It is understood that if the world is stable, the ruling class will build vigorously, wasting people's money, and the people will have a hard time. If the country dies, there will be disasters everywhere. The people will suffer if the war continues. This sentence comes from "Mountain Sheep Tongguan Nostalgia", which is a Sanqu work by Zhang Yanghao, a writer of Yuan Dynasty. This song recalls the past, from the rise and fall of dynasties to the sufferings of the people, and points out the opposition between feudal rule and the people, showing the author's thinking about history and sympathy for the people. Origin:
Zhang Yanghao's "Mountain Goat Tongguan Nostalgia" in Yuan Dynasty Original:
Mountains and peaks gather together, waves are angry, and mountains and rivers cover Tongguan Road. Looking at the western capital, I hesitated. (pause for a work: hesitate)
Sad Qin and Han dynasties, thousands of palaces have been made of dirt. Xing, the people suffer; Death, people suffer.
The peaks of Huashan Mountain converge from all directions, and the waves of the Yellow River surge like anger. The Tongguan Ancient Road connects Huashan Mountain in the interior and the Yellow River outside. Looking at Chang 'an, the ancient capital, I wander and my thoughts fluctuate.
It's sad that thousands of palaces have already turned to dust in the places where Qin Gong Hanque passed. Once prosperous, the people suffer; Once destroyed, the people still suffer. Notes:
Goat on a mountain slope: the name of the qupai is the format of this Sanqu; "Tongguan nostalgia" is the title.
like a cluster of peaks, it describes a cluster of peaks and mountains. Gather: gather; Surround
the waves are furious: describe the surging waves of the Yellow River. Anger: refers to rough waves.
the sentence of "mountains and rivers": there are mountains outside and rivers inside, which describe the dangerous terrain around Tongguan. Specifically, there is the Yellow River outside Tongguan and Huashan Mountain inside.
inside and outside: inside and outside. "Twenty-eight years of Zuo Zhuan's Xi Gong": "The mountains and rivers on the outside will be harmless." Note: "Shanxi is a river outside and a mountain inside." Tong
Guan: the name of the ancient pass. In Tongguan County, Shaanxi Province, Guancheng was built on the mountainside of Huashan Mountain, next to the Yellow River, bordering the three provinces of Qin, Jin and Henan. It is very dangerous. It was the gateway to Shaanxi in ancient times and was a military stronghold in past dynasties.
western capital: it refers to Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi). This refers to the capital city built near Chang 'an since Qin and Han Dynasties. The Qin and Western Han Dynasties established Chang 'an as their capital, and the Eastern Han Dynasty established Luoyang as their capital, so Luoyang was called the eastern capital and Chang 'an as the western capital.
Hesitation: Hesitation, vacillation, and preoccupation. Here, we describe the ups and downs of ideological trends, and we are deeply lost in thought, indicating that our hearts are not calm. One is "chí chú".
sadness: a sad thing, with adjectives as verbs. Qin and Han Dynasties: Xianyang, the capital of Qin Dynasty (221-26 BC), and Chang 'an, the capital of Western Han Dynasty (28-8 BC), are both in the west of Tongguan in Shaanxi Province. The place where you pass. Refers to the ruins of the ancient capital of Qin and Han Dynasties.
Palace Que: Palace, palace; Que, the view of the building on both sides in front of the palace gate.
xing: refers to the stable rule of the regime. Rise and fall: refers to the rise and fall of dynasties. Creative background:
Zhang Yanghao is an honest official and loves the people like a son. In the second year of Tianli (1329), due to the drought in Guanzhong, he was appointed as a relief worker in Taichung, Shaanxi Province. In the course of his life in the Western Qin Dynasty, he witnessed the people's profound disaster, sighed with emotion, was indignant, dissipated all his wealth, tried his best to rescue the disaster, and finally died because of overwork. Zhang Yanghao wrote this poem "Mountain Slope Sheep" during the "Guanzhong Drought". Appreciation:
This song is Zhang Yanghao's masterpiece in his later years, and it is also a masterpiece of the perfect combination of ideology and artistry in Yuan Sanqu. In Trang Van Yuefu, his collection of Sanqu, there are seven topics and nine poems about nostalgia written with the folk songs of "Mountain Slope Sheep", among which Tongguan Nostalgia is the most melancholy and colorful. This song recalls the past, from the rise and fall of dynasties to the sufferings of the people, and points out the opposition between feudal rule and the people, showing the author's thinking about history and sympathy for the people.
