For example, the translation of classical Chinese: my brother said, "Whether my brother can chop wood or not, he can do it, but it is still not enough." So I will be back soon.
The elder brother said, "No matter whether the younger brother can chop wood or not, he can't." So let Mr. Zhang go home quickly.
The elder brother said, "Not to mention that I can't cut wood. Even if he can, he can't do it. " So let Mr. Zhang go home quickly.
The wrong translation regards "no matter" as "no matter" in modern Chinese, so the complex sentence in quotation marks is regarded as a conditional relationship. In fact, "no matter" is regarded as "no mention" here, which is a progressive conjunction. When translating classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to two points: first, the related words in ancient and modern times are very different and cannot be confused; Second, there are many complex sentences with legal significance, and it is necessary to distinguish the relationship between clauses in order to clarify the meaning of the sentences.
The following are elaborated separately. First, the types of complex sentences in classical Chinese are roughly the same as those in modern Chinese, but the related words are often different. Let me systematically summarize the relationship between related words and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
1. Parallel relation, with "Ye" and "And" as connections. For example, (1) Qin refused to give Zhao Chengchi, and Zhao disagreed with Qin Bi.
("Historical Records Biography of Lianlin" [Translation: Qin did not give the city to Zhao, and Ye Zhao never gave the imperial seal to Qin. 】 (2) Either die or move; And I live by catching snakes alone.
(The snake catcher said) [Translation: Either dead or moved away, only I stayed by catching snakes. ]2. To inherit the relationship, we should use related words such as "so", "so", "nai", "because" and "Si".
(1) With the fasting of the King of Qin, he never promised not to taste the city, but made his followers wear brown clothes and cherish treasures, and died in the right way. (Biography of Historical Records in the Forest) [Translation: For example, considering that although the king of Qin fasted, he would definitely break his contract and would not compensate the city of Zhao, he let his entourage escape from the alley dressed in rags and carrying jade.
Yu Fang was anxious to return, but he made a loud noise on the water ("Shi Zhongshan") [Translation: When a loud noise came from the water, I was too scared to go back. ]3. When choosing relationships, related words are often used, such as "relational words"
For example, (1) Duke Hong of Songshan who was martyred died, but he didn't. [Translation: Is the martyred Duke Honggong of Songshan really dead? ](2) It really doesn't have a horse, and it really doesn't know horses (Ma Shuo) [Translation: Is there really no horse? Still don't understand horses? ]4. Progressive relationship, using related words such as "Shang (harmony, Jude) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………". Such as: (1) slightly independent Zhao, who is the vassal? (The Warring States Policy Zhao Ce Si) [Translation: Not only Zhao, but also the descendants of the vassal states are still in power? ) 5. Turning relationship, the former clause uses "although" (only) and "vertical", and the latter clause uses "ran", "gu" and "suppression".
Such as: (1) cyan, from blue, cyan is bluer than blue ("encouraging learning") [translation:] Indigo, from blue grass, but bluer than blue grass. 6. Causality, using related words such as "to", "so", "is so" and "is to".
(1) I didn't want to compensate Zhao, so I took the jade again. [Translation] I don't think your majesty meant to compensate Zhao Wangcheng, so he took the jade again. "Reason" in classical Chinese sometimes only connects the context and does not mean causality, so it can be grasped flexibly in translation.
For example: "the accumulation of soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. Therefore, you can't take Wan Li Road without accumulating steps; If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't become rivers and seas. "
The word "Li" in this sentence only means cohesion and cannot be translated into "Li". 7. Hypothetical relationships, such as "if", "if", "make", "sincerity", "namely" and "then".
Such as: (1) Zhao Chengfa made Qin Zhao king emperor and Qin Bixi dismissed from office. (Zhao Ce San, the Warring States Policy) (Translation: If Zhao Zhen sends envoys to honor Zhao Haoqi, the king of Qin, the king of Qin will certainly like it and will withdraw and leave.
]8。 Conditional relations are often associated with words such as "Nai", "Ze" and "Nothing".
If (1) three people walk together, there must be my teacher (teacher's conversation) [translation: if three people walk together, there must be my teacher. Therefore, nothing is expensive, nothing is cheap and nothing is long.
The existence of Tao is also the existence of teachers. Therefore, regardless of status and age, where the Tao is, the teacher is there.
Secondly, there are many contraction complex sentences in classical Chinese, and the main related words are "er" and "ze". These two function words are flexible in usage and must be translated appropriately according to the context. For example: (1) Therefore, the wood is straight and the gold is sharp when tied with rope.
