An essay
Prose here refers to a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel and drama, not ancient prose.
According to different expressions, prose can be divided into narrative prose, lyric prose and argumentative prose. The focus of prose is "scattered in form but scattered in spirit". "Loose form" means that prose is free to draw materials, not limited by time and space, and has various forms of expression. "Distraction" means that the theme of prose should be clear and focused.
Two novels
A literary genre that focuses on portraying characters and reflects social life through complete storylines and environmental descriptions. Character, plot and environment are the three elements of a novel.
Shaping characters is the main means for novels to reflect social life. The common methods of shaping characters are portrait description, psychological description, action description, language description, environmental description and positive description.
Introduction, description and so on.
The plot of the novel plays a role in displaying the character and expressing the theme of the work, which generally includes four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending, and some also include prologue and ending.
Environment includes social environment and natural environment. The social environment mainly explains the background of the work; The natural environment mainly includes the time, place and scenery of the characters' activities, which is used to set off the atmosphere and express the feelings of the characters.
According to different standards, novels can be divided into different categories:
According to the length and capacity, it can be divided into novels (such as A Dream of Red Mansions), novellas (such as The True Story of Ah Q), short stories (such as The Last Lesson) and mini-novels (such as The Shoemaker).
According to the writing system, it can be divided into chapters (such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms), diaries (such as Diary of Ms. Sha Fei), letters (such as Goethe's young werther) and autobiographies (such as Gorky's autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth and My University).
According to the content of the novel, it can be divided into historical novels, modern novels, science fiction novels, case-solving novels, martial arts novels, romance novels and legendary novels.
According to the language form, it can be divided into classical Chinese novels (such as "Promoting Weaving") and vernacular novels (such as "Medicine").
There are many propositional ways in the novel: 1 taking the protagonist as the proposition, such as Ji; 2
Put forward the place where the story happened, such as Lianhua Lake; 3. Propose major events, such as "Fairy Meeting in the Garden"; 4. Detailed propositions that constitute the plot throughout the text, such as medicine; five
Based on the time or background of the story, such as night.
The development of China's ancient novels has roughly experienced the following stages:
1
From ancient times to the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, this is the brewing and budding period of China's ancient novels. Mainly "fables" in the pre-Qin period. Such as Jingwei Reclaiming the Sea, Kuafu Daily, Huangdi Attacking Chiyou, Houyi Shooting the Sun, and Goddess Mending the Sky.
2
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared "exotic novels" and "character novels", collectively referred to as "note novels". During this period, China's novels began to take shape. The main works are Zhang Hua's Natural History; Gan Bao's Searching for God and so on.
three
The legend of the Tang Dynasty appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The appearance of the Tang legend marks the maturity of China's classical novels. Famous legends include Jiang Fang's Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying, Li's Biography of Liu Yi and Bai Xingjian's Biography of Li Wa.
A vernacular novel, Hua Ben, appeared in the Song Dynasty.
. At this point, novels are regarded as proper nouns of story style. The appearance of scripts is "a great change in the history of novels", which has a far-reaching impact on the development of China's ancient novels. His masterpiece is Three Kingdoms Pinghua.
five
In the Ming dynasty, there appeared "parody of books", that is, novels created by Ming literati imitating the system and form of story books. For example, Yutangchun met her husband in trouble, Du Shiniang fumed and sank her treasure chest, Shen Yumo and so on.
six
Zhang Hui's novels appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During this period, China's ancient novels reached their peak and produced many great and immortal masterpieces. For example, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, The Scholars and A Dream of Red Mansions.
The characteristics of China's ancient novels;
1 Pay attention to the action, language and details of the characters, and show the characters in conflict.
The plot is tortuous and the story is complete.
The language is accurate, concise, vivid, fluent and personalized.
The narrative style obviously bears the imprint of a storyteller.
Third, drama.
Drama is a comprehensive stage art, and the drama we are talking about here is actually a script and a literary genre. Drama is inseparable from drama conflict, which is manifested in the conflict of characters and a series of actions. Drama language includes character language (lines) and stage description. Stage description is descriptive words written at the beginning and end of each scene of the script and in the middle of the dialogue, including a list of people, time, place, costumes, props, scenery, expressions, actions and performances. It has many functions, such as enhancing the stage atmosphere, setting off the characters' emotions, showing the characters' personalities and promoting the plot development.