The whole song is divided into three layers: the first layer (the first three sentences) describes the majestic and dangerous situation in Tongguan. When Zhang Yanghao passed through Tongguan, what he saw was the scene of "the peaks and mountains are like gathering, and the waves are like anger". This layer describes the strong scenery of Tongguan, vivid image. The first sentence is about overlapping peaks, and Tongguan is surrounded by many mountains. The word "ju" makes readers see the trend of Huashan rushing in front of them and the mountains standing. Because of the dangerous terrain, it is a battleground for ancient military strategists. Yamamoto is still, "Ru Ju" turns static into dynamic, and a word "Ju" shows the numerous and dynamic peaks. The second sentence is about the raging Yellow River, and the water of the Yellow River outside Tongguan is surging. The word "Anger" makes readers' ears echo the endless sound of water. The Yellow River water is lifeless, and "anger" gives the river water human emotion and will. The word "anger" describes the surging waves. The word "anger" also personifies the river, and the word "anger" is injected into the poet's grief and indignation caused by mourning the past and hurting the present. Moved by this scene, the third sentence says that Tongguan is located in the place where mountains are surrounded and the Yellow River is cold. The feeling of "Tongguan Road is both inside and outside the mountains and rivers" arises spontaneously. At this point, Tongguan's majestic momentum is glimpsed. Such a dangerous place implies that Tongguan is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties, which also leads to the following feelings.
the second floor (sentence 417). The sentence "Looking to the West" describes the author's infinite emotion of looking to Chang 'an in the west. Chang' an, the capital of the famous Han and Tang empires in history, has many emperors who have made great efforts to govern here. There have been many heartless bad kings who abused their power and killed people here and became sinners in history. Chang' an, in this particular historical stage, has performed many magnificent and tragic dramas; How many poets and writers have written about Chang 'an. Especially the people, how much blood and sweat have flowed in Chang 'an! This is the reason and content of the author's "hesitation"!
The sentence "Sad Qin and Han Dynasties" describes the Qin and Han Dynasties, and both of them have become historical relics. Numerous palaces and pavilions, thousands of waterside pavilions and courtyards that Qin Huang and Han Wu had painstakingly built, have now gone up in smoke and turned to dust. Qin and Han dynasties, which once flourished, have all perished in the roar of the people, just like "all the palaces and palaces have been turned to dust". How much emotion was placed on the author between the lines.
On the third floor (the last four sentences), the chief writer deeply felt that no matter which dynasty in history, whether they flourished or fell, the common people always suffered. When a dynasty rises, it is bound to build large-scale buildings and build luxurious palaces, thus bringing great disasters to the people; When a dynasty perished, it was the people who suffered in the war. He pointed out that the rise and fall of dynasties brought disasters and sufferings to the people. This is a conclusion summarized by the author from the history of the rise and fall of emperors in previous dynasties. The three meanings are interlocking, the layers are deep, the thoughts are more and more open, the feelings are more and more intense, and they form an integrated whole. In the whole song, there are scenes in the Tibetan feelings, and the scenes blend.
The phrase "Prosperity makes the people suffer" points out that it is the people who suffer in the prosperity or death of a dynasty. The theme extracted by the author from the summary of history is extremely vivid and profound, and the questions raised are very important and sharp. It expresses the author's deep sympathy for the people and his great indignation at the feudal rulers. This ending is really a profound summary of the whole song, with a sharp tone and warning.
