Ancient poems about supervision 1. Poems describing the ancient supervisory system.
During the Warring States period, the censors in charge of literature and history had obvious supervisory functions.
The Qin dynasty began to form a system, and later became an important political system in previous dynasties. After a long period of development, this system is gradually improved and complete.
In 22 1 year BC, the first emperor in China's history, Qin Shihuang, unified China, established the centralization of feudal autocracy and established a relatively independent supervision system. A censor was set up in the central government, with three grades, with the second prime minister and censor as their official positions, mastering the documents and supervision of the world.
At the local level, the emperor sent an empire to counties, which was called "monitoring empire" and was responsible for monitoring all the work in counties. [1] Zhehan inherited the Qin system, but it was stricter than the Qin system.
In the Western Han Dynasty, the central government still set Yushi as the chief executive, Yushi as the deputy, and concurrently served as the confidential secretary of the emperor and the central supervision. Locally, the imperial history was abolished in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and the Prime Minister appointed the "Prime Minister History" at any time to stab the states.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the control of the central government on local governments, the whole country was divided into 13 monitoring areas, which were called state departments. Each state department has 1 person as full-time supervisor to supervise the counties under the state department with "six questions" The prime minister's office has a direct department, and the prime minister is in charge of illegality.
If a court official protests to the doctor and adds an official for this matter, he has the right to supervise this illegal act. At the county level, Du You represents the prefect and supervises the county and township.
When Xuan Di is declared emperor, he will be an adviser to the court, responsible for legal documents and have the right to judge whether the prison is right or wrong. Because of his special mission, Fu's imperial history, book management imperial history, military supervision imperial history, embroidered clothes imperial history (also known as embroidered clothes guidance) and so on. , exercise their functions and powers respectively.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the physician was renamed Dasikong, and the imperial government was changed to Yushitai, and Yushicheng was in charge of supervision affairs. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yushitai was called Sendai, and it was still under the command of Zhongcheng, but its authority was expanded.
Yushitai is nominally placed under Shaofu, but in fact it is the highest specialized supervisory organ. It is also known as the "Three Stations" with the important bookshop in charge of court communication.
Eastern Han empire, picketing; Manage books, suggest history and check suspicious prisons. The whole country is divided into 13 monitoring areas, including 1 Li Si (municipality directly under the central government) and 12 states.
Li Siyou 1 officers, and their position is very prominent. When attending the meeting, he was on an equal footing with Shangshutai and Shiyu Zhongcheng, nicknamed "Three Sitting Alone". A captain from Li Si is responsible for supervising court officials except Sangong and those who violate the law near the capital county.
Each state has a 1 secretariat to monitor the local political situation, accept cases and evaluate officials. Because of the mixed powers and responsibilities, the secretariat gradually became the chief executive at the local level above the county level, and lost the role of supervising the local area, so it was renamed as the state animal husbandry, and the state changed from the supervision area to the administrative area, and the local supervision system basically collapsed.
During the folding dynasty, the feudal regime was basically divided. The names of supervision institutions in different dynasties are different, but the system is the same as that in Han dynasty, with some changes.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Yushitai was no longer subordinate to Shaofu, but became a national supervisory organization directly controlled by the emperor. During the Southern Liang Dynasty, the Later Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Imperial censorate (also known as Nantai) and the Constitutional Taiwan in the Later Zhou Dynasty were still controlled by the Imperial Commander Zhong Cheng, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was called the Imperial Captain.
Due to the growing power of the inspector general, there are already provisions to prevent supervisory officials from breaking the law and dereliction of duty. If the vassal commits a crime and does not correct it in the proposal, he will be dismissed from office.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in order to prevent the supervisory organs from practicing favoritism and malpractice and give full play to their supervisory efficiency, it was clearly stipulated that the literati should not be the official of the imperial history. After the Jin Dynasty, Zhong Cheng, the Imperial Advisor, set up the posts of Imperial Advisor in the Hall, Imperial Advisor in the School and Imperial Advisor in the Transportation. And divided the power of internal and external supervision.