("Encourage Learning") [Translation: Therefore, wood will be straightened after being measured by ink lines and processed by axe saws; Metal swords, etc. They will be sharpened when they are taken to the grindstone for grinding. This is a compact compound sentence expressing conditional relations.
(2) A long way to go. (The Analects of Confucius Taber) [Translation: The burden is heavy and the road is long.
This is a compact compound sentence expressing progressive relations. (3) Please follow the battle.
(Cao Gui Debate) [Translation: As long as there is a war, please allow me to go] This is a compact compound sentence expressing a hypothetical relationship. Make haste slowly.
(The Analects of Confucius) [Translation: Haste makes waste. This is a turning contraction compound sentence.
Third, many complex sentences in classical Chinese do not use related words, but are connected by parataxis, which will lead to misunderstanding if they are not carefully analyzed in translation; Sometimes, it is necessary to add necessary related words, otherwise the meaning of the sentence will be obscure. For example: (1) Accumulated soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain flourish ... (Xunzi's "Persuade to Learn" [translation 1: Accumulated soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain start from here ...] [translation 2: Accumulated soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain start ...] [translation 2] Lack of related words makes it seem out of place; [Translation 1] Using "JIU" to relate can be understood as a conditional relationship or a hypothetical relationship.
In short, in translation, we must accurately understand the relationship between clauses and add appropriate related words.
2. Types of Classical Chinese Complex Sentences What are the classical Chinese complex sentences used in the college entrance examination? Most of them are complex sentences. If we can't translate complex sentences in classical Chinese according to their grammatical features, it will often be inaccurate or even wrong.
For example, the translation of classical Chinese: my brother said, "Whether my brother can chop wood or not, he can do it, but it is still not enough." So I will be back soon.
The elder brother said, "No matter whether the younger brother can chop wood or not, he can't." So let Mr. Zhang go home quickly.
The elder brother said, "Not to mention that I can't cut wood. Even if he can, he can't do it. " So let Mr. Zhang go home quickly.
The wrong translation regards "no matter" as "no matter" in modern Chinese, so the complex sentence in quotation marks is regarded as a conditional relationship. In fact, "no matter" is regarded as "no mention" here, which is a progressive conjunction. When translating classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to two points: first, the related words in ancient and modern times are very different and cannot be confused; Second, there are many complex sentences with legal significance, and it is necessary to distinguish the relationship between clauses in order to clarify the meaning of the sentences.
The following are elaborated separately. First, the types of complex sentences in classical Chinese are roughly the same as those in modern Chinese, but the related words are often different. Let me systematically summarize the relationship between related words and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
1. Parallel relation, with "Ye" and "and" connections. For example, (1) Qin refused to give Zhao Chengchi, and Zhao disagreed with Qin Bi.
("Historical Records Biography of Lianlin" [Translation: Qin did not give the city to Zhao, and Ye Zhao never gave the imperial seal to Qin. 】 (2) Either die or move; And I live by catching snakes alone.
(The snake catcher said) [Translation: Either dead or moved away, only I stayed by catching snakes. ]2. To inherit the relationship, we should use related words such as "so", "so", "nai", "because" and "Si".
(1) With the fasting of the King of Qin, he never promised not to taste the city, but made his followers wear brown clothes and cherish treasures, and died in the right way. (Biography of Historical Records in the Forest) [Translation: For example, considering that although the king of Qin fasted, he would definitely break his contract and would not compensate the city of Zhao, he let his entourage escape from the alley dressed in rags and carrying jade.
Yu Fang was anxious to return, but he made a loud noise on the water ("Shi Zhongshan") [Translation: When a loud noise came from the water, I was too scared to go back. ]3. When choosing relationships, related words are often used, such as "relational words"
For example, (1) Duke Hong of Songshan who was martyred died, but he didn't. [Translation: Is the martyred Duke Honggong of Songshan really dead? ](2) It really doesn't have a horse, and it really doesn't know horses (Ma Shuo) [Translation: Is there really no horse? Still don't understand horses? ]4. Progressive relationship, using related words such as "Shang (harmony, Jude) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………". Such as: (1) slightly independent Zhao, who is the vassal? ("The Warring States Policy Zhao Ce Si") [Translation: Not only Zhao, but also the descendants of the vassal states are still in power? ) 5. Turning relationship, the former clause uses "although" (only) and "vertical", and the latter clause uses "ran", "gu" and "suppression".
Such as: (1) cyan, from blue, cyan is bluer than blue ("encouraging learning") [translation:] Indigo, from blue grass, but bluer than blue grass. 6. Causality, using related words such as "to", "so", "is so" and "is to".