The summary of history in Tongguan Nostalgia clearly refers to the real life in the Yuan Dynasty: Nostalgia is actually hurting the present, and heaviness is actually a responsibility. This complex feeling can only be understood by combining the writer's life experience. Zhang Yanghao's special official career experience determines that there is a kind of thought in his Sanqu about nostalgia. In "Li Mountain Nostalgia", it is written that "if you win, you have done something; If you lose, you have done the soil. " "Luoyang Nostalgia" wrote that "work is not long; The name is not long. " In "Nostalgia of North Mangshan Mountain", it is written that "even a monarch should not be called; Even if it is a minister, it should not be called. " In these songs, Zhang Yanghao regards the number of winners and losers, the division of fame and fortune, and the occasion of life and death as indistinguishable, but only tells the story of wealth and impermanence and life is like a dream through ancient events. Only "Tongguan Nostalgia" reveals an irrefutable truth in feudal society with rare heaviness and profound vision: "Xing, the people suffer; Death, the people suffer. "
In terms of writing, the author adopts a layer-by-layer approach, from writing scenery to reminiscing about the past, and then arousing discussion, which perfectly combines the boundless scenery, deep emotions and elaborate discussion, making this poem have a strong appeal. Between the lines, there is a sense of historical vicissitudes and the times, which not only has the characteristics of nostalgic poems, but also has a unique depressed style.
From three aspects: the content of the work, other writers' nostalgia works, and other writers' nostalgia works at the same time, Mountain Sheep Tongguan is a rare and heavy work. About the author:
Zhang Yanghao (1269-1329), Han nationality, the word Ximeng, Trang Van, a native of Jinan, Shandong Province, was a famous Sanqu composer in Yuan Dynasty. He is good at both poetry and prose, and is famous for his Sanqu. Representative works include "Mountain Sheep Tongguan Nostalgia" and so on. Life:
Zhang Yanghao, born in Trang Van, Jinan (now Shandong), is the 23rd grandson of Zhang Jiugao, the younger brother of Zhang Jiuling, a famous Tang dynasty. Sanqu writers in yuan dynasty. A well-known teenager, he was recommended as Dongping Xuezheng at the age of 19. He has been an official of Tangyi County, Yin, a supervisor of the Imperial Academy, a bachelor of Hanlin, a minister of rites, and a member of the Senate for saving trouble in Chinese books. When he was in charge of supervising the imperial history, he was jealous of the powerful and was dismissed from office because he criticized the current politics. After the resumption of the official to the history of the Ministry of rites, it is convenient to participate in the Chinese book. Later, due to his father's old age and no one to take care of him, he resigned from his office in 1322, the second year of Yingzong reign, and he was repeatedly called away. In the second year of Emperor Wenzong's calendar (1329), there was a drought in Guanzhong, and he specially visited Taichung in Shaanxi Province to handle the disaster relief. Seeing that the hungry people were in great hardship and it was difficult to help, they cried for it, so they "scattered all their possessions" and "boarded the bus and took the road" (the biography of Yuan History), and soon they became ill from overwork. Most of his Sanqu are about rural seclusion after abandoning his official position. There are "three things advice" and "returning to the field". The collection of Sanqu includes "Clouds Living in a Comfortable Small Yuefu". Ming Zhu Quan's "Taihe Zhengyin Spectrum" called his music "like a well-proportioned tree".
Zhang Yanghao is honest and upright in his official position, and dares to speak out against him. In Tangyi county, he cared about the people, restrained the mighty, and helped the poor, and did a lot of good things. After worshipping the censor, he tried to correct greed and evil, recommended integrity, impeached powerful people, and recommended no enmity. "If you go in, you can argue with the emperor, and if you go out, you can tell with the minister" (Feng Xian Advice), just like Li Fengfa, "Where the Tao lies, you can live and die" (ibid.). His protege, Huang Cheng, said that he "tried his best to get rid of power traitors, but he did not regret several disasters" (Monument to the Ancestral Temple of Zhang Wenzhong, the Duke of Bin). Wu Zongshi, who was dismissed from office because he argued that the ministers should save trouble and disagreed with the powerful ministers; During the reign of Emperor Yingzong, he was put on a lantern in the Imperial Palace for Aoshan, and he was in danger. Zhang Yanghao, who has the ideal of "being a gentleman and benefiting the people", wanted to do something to benefit the country and the people. However, in the ruling group, "there are few people who are loyal to the country, and there are many people who are deceitful and self-reliant" (the biography of Yuan Shi). When he is embarrassed, he sometimes has the danger of his life, so he resigned from his post and retired. "Far from right and wrong, he is absolutely famous." At the age of 59.