At this time, there was no longer a fixed supervision organization in the local area, and the court sent inspectors from time to time to supervise local officials. In addition, the system of "listening to the wind and playing things" was formed during this period.
[2] When the Sui and Tang Dynasties were broken, the central supervisory body was still Yushitai, and the chief Yushitai Zhong Cheng was changed to Dr. Shi Yu, and the two served as deputies. The proofreading suggestion is changed to monitoring suggestion, and *** 12 people are responsible for going out for inspection. The supervision system of the Sui Dynasty was developed in the Tang Dynasty, and the supervision institutions were more complete.
In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the central government set up the Imperial History Desk, which was headed by Dr. Zheng Sanpin and assisted by Zheng Sanpin. Yushitai is called Sendai, and the doctor is called Daxian.
When Wu Zetian was in power, he changed the Yushitai to Su on the left and Su on the right. After zhongzong, it was changed to the left and right suggestion platform.
The function of Yushitai is "to be in charge of the criminal constitution and laws of the country, so as to rectify the current situation" (Volume XIII of Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty). There are three courtyards under the Yushitai: ① Courtyard, belonging to Yushitai, "hundreds of people are in charge, and the prison pushes the lawsuit"; (2) the temple belongs to the history of the imperial court and "holds the ceremony of the temple"; (3) The imperial court, which belongs to the imperial censor, "inspects hundred guards, patrols counties, corrects prisons and cleans courtiers" (ibid.).
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the whole country was divided into 10 prison areas, called 10 road (later added as 15 road), and each road was equipped with 1 person (called historical patrol, interview disposal envoy, observation disposal envoy, etc.). ) to inspect their counties. In the Tang Dynasty, the powers of supervisory organs and censors were further expanded.
Yushitai enjoys partial judicial power and has the right to supervise the judicial trials of Dali Temple and the Ministry of Punishment. The system of remonstrating officials in Tang dynasty also tends to be perfect.
The establishment of remonstrance officials has existed since Qin and Han Dynasties, but it developed greatly in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, the central government implemented the system of three provinces, and the main responsibility of the provinces under the door was to correct political gains and losses and take remonstrance as its own responsibility.
There are scattered riding attendants under the door, admonishing doctors, filling vacancies and picking up relics (among them, the right to fill vacancies and the right to pick up relics are classified as Chinese book provinces), giving middle-level posts. Anything that goes against the subject's morality and national decision-making can be corrected. One of the more powerful things is to give a letter (that is, the meaning of censorship).
With the development of feudal absolutism, the supervision institutions in Song Dynasty were strengthened. The central government followed the Tang system, and there are still three courts in Yushitai.
If a local judge is set up, it is equivalent to a satrap and is called a supervisory state. It has the right to report to the emperor at any time and become the emperor's eyes and ears at the local level. In addition, transshipment at the road level will improve some prison operations. , but also have the responsibility to supervise the counties.
In order to ensure that Yushi had more experience in politics, it was clearly stipulated in the Song Dynasty that a person without two county orders could not be appointed as Yushi. According to the regulations, the suggestion has the right to "listen to the wind and bomb people" and must play things once a month, which is called "monthly class"; If you take office for one hundred days, you must blow up people, or you will be dismissed from foreign officials or punished. This is called "humiliating Taiwan money".
Since then, the empire has abused its power. The suggestion can impeach the prime minister directly, and also has the responsibility of admonition.
Yu Shitai also has the right to appoint Shi Yu to participate in the trial of major criminal cases. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the central government set up an imperial history platform with a high level.
2. Ancient poems related to supervision or protection
Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Jin Dynasty, likes planting willows best. After resigning and retiring, he always became friends with Yangliu.
He also planted five willows in front of the house, calling himself "Mr. Five Willows", and wrote many poems that love trees: "Yu Liu Yin's back eaves, Li Tao Luo tang qian", "Orchids linger under the window, and willows bloom in front of the hall". When Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, lived in a thatched cottage in Chengdu, he never forgot to afforest in the four seasons. He also asked a friend for a sapling with poems instead of letters: "There are few flowers in the thatched cottage, so I want to plant them now, Mo Wen's green plum and yellow plum.