According to different standards, drama can be divided into different categories:
According to the artistic form and expression, it can be divided into Thunderstorm, opera White-haired Girl, ballet Rain on Silk Road and other plays.
According to the complexity and structure of the plot, it can be divided into Ding Xilin's Bumblebee and the whole drama Thunderstorm.
The times reflected by themes can be divided into historical dramas such as Qu Yuan and modern dramas such as thunderstorm.
According to the nature of conflict, it can be divided into tragedy such as Qu Yuan, comedy such as the merchant of Venice, and drama such as the white-haired girl.
Fourth, poetry.
(1) A literary genre, which vividly expresses the author's rich thoughts and feelings in highly concise language, reflects social life intensively, and has a certain rhythm and rhythm.
(2)
The characteristics of poetry: ① The content of poetry is the most concentrated reflection of social life. ② Poetry is full of emotion and imagination. The language of poetry is concise, vivid, harmonious in tone and distinct in rhythm. In form, poetry is not based on sentences, but on behavior.
(3) the classification of poetry:
Stories and characters are divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to whether the content is complete or not. Lyrics can be divided into direct lyric and indirect lyric.
According to the form, it can be divided into metrical poems, free poems and folk songs.
China's classical poetry is divided into poems, words and songs.
Ancient poetry and modern poetry
Poetry can be divided into classical poetry and modern poetry. Classical poetry refers to the ancient poetry before the Tang Dynasty, which is a kind of metrical poetry that began to form in the early Tang Dynasty. It has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, which is what we call modern poetry. Modern poetry is relative to ancient poetry. Poets in the Tang Dynasty and beyond still wrote classical poems.
Classical poetry is divided into four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems.
Modern poetry is divided into quatrains and metrical poems.
Yuefu poetry
Yuefu was originally the name of the official position of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became a poetic name. Music songs collected and created by Yuefu government in Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Poems written by Yuefu poets in Wei, Jin, Tang and later dynasties are also called Yuefu or Yuefu, although they are not enjoyable. For example, the songs of Chiles, Mulan Poems, Peacock Flying Southeast and Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream are all Yuefu poems.
rhyme
Words that rhyme at the end of a verse sentence. For example, the words "light", "frost" and "hometown" in Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night rhyme.
rhyme
The lyrics of poetry give words with the same or similar vowels at the end of some sentences, which makes the tone harmonious and beautiful. This is called rhyme. For example, Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night has a strong rhyme.
Rhymes and quatrains
Modern poetry is divided into metrical poems and quatrains.
The difference between metrical poems and quatrains mainly lies in the number of sentences. There are four quatrains and eight rhyming poems. Quatrains are also called "sentence cutting". Sonnets may or may not be antagonistic, but they must be antagonistic to each other. Both quatrains and quatrains require even numbers. A metrical poem with more than eight sentences is called arrangement.
The structure of rhyme
There are eight metrical poems, one or two of which are the first couplet, three or four are the parallel couplet, five or six are the neck couplet, and seven or eight are the tail couplet.
Songs, lines and quotations
There is no strict difference between the three genres of ancient poetry. Syllables and meter are generally free, and there are five words, seven words and miscellaneous words in form. Pipa trip, autumn wind breaking thatched cottage, long introduction
The Rhythm and Rhythm of Ancient Poetry
In terms of sentence patterns, ancient poems are generally characterized by four characters, five characters and seven characters. From the expression of meaning, sometimes there are special circumstances because of the need of expression.
Poetry, Words and Songs
The main difference between poetry, ci and qu lies in that poetry requires rhythm and stresses rhythm, ci is more rigorous than poetry, and ci is a kind of poetic style with music to sing. Qu is also a verse form of harmony singing, but its syntax is more flexible than words. The highest achievement of poetry was in the Tang Dynasty, the heyday of ci appeared in the Song Dynasty, and Qu was the most popular in the Yuan Dynasty.
Poems and folk songs written by literati
Folk songs are poems that are orally recited by the people and arranged by scholars. A large number of folk songs are collected and arranged in The Book of Songs and Yuefu. For example, Cut Tan, Storytelling, Mulan Poetry, Chile Song and Peacock Flying Southeast are all folk songs. Some poems written by literati imitating folk songs are no longer called folk songs, but only poems written in the form of folk songs belong to those written by literati, such as Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang, which were created in the form of a northern Shaanxi folk song "Xin Tian".
