[Edit this paragraph] Liangzhou Ci (Wang Zhihuan)
The Ring of Wang Tang (688-742)
The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain.
Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing!
Also known as "plug"
translate
From a distance, the Yellow River floats into the sky like a ribbon.
At the foot of this high mountain, there is a lonely city.
Why do you want to play the homesick sad song "Broken Willow" with Qiangdi?
Even the spring breeze can't cross Yumen Pass.
To annotate ...
1, Liangzhou Ci: also known as Liangzhou Song. The lyrics were a popular song (Liangzhou Ci) at that time. Liangzhou Ci is a common appellation of Yuefu in Tang Dynasty, which mostly describes the life of frontier troops.
2. There are two original titles. First, there are Liangzhou songs in Guo Maoqian's Yuefu Poems (Volume 79) and Modern Quci, and Yuan Yue is quoted as saying: "Liangzhou, Gongdiao Song, commander of Kaiyuan Liangfu Guo Zhiyun". Liangzhou is located in Guzang County (now Wuwei County, Gansu Province), where Liangzhou Governance of Longyou Road was located in the Tang Dynasty.
3. "Far" means "straight".
4. The Yellow River is far away: looking at the source of the Yellow River.
5. Lonely city: refers to the lonely castle guarding the border.
6. Well: an ancient unit of length, and a well is equivalent to seven or eight feet.
7. Qiang people: The ancient Qiang people were mainly distributed in Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan. Qiangdi is a A Qiang musical instrument, which belongs to cross-wind wind music.
8. Liu Yang: Folding Liu Yang. In ancient poetry, willow is often used as a metaphor for farewell. Poem Xiaoya Cai Wei: "In the past, I was gone, and the willows were reluctant." In the Northern Dynasty Yuefu's "Blowing the Drum Horn Across", there is "Folding Yang Liuzhi", and the lyrics say: "If you don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, you will hit Yang Liuzhi instead. Dismount and play the flute, worrying about killing travelers. "
9. Degree: crossing. The last two sentences are: Why did Qiangdi play such a sad tune as "Folding Willow", complaining that the willow didn't grow and spring came late? You know, the spring breeze outside Yumenguan can't blow!
10, Yumenguan: It was set by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was named after the jade introduced from the Western Regions. Therefore, it is located in Xiaofang City in the northwest of Dunhuang, Gansu. During the Six Dynasties, the site moved eastward to the vicinity of Shuangta Fort in Anxi.
Specific comments: This poem describes the magnificent and desolate scene of Liangzhou in frontier fortress. The Yellow River flowing far away seems to be connected with white clouds, and Yumenguan stands alone in the mountains, looking lonely and cold. Why use Qiangdi to play sad willow songs and complain that spring is late? It turns out that the spring breeze around Yumenguan can't blow!
Brief analysis
"Liangzhou Ci" is the lyrics of Liangzhou Song, not the title of a poem, but the name of a popular tune in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. During the Kaiyuan period, Guo Zhiyun, the Chinese ambassador to Longyou, collected a batch of western music scores and presented them to Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong handed it to Jiao Fang to translate it into China's music score, sang it with new lyrics, and took the place names produced by these music scores as the title of the song. Later, many poets liked this tune and filled it with new words, so many poets in the Tang Dynasty wrote Liangzhou Ci.
Wang Zhihuan wrote this poem about the homesickness of frontier soldiers. It is desolate and generous, sad without losing strength. Although he tried his best to exaggerate the resentment that the garrison soldiers were not allowed to go home, he did not feel depressed, which fully showed the broad-minded mind of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The first sentence, "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds", captures the characteristics of overlooking and depicts a moving picture: on the vast plateau, the Yellow River rushes away, looking far to the west, as if merging into the white clouds. The second sentence, "An isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain", is about an isolated city in the fortress. A lonely city located in the frontier fortress, standing tall by mountains and waters. These two sentences describe the majestic momentum of the motherland's mountains and rivers, outline the geographical situation of this important national defense town, highlight the desolate situation of foot soldiers guarding the border, and provide a typical environment for the latter two sentences to describe the garrison psychology.
In this environment, I suddenly heard the sound of Qiangdi, and the tune I played happened to be "Folding Willow", which aroused the sadness of the garrison. The ancients had the custom of parting and giving gifts. "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic and presented to Liu as a souvenir. In the Northern Dynasty Yuefu's "Blowing the Drum Horn Across", there is "Folding Yang Liuzhi", and the lyrics say: "If you don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, you will hit Yang Liuzhi instead. Dismount and play the flute, worrying about killing travelers. " It is mentioned in the song that pedestrians break willows when they walk. This kind of farewell wind was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. Thus, there is a close relationship between willow and parting. Nowadays, when the foot soldiers guarding the border pass hear the sad tune of "Folding Willow" played by Qiangdi, it is inevitable that they will feel sad and not hate it. Therefore, the poet explained in an open-minded tone: Why does Qiangdi always play the sad tune of "breaking willow"? You know, outside Yumenguan is a place where the spring breeze can't blow, and no willow can be folded! To say "why complain" is not to complain, nor to persuade the guards not to complain, but to complain is useless. The use of the word "why complain" makes poetry more economical and meaningful.