Stalagmite street is home, and the orchard house is looking for it. Su Shi, a literary giant in the Song Dynasty, also loved planting trees. "When I was a teenager, I planted pine trees in Donggang.
Moving an inch of roots at first is as trivial as transplanting rice seedlings. "is to describe his youth of planting trees.
Later, as an official in Hangzhou, he built a long dike, "planting hibiscus willows on it, which is picturesque" and became one of the beautiful scenery of the West Lake.
3. Poems describing the ancient supervisory system
During the Warring States period, the censors in charge of literature and history had obvious supervisory functions.
The Qin dynasty began to form a system, and later became an important political system in previous dynasties. After a long period of development, this system is gradually improved and complete.
In 22 1 year BC, the first emperor in China's history, Qin Shihuang, unified China, established the centralization of feudal autocracy and established a relatively independent supervision system. A censor was set up in the central government, with three grades, with the second prime minister and censor as their official positions, mastering the documents and supervision of the world.
At the local level, the emperor sent an empire to counties, which was called "monitoring empire" and was responsible for monitoring all the work in counties. [1] Zhehan inherited the Qin system, but it was stricter than the Qin system.
In the Western Han Dynasty, the central government still set Yushi as the chief executive, Yushi as the deputy, and concurrently served as the confidential secretary of the emperor and the central supervision. Locally, the imperial history was abolished in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and the Prime Minister appointed the "Prime Minister History" at any time to stab the states.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the control of the central government on local governments, the whole country was divided into 13 monitoring areas, which were called state departments. Each the State Council has 1 person full-time inspector to supervise the counties under the State Council with "six questions". The prime minister's office has a direct department, and the prime minister is in charge of illegality.
If a court official protests to the doctor and adds an official for this matter, he has the right to supervise this illegal act. At the county level, Du You represents the prefect and supervises the county and township.
When Xuan Di is declared emperor, he will be an adviser to the court, responsible for legal documents and have the right to judge whether the prison is right or wrong. Because of his special mission, Fu's imperial history, book management imperial history, military supervision imperial history, embroidered clothes imperial history (also known as embroidered clothes guidance) and so on. , respectively, to exercise the suggested functions and powers.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the physician was renamed Dasikong, and the imperial government was changed to Yushitai, and Yushicheng was in charge of supervision affairs. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yushitai was called Sendai, and it was still under the command of Zhongcheng, but its authority was expanded.
Yushitai is nominally placed under Shaofu, but in fact it is the highest specialized supervisory organ. It is also known as the "Three Stations" with the important bookshop in charge of court communication.
Eastern Han empire, picketing; Manage books, suggest history and check suspicious prisons. The whole country is divided into 13 monitoring areas, including 1 Li Si (municipality directly under the central government) and 12 states.
Li Siyou 1 officers, and their position is very prominent. When attending the meeting, he was on an equal footing with Shangshutai and Shiyu Zhongcheng, nicknamed "Three Sitting Alone". A captain from Li Si is responsible for supervising court officials except Sangong and those who violate the law near the capital county.
Each state has a 1 secretariat to monitor the local political situation, accept cases and evaluate officials. Because of the mixed powers and responsibilities, the secretariat gradually became the chief executive at the local level above the county level, and lost the role of supervising the local area, so it was renamed as the state animal husbandry, and the state changed from the supervision area to the administrative area, and the local supervision system basically collapsed.
During the folding dynasty, the feudal regime was basically divided. The names of supervision institutions in different dynasties are different, but the system is the same as that in Han dynasty, with some changes.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Yushitai was no longer subordinate to Shaofu, but became a national supervisory organization directly controlled by the emperor. During the Southern Liang Dynasty, the Later Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Imperial censorate (also known as Nantai) and the Constitutional Taiwan in the Later Zhou Dynasty were still controlled by the Imperial Commander Zhong Cheng, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was called the Imperial Captain.
