(A) Summary of the text structure
The usual structure of ancient poetry is to write scenery first, and then to express emotion. Landscape narrative paves the way for lyrical discussion, and viewpoints, attitudes, thoughts and feelings must also be expounded on the basis of landscape narrative.
The structure of poetry still serves the content and emotion of poetry, which can be divided into three types:
1. There is a scene first, then there is a feeling, and there is a scene to feel.
2. Reduplication paves the way for the transition.
3. First of all, Zhang Xianzhi looks at the overall situation from a small point of view.
(2) Skills and methods
Looking for Symbolic Language in Poetry
For example, we should pay attention to the order of time and space in poetry and look for words and sentences that express the transformation of time and space; We should pay attention to Zhang Xianzhi's lyrical arguments when writing lyrical scenery or expressing ambition with objects at the end of his poems.
(3) technical decomposition:
The relationship between image and emotion in ancient poetry;
Its center is the relationship between scenery (things, events) and feelings (or themes)
According to the order of scene and emotion: there is a scene (thing) first, and then there is emotion (mostly); B scene first, then emotion; C combine emotions with scenes.
1, the scene comes first, and the feelings come later.
Poetry often describes the scenery first and then expresses feelings on this basis.
2. Love in front of the scene
Writing feelings is a bit like poetry.
Li Yu's "Looking at Jiangnan" "How much I hate, I dreamed of it last night. It is also like the old garden, the car is like running water in Ma Rulong, and the flowers and the moon are spring breeze. "
Wang Changling's Join the Army
The new sound of pipa dance is always the old love.
I can't hear the dazzling edge, and the high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall.
Structural characteristics of ancient poetry
Its content is the relationship between the preceding sentence (couplet) and the following sentence (couplet)
A heavy chapter, overlapping sentences, B bedding care, C deep cadence.
1, repeat chapters and sentences
Refers to a technique of expression in which the upper and lower sentences or the upper and lower paragraphs repeatedly sing in the same structural form.
Ugly slave Xin Qiji Shuboshan Road Middle Wall
Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow and fall in love with the floor. Fall in love with the floor and worry about adding new words.
Now that I know what it's like to worry, I want to talk about it. I want to say I'd better have a rest, but I said it's cold and autumn.
The first part is about the "carefree sadness" when I was young, and the second part is about the "sadness" of caring for and serving the country now. The upper and lower pieces adopt the structure of overlapping sentences. In repeated singing, not only the language has musical beauty, but also the content forms a sharp contrast.
Step 2: pave the way
That is, using a series of non-main plots in front to prepare for the main plots in the back, or brewing the atmosphere before the climax.
For example: Du Mu in the mountains.
As far away as Hanshan, the stone path is oblique, and people are in Bai Yunsheng.
Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers.
The first three sentences are the object, the fourth sentence is the subject, and the first three sentences are the foreshadowing and foil to describe the background and create the atmosphere for the fourth sentence. In addition, in the lyric poetry of landscape writing, we can also say that landscape writing in poetry is to pave the way for lyricism.
3. Transition (that is, before and after the convergence)
For example:
Liu Zaoqing sent Lu Meipo to meet Liu Guo.
Pan-chrysanthemum cup is deep, blowing plum blossoms far away, in the capital, gathering and dispersing in a hurry, lonely geese on the clouds, duckweed on the water.
How can we teach people not to get hurt? Feel a few degrees, the soul flies and dreams are shocked. After dark, I miss you, the dust goes with the horse, and the moon sails.
[Note] Pan Chrysanthemum: Drink chrysanthemum wine. Blowing plum blossoms: playing plum blossoms.
Emphasize the brevity of the two people's gathering and the haste of parting. Writing the content of gathering and dispersing is a link between the preceding and the following.
Step 4 care
A poem that makes a necessary response to what has been written before. This method is used properly to make the structure compact and rigorous.
For example:
Wei said goodbye to Li Zhou in the drizzle at dusk.
The Chu River is shrouded in thin rain, and the companion city rings in the dusk. The rain is heavy, the sky is not right, and the birds fly slowly.
The Yangtze River flows into the distance of the Yangtze River, and the trees are full of rain. Farewell to my old friend, I love infinity, and tears fall down on the river.
In the first two sentences, the poet stood by the drizzling river at dusk, pointed out the "dusk rain" in the poem title, and took care of the word "send" in the poem title. ...
