June, and thousands of green spring colors are chaotic." Officials looked around to make up for the rice border and returned to the water.
During his three years in Kuizhou, Du Fu witnessed the mountains, rivers and Zhong Ling in Kuizhou. There are strange historical sites, ancient legends full of strange feelings and interests, and historical sites that witness the rise and fall of society. Du Fu has nothing to do. He visited Bai Di City many times, visited the Temple of Wuhou, and entered the court. "It happens to be an old guest of the governor," said Han Song Tuojin Ji. When I was riding a horse, I suddenly remembered my youth. I scattered my hooves and smashed Tang Shi. "It can be seen that his life is more affectionate and interesting than ever before.
(2) The wonder of Kuizhou's landscape amazed the poet.
"Although it is lonely to travel far away, this mountain and this water are hard to see" ("Jiang Chun in Autumn") "Jiangcheng contains transformation and a new one." As a poet who has traveled to countless famous mountains and rivers, Du Fu is very satisfied with the overall evaluation of Kuizhou landscape. "Mr. Shaoling swam in Kuizhou in the evening, and he couldn't bear to go because he loved mountains and rivers. He moved to Gaozhai three times. " (Lu You's "Dongtun Gaozhai Collection")
The poet loves Kuizhou landscape because of his meticulous and comprehensive observation:
Ten quatrains of Kuizhou Song: "Middle Badong is Badong Mountain, and the river flows through it. Baidigao is the Three Gorges Town, and Qutang has passed a hundred prisons. " "Red, white and salt stung the sky, and Yan Lu wrapped the top of the mountain. LAM Raymond Orange Danqing River is beautiful. " "Lang Feng Xuanpu and Peng Hu, there is no such thing as Gaotang County. Excuse me, where is Kuizhou? Xiamen River has a corner of the city. "
The poet loves the landscape of Kuizhou because he has a unique and true feeling:
Where the Three Gorges spread, double cliffs reinforce this gate.
Into the sky, it is still stone color, wearing water and clouds.
-"Qutang Two Cliffs"
The roar of the Xiajiang torrent is like thunder, and the smoke hanging over the vines makes the sun and the moon yellow.
-"Bai Di"
The red Ye Feng forest is full of tongues, and the yellow flowers are dancing on the wild coast.
-"send cypress forest bachelor"
The grass pavilion on the sand is new and dark, and the wild pool on the edge of the city is red.
In late spring, Yuanyang stands on the island, still in clusters.
-Late Spring
The landscape poems of Kuizhou written by Du Fu are fresh and interesting, vivid and vivid, with peculiar images, which express the poet's true and unique feelings.
(3) There are many places of interest in Kuizhou, which fascinates the poet.
Kuizhou has many historical sites and is famous for its long history and mystery. There is a legend of Wushan Goddess: "Rain goes down to the DPRK with Goddess", there is a relic of Dayu chiseling a cliff to draw water into the river: "Rao Broken Stone", and there is a powerful Ba nationality who once thrived and founded the country here: "Wan Li Bayuquan, which was famous for three years." There is also Gongsun Shu's "The Duke of Bai Di": "The public relies on risks and is willing to jump." There is also an eight-array picture: "The Three Kingdoms, divided, have been bound by his greatness, and the eight-sided fortress is built on his fame." Other related monuments included in Du Fu's poems include the ancestral temple, Yong 'an Palace, Wuhou Temple, Zhaojun Village and Quyuan House. -"Kuizhou shows the history and culture of the Chinese nation. It seems that the best poet of our nation has also come to Kuizhou, and his poems have drawn this magnificent source, which in turn has added new brilliance to the scenic spots here. " (Jiang Xianwei's Poems of Du Fu Kuizhou)
Kuizhou's unique landscape scenery makes the poet extremely gratified and excited. Here, he is full of poetry, almost one poem a day, one poem is the essence, and every sentence is brilliant. The landscape of Kuizhou is new, clear and affectionate to Du Fu, and every time he looks at it, he will have a cordial feeling.
Next, let's go back to Denggao and see how the poet described the landscape of Kuizhou with ecstasy:
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Whether it is the first couplet or the parallel couplet, it is mainly about scenery. Focusing on the specific environment of Kuizhou, the poet used the word "wind rush" to drive the All-China Federation, and from the very beginning, he wrote a quatrain that was told for generations. Kuizhou is famous for its many apes, and the canyon is famous for its windy weather. It is cool in autumn, but it is windy here. When the poet climbs the mountain, the sound of "high apes whistling" comes from the gorge, which means "the hollow valley rings, and the sorrow turns to leisurely" ("Water Classic Notes on Rivers"). The poet moved his sight from the heights to the rivers and lakes, dotted with seagulls flying in the wind and never looking back on the background of clear water and white sand. This is really a beautiful painting. Among them, the sky, wind, sand, Zhu, apes, birds fly, and the combination of heaven and nature is a natural pair. Not only the upper and lower sentences are correct, but also the sentences are self-correct, such as the above sentence "day" to "wind" and "height" to "urgency"; The next sentences "sand" versus "Zhu" and "white" versus "green" are full of rhythm. After the poet's artistic refinement, the word 14 is accurate and appropriate, and none of it is a hollow name. The word "Xie Axe Chisel" has reached a wonderful and difficult state.
This couplet embodies the typical characteristics of Kuizhou in autumn. The poet looked up at the endless rustling leaves and looked down at the endless rolling river. While writing about the scenery, he expressed his feelings affectionately. Endless and inexhaustible, it makes the rustling roll more vivid, which reminds people of the rustling of fallen trees and the surging Yangtze River, and invisibly conveys the feeling that time is fleeting and ambition is hard to pay. "Through the gloomy and sad dialogue, it shows superb brushwork, and there is indeed the majestic momentum of' pressing the button to Sakamoto' and' injecting all rivers into the east'. The' sentence in a sentence' that predecessors called' unique in ancient and modern times' makes sense. " (Tao Daoshu's Dictionary of Appreciation of Tang Poetry)
Conclusion: Ascending the Height is a seven-character poem with only eight sentences and 56 words, but it is profound in poetry and lofty in artistic conception. Every time the author reads it (and also has teaching), he has new feelings and experiences. This poem is Du Fu's reflection and experience on his life, condensed with blood and tears, and created a great glorious image, standing in the colorful clouds of Bai Di, so that future generations can't help looking up to him. Only when we face him, "climb high and look far", approach him step by step and look far again and again can we deeply understand his poems.
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