Title, epigraph
There is a strict difference between the title of a word and the epigraph. The title of a word is the concentrated expression of the content of the word and summarizes the main content of the word. A epigraph is the name of a word tone. For example, "Niannujiao" is a epigraph in the word "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia".
"Red Cliff Nostalgia" is the title of the word, revealing that the word is a lyric. Where is it? Quot red cliff ".
Xiao Ling, Zhong Diao and Chang Diao
Words are divided into poems, middle tones and long tones, and are divided according to the number of words, and the number of words in poems is less than 58 words; Fifty-nine words to ninety words are alto; The long tune is more than 9 1 word.
Boldness and elegance
Bold school and graceful school are two major schools in Song Dynasty. His works show different styles. Bold works are bold and unconstrained, artistic conception is bold and unconstrained, and the words are full of lofty sentiments and ambitions, giving people a positive force. The representative writers are mainly Su Shi and Xin Qiji. Representative works include Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia and Xin Qiji's Yong Yule Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia.
Graceful and restrained works have beautiful and subtle language, gentle and touching writing, relaxed and lively artistic conception, parting from sorrow or deep bitterness, and exquisite carving. The genre is relatively narrow, often writing about personal encounters with men and women, occasionally writing about landscapes, and integrating feelings into landscapes. The representative poets of graceful and restrained school are Liu Yong, Qin Guan and Li Qingzhao. Representative works include Yulin Ridge by Liu Yong and Yangzhou Slow by Jiang Kui.
sanqu
It is a kind of song that rose in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and degenerated from ci. Its style is similar to that of writing, but it is more free than writing. You can set extra words in the number of words and use spoken English more. It also includes two forms: small orders and sets. Poetry contains only one tune, and the number of sets is to combine multiple tunes in one tune into one set, which is a coherent set of tunes in opera or Sanqu. Its tunes are as few as two and as many as infinite. Each set of numbers takes the name of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs; The whole song must be the same palace tune, with a beginning and an end, and the end rhymes; More at the end? Quot shameful. " How many times have you used it? There is no specified order. Every "sand" is music before "tail", and finally the whole song ends with "tail".
Yuan zaju
It is a literary style that grew up on the basis of various palace tunes in the Song and Jin Dynasties, and it is an artistic form that combines singing, guest singing and dancing. Yuan Zaju can be divided into Dan Ben (the lead singer of the heroine) and the last Ben (the lead singer of the hero). The structure includes four folds and one wedge, and each fold can only use one gong tune. For example, yuan is the capital. The main roles of Yuan Zaju are Mo (man), Mo (old man), Jing (painted face), Dan (female role), (heroine), Bo 'er (old woman) and Ugly (small painted face or three painted face).
Gongdiao and Qupai
Qupai, like epigraph, is a musical form of Qu. Different Qupai are often different in terms of words, level tones and rhymes, such as children's play, Bao Raul, hanging upside down, correcting, rolling hydrangea, Sha Yi and Ersha. In Yuan Dynasty, every qupai must rhyme. Gongdiao is a musical term and a variety of musical modes. Different palace tunes have different tones. For example, Yuan's Gong Zheng is a kind of Gongdiao.
Dan, Mo, Jing, Ugly, Foreign, Boer.
Dan, Mei, Jing, Ugly, Wai and Bo are all the names of the characters in the play, and Dan plays the heroine. The supporting roles are Vice Dan, Wai Dan and Xiao Dan. End-up plays a leading role, and the supporting roles include vice end, outer end and small end. Screen names, commonly known as Dahualian, mostly play characters with distinctive personalities and appearances, such as Zhang Fei and Li Kui jy. Ugliness, commonly known as small face, mostly plays a secondary role in men. Outside, play the old man. Play an elderly woman named Bor.
Branches, white
Science and white are both parts of a drama script. Sub-discipline is the general name of drama action, including general stage programs, martial arts and dance. White is the guest white, which is the white part of the play. Bai Bin can be divided into dialogue (dialogue between characters), monologue (self-narration of characters), narration (self-narration of characters behind others' backs) and blank dyeing (interruption in lyrics). Bai Bin is an important part of Yuan Zaju.