(1) I didn't want to compensate Zhao, so I took the jade again. [Translation] I don't think your majesty meant to compensate Zhao Wangcheng, so he took the jade again. "Reason" in classical Chinese sometimes only connects the context and does not mean causality, so it can be grasped flexibly in translation.
For example: "the accumulation of soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. Therefore, you can't take Wan Li Road without accumulating steps; If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't become rivers and seas. "
The word "Li" in this sentence only means cohesion and cannot be translated into "Li". 7. Hypothetical relationships, such as "if", "if", "make", "sincerity", "namely" and "then".
Such as: (1) Zhao Chengfa made Qin Zhao king emperor and Qin Bixi dismissed from office. (Zhao Ce San, the Warring States Policy) (Translation: If Zhao Zhen sends envoys to honor Zhao Haoqi, the king of Qin, the king of Qin will certainly like it and will withdraw and leave.
]8。 Conditional relations are often associated with words such as "Nai", "Ze" and "Nothing".
If (1) three people walk together, there must be my teacher (teacher's conversation) [translation: if three people walk together, there must be my teacher. Therefore, nothing is expensive, nothing is cheap and nothing is long.
The existence of Tao is also the existence of teachers. Therefore, regardless of status and age, where the Tao is, the teacher is there.
Secondly, there are many contraction complex sentences in classical Chinese, and the main related words are "er" and "ze". These two function words are flexible in usage and must be translated appropriately according to the context. For example: (1) Therefore, the wood is straight and the gold is sharp when tied with rope.
("Encourage Learning") [Translation: Therefore, wood will be straightened after being measured by ink lines and processed by axe saws; Metal swords, etc. They will be sharpened when they are taken to the grindstone for grinding. This is a compact compound sentence expressing conditional relations.
(2) A long way to go. (The Analects of Confucius Taber) [Translation: The burden is heavy and the road is long.
This is a compact compound sentence expressing progressive relations. (3) Please follow the battle.
(Cao Gui Debate) [Translation: As long as there is a war, please allow me to go] This is a compact compound sentence expressing a hypothetical relationship. Make haste slowly.
(The Analects of Confucius) [Translation: Haste makes waste. This is a turning contraction compound sentence.
Third, many complex sentences in classical Chinese do not use related words, but are connected by parataxis, which will lead to misunderstanding if they are not carefully analyzed in translation; Sometimes, it is necessary to add necessary related words, otherwise the meaning of the sentence will be obscure. For example: (1) Accumulated soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain flourish ... (Xunzi's "Persuade to Learn" [translation 1: Accumulated soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain start from here ...] [translation 2: Accumulated soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain start ...] [translation 2] Lack of related words makes it seem out of place; [Translation 1] Using "JIU" to relate can be understood as a conditional relationship or a hypothetical relationship.
In short, in translation, we must accurately understand the relationship between clauses and add appropriate related words.
3. What are the complex sentences in ancient Chinese?
A complex sentence consists of two or more clauses with related meanings and does not constitute a sentence. A clause is a grammatical unit with similar structure and no complete sentence mood. There are usually pauses between clauses in complex sentences, which are expressed by commas, semicolons or colons in writing; There are isolated phonetic pauses before and after complex sentences, which are indicated by periods, question marks and exclamation marks when writing. Grammatically speaking, it refers to a sentence that can be divided into two or more paragraphs equivalent to a single sentence, such as: the sea flowers have just fallen, the apricot flowers are blooming again | The river is not deep, the water is too cold | It won't rain tomorrow, so let's go to Xishan. These three compound sentences each contain two clauses. Clauses in the same complex sentence are related things. A compound sentence has only one final intonation, which is different from several consecutive simple sentences.
4. What are the characteristics of complex sentences in classical Chinese? The characteristics of complex sentences in classical Chinese refer to the phenomenon that complex sentences in classical Chinese are different from those in vernacular Chinese.
First, there are many legal meanings between clauses, and conjunctions are often not used. Such as: ① small benefits are not repeated, and people are obedient.
(Cao Gui Debate) Because people won't listen to you unless you are kind and compassionate to all people. (2) If the city does not enter, please return it to Zhao in one piece.
(Biography of Lian Lin) If I can't get Qin Cheng, I will definitely bring the complete Choi back to Zhao. (3) Today, the law is a cheap businessman and the businessman is rich; Respect farmers, farmers are poor.
("On Your Millet") The current law despises businessmen, but businessmen are already rich and powerful; Respect farmers, but farmers are already poor and humble. Example 1 is a causal complex sentence, example 2 is a hypothetical conditional sentence, and example 3 is a multiple complex sentence, which consists of two turning complex sentences.
