China's poetry is an important genre, one is five words, the other is seven words, until the Qing Dynasty. The Book of Songs uses four words. Chu Ci is a Sao style, which was later classified as Fu, and fewer people directly wrote Chu Ci. Five-character poems appeared in the Han Dynasty. At the end of the Han Dynasty, a large number of literati began to write five-character poems.
0 1 Generation of Five-character Poems by Scholars in Han Dynasty
Five-character poems were produced in the Han Dynasty, and the earliest works were folk works. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Chu Ci was popular in the music world, and the authors were mostly emperors and nobles. Famous works include Song of the Wind by Liu Bang, Song of Autumn Wind by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Song of Zan Zi, Song of Zhu, Song of Princess Wusun by Liu Xijun, Queen of Jiangdu, and so on. The number of literati works is very small.
At that time, there were few four-character poems, only Wei Meng's satirical poems and repertory poems were all four-character poems. The Nineteen Chapters of Suburb Sacrifice Songs in Han Yuefu spread Sima Xiangru's works, all of which are four words, three words and miscellaneous words. Throughout the Western Han Dynasty, there were no five-character poems written by literati. The five-character poems handed down to Mei Cheng, Su Wu and Li Ling by later generations were actually written by later generations.
But there were five-character ballads and proverbs in the Western Han Dynasty. There is a nursery rhyme when he was emperor: "Evil roads defeat fertile fields, and rumors confuse good people." Gui Shuhua is not real. Huang Jue's nest is on it. So I am envied and pitied today. "
The whole article is a five-character sentence pattern. Some five-character ballads have been collected by Yuefu organs, and some are quite mature in art, such as "White-headed Song" and "Mulberry on the Stranger".
These works are gradually loved and valued by scholars, and some writers begin to imitate them to write five-character poems. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, five-character poems of literati appeared. The earliest extant five-character poem of literati is Ban Gu's epic poem.
Third, Wang Demi was thin, but later he used corporal punishment.
If Taicang makes you guilty, give it to Chang 'an.
I hate not having children. I'm trapped and I'm lonely.
The daughter complained to her father that the deceased could not be born.
When writing a book, miss the old songs, crows.
Trouble cracks, the morning wind stirs.
Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, a saint, feels his sadness and feelings.
One hundred people are not as good as one Ti Ying.
Later, Zhang Heng wrote "Simultaneous Songs", which poured out her feelings for her husband in the tone of a newly married woman. The works have deep feelings and rich folk songs, which shows that the skills of literati's five-character poems have made great progress. There are five-character poems such as Lin Yulang written by Xin Yannian and Dong Jiaorao written by Song Zihou. Yu Lin Lang obviously has traces of imitating Shang Mo Sang.
By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the creation of five-character poems by literati gradually increased. Especially in imperial academy at that time, scholars gathered in imperial academy and sang at the party, so the creation of five-character poems by scholars formed an atmosphere and produced many five-character poems.
The Author and Content of Nineteen Ancient Poems
At the end of Han Dynasty, the more successful five-character poems of literati included Qin Jia and Xu Shu's Q&A poems, Cai Yong's kingfisher poems, Li Yan's wisdom poems and Zhao Yi's dissolute poems. In addition, the anonymous works represented by Nineteen Ancient Poems have appeared, representing the highest achievement of literati's five-character poems in Han Dynasty.
Nineteen Ancient Poems first appeared in Selected Works of Xiao Tong in Liang Dynasty. Because we don't know their authors and exact ages, they are collectively called "ancient poems". Words and works that are not improvised, but similar in style. At that time, there were some such works, including 59 in the Liang Dynasty. What we can see now, in addition to this 19 song, there are more than 10 songs such as "Join hands on the river beam" and "Get married".
According to scholars' research, they came into being at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, several years before Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling. The authors were all lower-class literati at that time and were extremely disappointed with the reality. In their poems, people can no longer see the heroic enterprising spirit of the writers of the Western Han Dynasty, nor do they directly attack the reality. The main theme echoed in these works is the lament of life disappointment. They are generally strongly sentimental.
Many works directly express a feeling that life is short and life is like a letter, or advocate cherishing honor; Or advocate carpe diem; Or advocating cynicism, or expressing the desire to pursue wealth, reflects the author's different attitude towards life.
Paying so much attention to life and expressing life desire in such a naked way is unprecedented in Han Dynasty's works. This is a tortuous reflection of real suffering.