V. Collection of ancient literary genres
( 1)
Fu. It is a style in ancient China, emphasizing literary talent and rhythm, and has the nature of poetry and prose. Its characteristic is "writing with things instead of text". Focus on writing scenery, borrowing scenery to express feelings. It first appeared in hundred schools of thought's essays and was called "short fu"; Represented by Qu Yuan? Quot "Sao style" is the transition from poetry to fu, which is called "Sao fu"; The style of Fu was formally established in the Han Dynasty and became "Ci Fu". After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed in the direction of parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose". In the Tang Dynasty, the parallel style was changed to the regular style, which was called "Rhyme". In the Song Dynasty, Fu was written in the form of prose, which became "Wen Fu".
(2)
Parallel prose originated from Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. It uses four words and six sentences to define sentences alternately, which is called "Si Liu Wen" internationally. Parallel prose often affects the expression of content because of accommodating sentences and piling up rhetoric. After Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan advocated the ancient prose movement, parallel prose gradually declined.
(3)
Go ahead. The floorboard of ancient argumentative articles. Not far from the theory. So later collectively referred to as argumentative essays. Such as young chinese, Ma, Borrowing Books, Teachers, Snake Catcher, etc.
(4) commemoration. Ancient ministers collectively went to court. Including play, discussion, reconciliation, expression, countermeasures and so on.
(5) Sparse. It means detailed report.
(6) table. Just stating a point or something. Such as Zhuge Liang's "model".
(7) countermeasures. In the ancient exam, the topic was strategy, so that candidates could answer strategies, and the articles that candidates answered were called countermeasures. For example, Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategy".
(8)
Preface and postscript. Foreword is also called "preface" and "introduction", just like today's "introduction" and "preface" It is an article that explains the intention of writing or publishing a book, the arrangement style and the author's situation. It can also include comments on writers' works and research on related issues. Preface is usually written in front of a book or an article (some are written at the back), and what is written at the back of the book is called postscript or post? quot。 This kind of article belongs to expository or argumentative according to its content. Explaining the purpose, style and content of writing belongs to expository writing, and commenting on the author's works or explaining problems belongs to argumentative writing. Scream, Postscript of Nanlu Guide, Biography of Lingguan.
(9) Gift orders. Stylistic name. In ancient times, farewell was in poetry. Set and make an order for it, which is called a gift order. There are many words of praise, approval or encouragement. Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang
( 10)
Ming. In ancient times, words carved on objects to warn themselves or state merits were called "Ming". The inscription engraved on the card and placed on the right side of the case to protect yourself is called "motto". Such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription". The epitaph is engraved on the stone tablet, describing the life of the deceased and commemorating him. Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou.
( 1 1)
An article read in memory of the dead or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and water. There are two genres: verse and prose. The content is to cherish the memory of the main experiences of the deceased before his death, to praise his moral character and achievements, to mourn and to inspire the living. Such as Yuan Mei's "Sister-in-law".
(12) Miscellaneous notes. Including:
(1) Miscellaneous Notes on Mountains, Scenery and Personnel. Descriptions of mountains and rivers, scenery and people, such as "Little Stone Pond" and "Mount Tai".
(2)
Notes. Mainly notes, characterized by short length, about 1000 words; Rich in content, there are historical anecdotes, heritages, literary essays, people's essays, science novels, textual research, reading miscellaneous notes and so on. Shi Shuo Xin Yu and Meng Qian Bi Tan are such styles.
(13) Travel Notes. Travel notes are a form of prose describing travel experiences. Travel notes are argumentative essays, such as
"Yueyang Tower" and "You Bao Chan"; There are scientific colors, such as Li Daoyuan's Three Gorges; Some are lyrical, such as Liu Zongyuan's The Story of Little Stone Pond.
(14) Legend. One of the novel genres. Named for its bizarre and magical plot. Generally used to refer to short stories written in classical Chinese by people in Tang and Song Dynasties. Such as Biography of Liu Yi and Biography of Conan.
Sixth, the style of history books.
Chronological aspect of 1: chronological related historical events, such as Zuo Zhuan.
Biography: reflecting historical events by describing the activities of characters, such as Historical Records.
Chronicle: Focusing on events, bringing together relevant thematic materials. Zhou, who was first created in the Southern Song Dynasty? Forging? Dehalogenation moxibustion? Hey? br & gt
National style: history recorded separately by country. For example, the warring States policy.
5 general history: an uninterrupted narrative of historical events from ancient times to the present, such as Historical Records.
6 dynastic history: record the history of a certain period or a certain dynasty, such as Hanshu.
The above six styles are classified according to different standards. In fact, the same history book can be divided into different styles according to different standards. For example, The History of the Three Kingdoms belongs to biographical style, national style and dynastic history.