Due to the growing power of the inspector general, there are already provisions to prevent supervisory officials from breaking the law and dereliction of duty. If the vassal commits a crime and does not correct it in the proposal, he will be dismissed from office.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in order to prevent the supervisory organs from practicing favoritism and malpractice and give full play to their supervisory efficiency, it was clearly stipulated that the literati should not be the official of the imperial history. After the Jin Dynasty, Zhong Cheng, the Imperial Advisor, set up the positions of Imperial Advisor in the Hall, Imperial Advisor in the School and Imperial Advisor in the Transportation. And divided the power of internal and external supervision.
At this time, there was no longer a fixed supervision organization in the local area, and the court sent inspectors from time to time to supervise local officials. In addition, the system of "listening to the wind and playing things" was formed during this period.
[2] When the Sui and Tang Dynasties were broken, the central supervisory body was still Yushitai, and the chief Yushitai Zhong Cheng was changed to Dr. Shi Yu, and the two served as deputies. The proofreading suggestion is changed to monitoring suggestion, and *** 12 people are responsible for going out for inspection. The supervision system of the Sui Dynasty was developed in the Tang Dynasty, and the supervision institutions were more complete.
In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the central government set up the Imperial History Desk, which was headed by Dr. Zheng Sanpin and assisted by Zheng Sanpin. Yushitai is called Sendai, and the doctor is called Daxian.
When Wu Zetian was in power, he changed the Yushitai to Su on the left and Su on the right. After zhongzong, it was changed to the left and right suggestion platform.
The function of Yushitai is "to be in charge of the criminal constitution and laws of the country, so as to rectify the current situation" (Volume XIII of Six Codes of the Tang Dynasty). There are three courtyards under the Yushitai: ① Courtyard, belonging to Yushitai, "hundreds of people are in charge, and the prison pushes the lawsuit"; (2) the temple belongs to the history of the imperial court and "holds the ceremony of the temple"; (3) The imperial court, which belongs to the imperial censor, "inspects hundred guards, patrols counties, corrects prisons and cleans courtiers" (ibid.).
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the whole country was divided into 10 prison areas, called 10 road (later added as 15 road), and each road was equipped with 1 person (called historical patrol, interview disposal envoy, observation disposal envoy, etc.). ) to inspect their counties. In the Tang Dynasty, the powers of supervisory organs and censors were further expanded.
Yushitai enjoys partial judicial power and has the right to supervise the judicial trials of Dali Temple and the Ministry of Punishment. The system of remonstrating officials in Tang dynasty also tends to be perfect.
The establishment of remonstrance officials has existed since Qin and Han Dynasties, but it developed greatly in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, the central government implemented the system of three provinces, and the main responsibility of the provinces under the door was to correct political gains and losses and take remonstrance as its own responsibility.
There are scattered riding attendants under the door, admonishing doctors, filling vacancies and picking up relics (among them, the right to fill vacancies and the right to pick up relics are classified as Chinese book provinces), giving middle-level posts. Anything that goes against the subject's morality and national decision-making can be corrected. One of the more powerful things is to give a letter (that is, the meaning of censorship).
With the development of feudal absolutism, the supervision institutions in Song Dynasty were strengthened. The central government followed the Tang system, and there are still three courts in Yushitai.
If a local judge is set up, it is equivalent to a satrap and is called a supervisory state. It has the right to report to the emperor at any time and become the emperor's eyes and ears at the local level. In addition, transshipment at the road level will improve some prison operations. , but also have the responsibility to supervise the counties.
In order to ensure that Yushi had more experience in politics, it was clearly stipulated in the Song Dynasty that a person without two county orders could not be appointed as Yushi. According to the regulations, the suggestion has the right to "listen to the wind and bomb people" and must play things once a month, which is called "monthly class"; If you take office for one hundred days, you must blow up people, or you will be dismissed from foreign officials or punished. This is called "humiliating Taiwan money".
Since then, the empire has abused its power. The suggestion can impeach the prime minister directly, and also has the responsibility of admonition.
Yu Shitai also has the right to appoint Shi Yu to participate in the trial of major criminal cases. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the central government set up a censorate platform with a high level of censorate.
4. There is an urgent need for three or five famous sayings about "supervision"
/kloc-Montesquieu, a famous French thinker in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, famously said: "All people who have power are prone to abuse power, which is an experience that has never been easy.