During this period, a large number of lower-class literati left their homes and ran around looking for jobs. Some works in Nineteen Ancient Poems describe their wandering sufferings and homesickness. Others show the loneliness and sadness of their wives at home and express their sadness and hatred. For example, picking hibiscus on the river, walking and walking again, lingering in the clouds and dusk, bidding farewell to Altair.
In addition, because many people have experienced life in reality, the world is cold, so there are some works that are difficult to meet and complain about friends' ruthlessness, such as "There are tall buildings in the northwest" and "The bright moon shines at night". In a word, they sang the author's depressed voice from different angles, reflecting the face of the era that exudes decadent atmosphere and can't find any hope.
03 The Artistic Achievements of Nineteen Ancient Poems
Nineteen ancient poems are all lyric poems. In "Wen Xin Diao Long", Liu Xie once praised the ancient poems at the end of the Han Dynasty represented by him as "the style is scattered, straight but not wild, tactfully attached, sad and sincere, the crown of five words".
As for lyricism, it inherits the traditions of The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, draws nutrition from Yuefu folk songs, expresses feelings skillfully in various ways, and creates simple, sincere and touching artistic masterpieces.
Sometimes, the author expresses his mind incisively and vividly, causing lingering twists and turns, such as crying; Sometimes, emotions are expressed through life plots and characters' actions, such as Picking Lotus in Shejiang:
Picking hibiscus by the river, Lanzeduo fragrant grass.
Who wants to leave, Philip Burkart.
Looking back at my hometown, it's a long way.
I am bent on leaving home and worried to death.
Through the environment and scenery to set off feelings, such as "Lin Lin Nian Yun Dusk":
The dusk is sad, and the dusk is sad.
The cool wind rate has been severe, and the wanderer is cold and naked.
Brocade left, and my robe clung to me.
I stayed alone for a long night and dreamed of seeing Rong Hui.
My hero only likes the ancient times, and it is beneficial to go to the Sui Dynasty.
May you always smile and drive home hand in hand.
It won't take long, and it's not too heavy.
How can you fly in the wind without the wings of the morning wind?
Look at comfort and lead distance.
Rely on sentimentality, crying and touching Shuang Ye.
On the use of metaphor, the works are far-reaching and far-reaching. For example, in "The Grass by the Green River":
Grass by the green river and willow in the dark garden.
Yingying is a woman upstairs with eyes as bright as windows.
E-E's pink makeup makes her hands delicate.
She used to be a housewife, but now she is a slut.
It's hard to stay in an empty bed without going home.
There are also a lot of comparisons in The Moon and the Night Light:
The bright moon shines that night, promoting the singing of the East Wall.
Yuheng refers to Meng Dong, and the stars are vivid.
Thousands of years of exposure to weeds, the season suddenly changes.
In the woods of Qiu Chan, this mysterious bird died peacefully.
Yesterday, I was a friend of the same family, holding high and shaking six purlins.
If you don't want to join hands, you will abandon me like a relic.
There is a fight between the north and the south, and the morning glory does not bear the yoke.
What's the use of not having a solid name?
The end of "Ran Ran gives birth to solitary bamboo":
I am like a wild bamboo in the wilderness, hoping to find a partner in the ravine.
When you got married, you went abroad, like Dodd, and I was still alone, without friends.
When dodder has its ups and downs, husband and wife should also keep pace with the times.
I married you thousands of miles away from home, just married, and you left me.
Acacia bitter years destroy old youth is limited, so I hope my husband's success can be rewarded as soon as possible.
I am a self-evident, pure and pure orchid, which is in bud and ready to be presented to you.
I'm afraid to collect when you don't come back, and the autumn rain will wither like autumn grass in the wind.
You keep noble sentiments and loyal love, then I will only wait for you.
It is also obviously the feeling that the plants and trees in Chu Ci are all soldiers and the beauty is dying.
The language of these poems is simple and natural, accurate and vivid, and the words used are close and far, which arouses people's association; The author carefully selects spoken language and common sayings and refines them into poems, and at the same time, he combines many words and expressions from The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, but people are unaware of them. The language of the work is simple and natural, yet elegant and vivid. The predecessors said that Nineteen Ancient Poems had the characteristics of "being deeply worried about superficial appearance, and feeling long for phrases".
The Status of Nineteen Ancient Poems
Five-character poems at the end of Han Dynasty, represented by Nineteen Ancient Poems, declared the maturity of literati five-character poems with outstanding achievements. Zhong Rong of Liang Dynasty once praised these works as "soft, beautiful, profound and soul-stirring, which can almost be described as a word of gold".
They directly opened the situation of "five words soaring" in the Jian 'an era and became a model for later poets to learn and imitate.