No conjunctions indicating cause and effect, hypothesis and inflections are used, which can be supplemented when guiding reading or translation. Second, there are many austerity phenomena.
Such as: 4 death or migration! (The Snake Catcher said) They are either dead or have migrated! (5) Please follow the war. (Cao Gui Debate) As long as there is a war, it is required to follow. )
⑥ No blockage, no flow, no more. (Han Yu's The Original Road) (If you don't block one side, you can't make the other side popular; If you don't stop one side, you can't make the other side unimpeded. )
Example 4 is a condensed sentence of choice relation, example 5 is a condensed sentence of conditional relation, and example 6 is a condensed sentence of two hypothetical relations. Abbreviations of complex sentences are not uncommon in vernacular Chinese, especially some idioms handed down, many of which are abbreviated complex sentences.
Such as: outline (condition), well-founded (cause and effect), broken wire (turning point), sharp eyes and quick hands (juxtaposition). This shows the close relationship between ancient and modern syntax.
Third, the phenomenon of "phrases replacing sentences" often appears. Female population: ⑦ Louchuan, Ye Xue, Guazhou Ferry, Ma Tie, Qiufeng and Dasanguan.
(Lu You's book of wrath) 8 Dead vines, old trees, faint crows, small bridges, flowing water, people, ancient roads, westerly winds, horses ... ("Tianjingsha? Qiu Si) This situation of putting nouns or nominal structures together as sentences is called "phrase substitution sentence", and some people call it a compound sentence composed of nominal clauses. In a word, everyone agrees that it plays the role of a sentence.
For example, two poems in the book of wrath outline two heroic and tragic scenes against gold respectively. The eighteen words in "Tianjingsha" also depict a typical autumn color map of traditional rural areas in China, which has a strong * * *. In fact, there is no strict insurmountable boundary between sentences and phrases, and any entity word or phrase can become a sentence under certain conditions.
This kind of sentence composed of several phrases is also found in modern vernacular Chinese, mainly in prose and poetry with strong colors.
5. What are the turning points of complex sentence related words in Chinese?
Although ... but ...
Although ... but ...
Although ... still ...
…。 But ... ...
..... but ...
..... but ...
..... but ...
Hypothetical relation
If ... just ...
If ... then.
No matter ... all of it. ......
No matter ... or ...
If ... just ...
If ... just ...
Although ... also ...
constellation
One side ..... one side. ......
This is ... it is ...
Both ... Again. ......
Progressive relationship
Not only ... but ...,
Not only ... but also ...
Not only ..... but also ......
Selection relation
No ..... Yes. ......
This is ... or ...
Or or
Also ..... also. ......
Not ... than ...
Would rather ... than ...
causality
Because ... therefore. ...
The reason ... is because ...
As a result of ... ...
Because ... just ...
Commitment relationship
First ... and then ...
First ... and then ...
First, then.
And then ... finally ...
as soon as...
Edit the conditional relationship in this paragraph, as long as …
Just ..... just. ......
Everything ... is. ...
No matter ... always ...
Unless ... just ...
It doesn't matter (it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter) ... all (also, also).
Editing a word in this paragraph not only ... but also ...
..... but ...
..... yes ... yes. ...
..... both ... and ...
O(∩_∩)O Haha ~, hope to adopt! ! !
6. What are the sentences in classical Chinese? Compared with vocabulary, the grammar of classical Chinese has not changed much, but the expression of several special sentences is different from that of modern Chinese. The most striking feature of the judgment sentence is that the judgment sentence in classical Chinese is basically not expressed by the judgment word "yes", but often directly uses a noun or noun phrase as the predicate to judge the subject, and its sentence pattern is as follows.
,.
Yes "
This is the most common form of judgment sentence in classical Chinese. Using "zhe" after the subject indicates Teton, which has the function of easing the tone. Using "ye" after the predicate ends the sentence and makes a positive judgment or explanation on the subject.
Such as: "Chen She people, Yangcheng people also." ("Historical Records").
,。
Yes "
Sometimes "zhe" and "ye" do not necessarily appear at the same time in a judgment sentence. Generally, "zhe" is omitted and only "ye" is used to judge. For example, "Cao Cao is a famous Han Xiang, but he is actually a Han thief."
(Zi Tongzhi Jian).
,.
"Some judgments only use" zhe "after the subject to express Teton, which is not common.
Such as: four people, Lu, the father of Changle Wang, Yu's father, your father, An Shangchun's father (Travel Notes of Wang Anshi's Baochan).
And ... "
At the end of the sentence, the modal particle "Zheye" is used to strengthen the positive tone. At this time, the "zhe" does not mean Teton, but only acts as an agent. This kind of judgment sentence is also very common in classical Chinese.