Three or four sentences, which Yang Shen thought contained irony: "This poem is not as good as frontier fortress, and the so-called military gate is far more than Wan Li." China's ancient poetry has always had a tradition of "happiness", not to mention "poetry fails to express its meaning". We think readers can't help but understand it, but we are not sure whether the author really means it. Since the spring breeze outside Yumenguan can't blow, the willow outside Yumenguan naturally won't spit leaves. What's the use of complaining about it?
[Edit this paragraph] Liangzhou Ci (William Wang)
Don William Wang
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa right away.
Don't laugh when you are drunk on the battlefield. How many people fought in ancient times?
Note 1. Liangzhou Ci: The name of Yuefu in Tang Dynasty is a lyric poem of frontier life in Liangzhou. Two poems written by William Wang, Liangzhou Ci, are generous, tragic and widely circulated. This poem "Liangzhou Ci" was praised by Wang Shizhen in Ming Dynasty as a masterpiece in Tang Dynasty.
2. luminous cup: a glass made of white jade, which can emit light. It and wine are both specialties in northwest China.
3. Battlefield: flat and empty sand, used to refer to the battlefield in ancient times.
4. Jun: You.
5. Pipa: This refers to the sound used to blow the horn in battle.
6. Urge: Urge people to go out.
translate
Grapes and wine were filled with luxurious glasses, and when I was about to drink them, the pipa immediately sounded, as if urging me to go forward and fight. I got drunk on the battlefield. Please don't laugh at me. Throughout the ages, how many people who have been on the battlefield have come back safely?
Make an appreciative comment
"Poetry" is a famous song describing the cold side scenery. The whole poem is about a feast in the hard and desolate frontier fortress, depicting the scene of soliciting customers to drink and get drunk. The first sentence is gorgeous and beautiful, with a clear and pleasant tone, showing the luxury of the feast; In a word, use the word "want to drink" to write a warm scene, and the banquet deliberately exaggerates the atmosphere with music. Three or four sentences were written to the utmost to persuade people to be considerate, to persuade people to drink, to enjoy themselves, to forget their worries, and to be bold and broad-minded. Heng Tang retired and commented, "Being broad-minded makes me feel sad." Commentators always think that they are sad, sentimental and hate fighting. Shi Buhua's "Poems of Servitude" in Qing Dynasty commented: "It is easy to read sad words, but wonderful to read interesting words. Learners understand. " Judging from the content, there is no language that hates military career, and there is no intention to lament the passing of life. It is nothing more than the difficulty of fighting for pain, which is called sadness and seems to be reluctant to part. Shi Buhua's words have their depth. Throughout the ages, many people have different opinions, and scholars since the Enlightenment.
The cold and hard environment in the border area and the tense and turbulent garrison life make it difficult for border soldiers to get a reunion dinner. It is not difficult to imagine how lucky I am to meet such a passionate and excited mood and the scene of drinking and getting drunk. This poem is a portrayal of this kind of life and feelings. The wine in the poem is rich in the western regions; Cup, according to legend, is a glass refined from white jade in the West Lake in Zhou Muwang era, which looks like "night lamp", so it is called "night lamp cup"; The musical instrument is the pipa used by Hu people; There are also words like "battlefield" and "battle". All this shows a strong border color and the flavor of military camp life.
With passionate brushstrokes, sonorous tones and dazzling words, the poet set the first sentence of this opening-"Night Glass of Wine", as if the curtain suddenly opened, showing a colorful, dazzling and fragrant feast in front of people. This scene gives people surprise and excitement, creates an atmosphere and sets the tone for the lyric of the whole poem. The word "want to drink" at the beginning of the second sentence renders the extraordinary attractive charm of this feast of wine and food, and shows the generous and cheerful character of the soldiers. Just when everyone wanted to drink, the band played the pipa and the party began. The fast and cheerful melody seems to urge the soldiers to raise their glasses and drink, so that the original warm atmosphere suddenly boils up. This poem has changed the syllables commonly used in seven-character quatrains and adopted the syntax of "upper two and lower five", further enhancing its appeal. The word "catch up" here, some people say that it is in a hurry to start, and it seems difficult to connect with the following. Some people interpret it as: push, drink or drink. This is also not in line with the unrestrained mental state of soldiers. The word "immediately" is often associated with "beginning". In fact, among the Hu people in the Western Regions, the pipa was originally played on horseback. "Pipa Prompt" is a scene that deliberately renders a cheerful feast.