People with power use power until they meet a border. Lord acton, a professor of history at Cambridge University, famously said, "Power leads to corruption, and absolute power leads to absolute corruption." Corruption is like a snowball. Once it rolls, it will get bigger and bigger.
-(Britain) kolton's anti-corruption action should be carried out before it dominates us. -(America) Jefferson's loss of supervision will inevitably lead to corruption, and reading will brighten people's hearts.
-Voltaire Books are the ladder of human progress. Books are the ladder of human progress, lifelong companions and sincere friends.
-Gorky's book is still medicine, and good books can cure fools. -Liu Xiang's books are the nourishment of the whole world. Shakespeare can't live like an animal, but should pursue knowledge and virtue. -Dante Reading is like eating. If you eat well, you will grow up, but if you eat badly, you will get sick.
-Zhang Xuecheng Reading makes a full man, conversation makes a quick man, writing and taking notes makes a precise man ... Historical lessons make a wise man; Poetry makes people wise; Mathematics makes people fine; Natural history is profound; The study of ethics makes people solemn; Logic and rhetoric are eloquent. Bacon Without reading, there can be no real education, and there can be no discrimination at the same time.
Herzen If I can survive, of course I will still study. -Lu Xun's book is society, and a good book is a good world and a good society.
Can cultivate people's feelings and temperament, and make people noble. No matter what kind of knowledge you have, it is useful for your intelligence. It will throw away useless things and keep good things.
-Leonardo da Vinci Every book is a small step. Every time I climb a step, I become more detached from animals and become a human being, closer to the concept of a better life, and love books more-Gorky people are alive and books are dead. The living can read the dead book and live it.
If you read the living from the dead, you can read people to death. -Guo Moruo is good at thinking, asking and acting, and his results are often big and fast.
-Xie Juezai A family without books is like a house without windows. Johnson Diligence is the mother of success Mao Yisheng hates the inexhaustible supply of books.
A lazy youth, a lousy age. Teenagers don't know how to study hard, but old people regret studying late.
Read a book a hundred times and you will understand its meaning. I never get tired of reading old books, but I don't know myself until I read them carefully.
There is a road in the mountain of books, but there is no limit to learning the sea. Reading breaks thousands of volumes, and writing is like a god.
Reading should be like a hungry man jumping on bread. Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see a hill.
I am familiar with 300 Tang poems, and I can recite them even if I can't write them. Every day when the cock crows, it is the best time for boys to read.
The best stimulus to study is interest in textbooks. The future illiterates are no longer illiterate people, but people who have not learned to learn.
The method of reading is gradual, practice makes perfect and thoughtful. Look at the mountains and the sea.
Take Wan Li Road and read thousands of books. Every little makes a mickle.
The most important thing in reading is persistence, which makes it cold when exposed. Reading is learning, using is learning, and more importantly, learning.
Study for the rise of China. Opening books is beneficial.
A hundred gold buys a horse, and a thousand gold buys a beauty; Where can I buy youth if I buy a senior official? -Young Qu Yuan, the king of life, the fountain of life and the brilliance of life. -Li Dazhao has never been idle during the day, and youth no longer comes.
-Lin Kuan.
5. Ancient Chinese poetry about responsibility
The price of nobility and greatness is responsibility.
-Churchill English
Although responsibility is sometimes boring, those who fail to perform it can only be cowards and complete waste.
-Lewis May
Everyone is asked by life, and he can only answer this question with his own life; Only "responsibility" can answer life. Therefore, "responsibility" is the most important essence of human existence.
-Victor Frank Ying
Everyone should have such self-confidence: I will be able to shoulder the responsibilities that people can shoulder; I can take on responsibilities that others cannot. This can temper yourself, seek higher knowledge and enter a higher realm.
-Lincoln Beauty
Only by knowing the pain of responsibility in life can we know the pleasure of doing our duty.
-Liang Qichao China
If a person has no enthusiasm, he will accomplish nothing, and the basic point of enthusiasm is responsibility.
Lev tolstoy Russian