Such as: "Xu Gong is in the north of the city, and the beauty of Qi is also." ("Warring States Policy". Qi ce) an unmarked judgment sentence.
Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly. For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world."
(Battle of Red Cliffs) In addition, in classical Chinese, adverbs such as "Nai, Bi, Yi, that is, sincerity, completeness, then" are often added before verb predicates in order to strengthen the judgment mood. It should be noted that the "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment word, but an indicative pronoun, which is the subject of the judgment sentence. However, the word "Shi" in some judgment sentences does not always mean judgment. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in pre-Qin ancient Chinese, but more used as a judgment word after Han Dynasty.
Also, the adverb added before the positive judgment predicate and the negative adverb "Fei" added before the negative judgment predicate are not judgment words. In classical Chinese passive sentences, the subject of the passive sentence is the passivity and patient of the behavior expressed by the predicate verb, not the initiative and agent.
There are two main types of passive sentences in ancient Chinese: one is marked passive sentences, which are expressed by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called ideational passive sentences. Marked passive sentences generally have the following forms: the preposition "Yu" is used after the verb to indicate passivity, and "Yu" plays the role of guiding the initiative.
For example, "So, I was confused by Zheng Xiu internally and bullied by Zhang Yi externally." (Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records) The actions of "confusing" and "bullying" here are what Zhang Yi did after "Yu".
Sometimes the preposition "Yu" or the verb is preceded by "Shou" to form "Shou".
Yu.
"passive" form.
For example, "I can't raise Wu Jin's land, I am subject to others." (Zi Tongzhi Jian) Use "Jane", "Yu" and "Jane".
Yu.
"
The table is passive. For example, "Qin Cheng is afraid of not getting it, but seeing bullying."
(Historical Records. Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) "I am afraid that I will be bullied by the king and lose my Zhao." (ditto) "Violence is found in kings."
(Mencius, Hui Liang and Wang Xia) There is a special usage of "Jian" which is very similar to the passive form of "Jian", such as: "Ji Jun is angry or angry." "Jian" here is not passive, but a polite way to express yourself before releasing the verb, such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese.
Use "for" and "for".
Institute. ..。 "
The table is passive. For example, "(the giant) will be merged by others in a distant county."
Use "Bei" to express passivity. For example, "I still remember that Duke Zhou was arrested in Ding Mao's hope in March."
(Zhang Pu's Tomb Monument of Five People) An unmarked passive sentence refers to a passive sentence without passive verbs. For example, "Jingzhou people attach symbols to force soldiers to take advantage of the situation."
(Zi Tongzhi Jian) Here, "forced by military intelligence" means "forced by military intelligence". Inverted sentence pattern (verb inversion with prepositional object attributive prepositional structure as adverbial suffix) The order of sentence components in modern Chinese is generally "Wang-predicate-object" and "Ding (form)-head word", but in classical Chinese, the order of sentence components will change under certain conditions, which is the so-called inverted sentence in ancient Chinese, that is, the order of some sentence components in classical Chinese has been reversed.
Inverted sentences mainly have the following forms: in ancient Chinese, the position of the predicate is generally behind the subject, just like in modern Chinese, but sometimes in some interrogative sentences or exclamatory sentences, the predicate comes before the subject in order to emphasize and highlight the meaning of the predicate. It's a pity that you don't like it! (Yu Gong Yi Shan) is actually "You don't appreciate it!" In classical Chinese, the position of the attribute usually precedes the head word, but sometimes in order to highlight the position of the head word, emphasize the content of the attribute, or make the tone smooth, the attribute is often placed after the head word, and the sentence ends with "zhe", forming the form of "head word+post attribute+zhe" or "head word+post attribute+zhe".
For example, "asking for help can make those who report to Qin fail." (Historical Records. Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) and: "There are loud voices in the stone, everywhere."
(Shi Zhongshan of Su Shi), etc. It should be noted that the postposition of attributives in classical Chinese is only limited to sentences that express modifier relations, while attributives that express possessive relations are not postposition.
Preposition structure is used as the post-preposition structure of adverbial, that is, object-object phrase. In classical Chinese, the object phrases composed of "one" and "Yu" are common, and there are several situations when they are used as adverbials: First, the object phrases composed of the preposition "Yu" are mostly in the position of complement in classical Chinese, and when translated into modern Chinese, they often move to the front of verbs as adverbials. For example, "green is taken from blue, and green is blue."
When translating, both "Yulan" should be placed in front of the verb as an adverbial. Second, the preposition "one" constitutes an object-object phrase, which is translated today.