Three or four sentences in the poem are catering and drinking to persuade wine. Some people used to think that these two sentences were "be broad-minded and sad." Others said: "Pretending to be drunk is extremely sad." Although the words are different, they are all inseparable from the word "sadness". Later, on the basis of three or four sentences, especially the last sentence, it is more useful to summarize the thoughts and feelings of this poem with words such as deep, sad, sentimental and anti-war. It is obviously an exaggeration to say that "how many people fought in ancient times". Shi Buhua said these two poems in Qing Dynasty: "Sad words are easy to read, joking words are wonderful to read, and scholars are easy to understand." ("My servant tells poems") This sentence is quite enlightening to us. Why is it easy to read sad words? Because it is not preaching the horror of war, nor is it showing disgust for military career, nor is it lamenting the passing of life. Let's look back at the scene of the feast: the soldiers were really in high spirits listening to the cheerful and exciting pipa sound. After a while, they were all a little drunk. Maybe someone wants to put a cup, and then someone in the seat shouts, What are you afraid of? Getting drunk is getting drunk on the battlefield. Please don't laugh. "How many people fought in ancient times?" Didn't we put life and death at risk long ago? It can be seen that these three or four sentences are just words to persuade wine at dinner, but they are not sad. Although they are ridiculous, they also find the most environmental and personality-specific "reasons" for getting drunk. Drunk on the Battlefield shows not only bold, cheerful and excited feelings, but also the courage to die, which is consistent with the warm atmosphere shown by the luxurious banquet. This is a joyful feast, and the scene and artistic conception are by no means one or two people drinking to drown their sorrows. The mood reflected by its bright language and fluctuating rhythm is unrestrained and fanatical; It gives people an exciting and yearning artistic charm, which is the characteristic of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This poem has been told by people for thousands of years.
[Edit this paragraph] Liangzhou Ci (Zhang Ji)
Tang zhangji
Border town, geese fly low at dusk, asparagus gradually gathers.
Countless clocks have passed the cymbals, so you have to carry them to Anxi.
To annotate ...
1, Qi (Qi): Gobi Desert.
2, white practice: white hot silk. Here refers to silk in general. Anxi: Place name. Tang Fang Town has Anxi Duhu, which is located in Kuqa, Xinjiang, and also governs the four towns of Qiuci, Yanqi, Yutian and Shule. In the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790), it fell to Tubo.
Appreciate Zhang Ji's three poems "Liangzhou Ci", this is the first one. The first two sentences of this poem describe the scene before us, and point out the place, time, weather and season at the same time. The first sentence "Wild geese fly low in the border town at dusk" draws people's attention to a flock of geese flying low, showing that the place where geese fly is the border town, the time is dusk and the weather is rainy. The second sentence "Asparagus is beginning to grow" draws people's attention to a reed in bud, which shows that it is a warm spring from the growth of reed. The first two sentences: write about the sky view of the border town. The ground landscape overlooking the border town has a panoramic view. The last two sentences of the poem extend the realm of the poem to the other side of the vast and distant desert, always pushing the thinking of the poem out of sight.
The third sentence, "Countless bells flying over the moraine", is about a group of camels carrying goods marching slowly in the desert, but there are no images of camels and escorts in the sentence, only camel bells floating from the desert. This is a wonderful use of conveying shadows with sound and seeing shapes with sound. Here, as long as you write down the bell, it will be transformed into an image by the vivid association, and a picture of the camel team drifting away will emerge in your mind. Poems such as "Mao Ci is invisible, but you can tell someone by one crow" (Ling Feng collects herbs to write poems), "What evening will I return to Yijiang Village" ("Qiu Jiang") and Bai Juyi's poem "When the snow is heavy at night, I can hear the sound of bamboo" ("Snow at Night").
The author was attracted by camel bells because his poetic pen turned into a string of bells floating in the desert, and because he was in the border town, his eyes were in trouble. His incomparably heavy heart has gradually disappeared in the desert of the west with camel bells and flew to the four towns of Anxi (where Kuqa in Xinjiang is now ruled), although it is far from sight. The last sentence of the poem, "You want to practice in Anxi", is exactly what the author's feelings note, and it is also the crowning touch of this poem.
After the rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the eastern counties of Longyou Road (now west of Longshan to west of Xinjiang) fell into Tubo one after another. This poem was written in the year of Mu Zong Changqing (82 1-824). By the time the author was in his fifties, Anxi had fallen for more than thirty years. Hearing the camel bells going west, the author who has experienced this historical event can't help but think of the decline of the national movement and the Silk Road passing through the Hexi Corridor, thus imagining that this westward camel team should still take this avenue for nothing to Anxi, which is already a foreign country. This sentence "You have to carry a pack of white clothes to practice in Anxi" has endless feelings and indignation, and its implication is inexhaustible. In another poem "Jingzhou Fortress", the author once praised "The roadside is antique, but I still remember Anxi". By comparing this sentence with "Intuo", we can further understand the author's mood and see the depth of his grief.