5. Step by step.
Refers to the structural form of poetry from simplicity to depth, which makes the whole poem rigorous and clear.
For example:
Nineteen ancient poems? Distant Altair
Distant Altair, Jiao Jiao Hehan girl. Skillful hands, make a loom. There is no chapter all day, and tears are pouring down. What's the difference between a clear river and a shallow one? Between water and water, there are no words.
This poem adopts a layered and in-depth structure, expressing the sadness of the Weaver Maid who led the cow across the Milky Way Hans Robert Jauss, and showing the pain when love was tortured. Poetry begins with the Altair and Vega in the distance, and from far to near, the line of sight shifts to Vega. The Vega can only weave to meet the Altair, but she can't weave it all day, and her face is full of tears. A shallow galaxy just can't meet it. Poetry is about things and people, then people's feelings. Scenes blend, music and pictures are emotional, sad and moving.
The embodiment of the theme of ancient poetry
How does its content reflect the main idea?
A comes straight to the point and points directly to B, Zhang Xianzhi, C and D.
1. Get to the point.
Let's get down to business. This "eye" is the theme of this poem. This method pointed out the "navigation mark" for the full text at the beginning.
For example:
Have an early spring outing with Jinling Lucheng and see Du in Tang Dynasty.
Only those who are far away from home are particularly sensitive to the change of natural phenology. The bright sun on the sea is about to rise, and Jiangnan in the south of the Yangtze River is reviving.
Warm spring urges warblers to sing, and duckweed in the clear sun is dark in color. Suddenly an old song played, and I was homesick.
Straight to the point, it directly points out the poet's feelings: only a wanderer who has left his hometown and is running on his official career will feel novel and make a fuss about the atmosphere of storing things in a foreign land. In this "unique" and "biased" emphasis tone, the poet's ambivalent mood of official travel to the south of the Yangtze River is vividly displayed.
2. Zhang Xianzhi
Poets often express their thoughts or feelings directly at the end of their poems.
Example 1: How can I bow and scrape to those dignitaries who will never be honest? It expresses the poet's carefree mood and does not bow down for a bucket of rice.
Example 2: "It's a long way to go, Xiu Yuan, and one day, I will ride the wind and waves, and and set my cloudy sail straight and bridge the deep, deep sea" expresses my open-mindedness in realizing my ideal.
Example 3: A political prisoner listens to cicadas.
Cicadas sing in the west, and guests think of the south.
I can't stand the shadow on my temple to break the heart of a white-haired prisoner.
His flight passed through the thick fog, and his pure voice was drowned in the world of wind.
Who knows if he is still singing? Who will listen to me? .
Note: This poem was written by Wang Luobin when he was a consultant in the imperial court. He offended Wu Zetian by writing a book about world affairs and was unjustly imprisoned.
As a soldier, Zhang Xianzhi directly expressed his feelings, clearly expressed his desire to be rescued and avenged, and pointed out the main purpose.
3. See the big from the small
When a poet expresses a big theme, he does not describe big events and scenes, but focuses on small things and scenes, and embodies the big realm and theme through "small things", "small things" and "small scenes". This technique is called seeing the big from the small.
For example, Du Mu crossed Huaqing Palace.
Looking back at Chang 'an, Mount Li is like a pile of splendid scenery, and the gates of Huaqing Palace on the top of the mountain are opened in turn.
As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south.
Exposing the corrupt life of Yang Guifei, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Du Mu only absorbed "Princess Laughter" in his poems, and everything was silent. Galloping all the way, speeding, just to please a person, people who don't know the inside story may think it's for military affairs.
compare
Because of the hierarchy and structure of poetry, contrast techniques are widely used in poetry.
For example: Qingming Huang Tingjian
Every holiday season, I miss my parents, and the peaches and plums smile, and the Noda wilderness is only sad.
Thunder stung dragons and snakes, and the original vegetation in the suburbs was soft after the rain.
It's unfair for people to sacrifice my arrogant concubine and wife, but it's unfair to burn them.
A clever fool has known who it is for thousands of years, and his eyes are full of chrysanthemum.
Compared with Jie Zhitui, who would rather burn to death in Mianshan than go out of the mountain, Qi people who show off to their wives and concubines with "begging sacrifices" satirize the villains who flatter the powerful and pursue fame and fortune, and at the same time praise the persecuted sages who do not change their ethics.