(1) Standing on the standpoint of the people of the whole country, exposing the invaders and capitulationism shows the characteristics of modern patriotism.
There are many patriotic poets in the history of China, such as Lu You, Xin Qiji and Wen Tianxiang in the Southern Song Dynasty, who have created a large number of patriotic poems. However, they were in ancient feudal society, and their patriotism was often closely linked with loyalty to the monarch, which reflected the characteristics of ancient patriotism.
However, patriotic poems during the Opium War showed great differences. Most authors are concerned with the territory of the country and the lives of the people, rather than safeguarding the interests of a family. Therefore, when it comes to foreign aggression and the surrender and compromise of rulers, poets attack them not from the perspective of imperial power and imperial industry, but from the standpoint of nation-state. For example, when Jing condemned the capitulationist officers in Zhu Zhi Ci in Renyin Xia Chronicle, he said: "How many people are afraid of barbarians' constant patrols and don't consider protecting the country and the whole people, but do you know how many people are dissatisfied with the official bag? "The unnamed Eighteen Rhymes of the Hundred Days of the Hundred Days of the Reform Movement of 1898 reveals that the bureaucrats who invite pets to seek glory say," I hope whoever knows how to cherish glory will throw away the national economy and people's livelihood. " Instead of "praising saints", many poets pointed their finger at the decision makers of the Qing court and the emperor himself. For example, Tan Ying's "Sense of Things" accused the ruler of stealing security, saying: "The gold coin was lost (Qi), and Yan Yun attacked the Khitan. The temple is diligent and far away, so it should not be stolen. "
When the poet exposed capitulationism, he didn't resent the ruler for signing the treaty of compensation for the loss of power and land, and betrayed the people's interests for Rong Lu, thus showing the characteristics of modern patriotism. For example, the unnamed "Jingkou Post Title Wall" pointed out: "Glory is partial to the soil, Hongyang turns to wealth ... The blood of Sergeant Li Shu's grease has become three sets of Dante." In "Re-feeling", together with Lu, he denounced the compensation for land ceded and harmed the interests of the country and the people: "Bows and arrows are different when approaching the border, and gold is the same as ancient and modern countries. How to sell more Lulongsai and lock the key in the southeast. " Some poets clearly realize that ceding land to imperialism at this time is very different from ceding land to the peoples in the border areas in history. For example, Mo Youzhi pointed out: "The farther you lie on the sofa, the more you can be crowned." (Two Feelings) This revelation also shows the characteristics of modern patriotism.
At this time, when describing soldiers' heroic fighting and expressing their patriotic passion, poets mostly stood on the standpoint of the country and the people, so they also showed this feature in terms. Truffles hanged in Shajiao said, "You are worried about your country with a sword, but when you are in danger, you still need soldiers." Materials are easy to get, and tears are donated alone. " (Chronicle) When Wang Zichun paid homage to the tomb of the martyrs, he expressed his patriotic pride and said, "A strong man needs to extend his wrist and never cares about his country. The seaside has become a land of benevolence, with 500 people in Tian Heng. " ("Thoughts on Reading Mansion Notes"). Lin Zexu, a national hero who banned smoking, was spurned by the capitulators and demoted by the emperor, but his patriotism and love for the people remained unchanged. In his poem, he said, "If the country lives or dies, don't avoid every cloud has a silver lining" ("Going to the garrison to show the family"). Zhang Yizu accused the Qing court of banishing Lin Zexu, saying: "Jiangdu set up a reward for Su Shi and threw troops at sea to mourn for Li Gang. Not far from the golden rooster under the pole, only worry about patriotism, first get pale "("Ten Poems History "). In a word, patriotic poems during the Opium War had little connection with "loyalty to the monarch", which could be exposed and praised from the standpoint of defending the interests of the country, the nation and the people, showing the characteristics of modern patriotic thought.
(2) Attach importance to the people's strength, emphasize the leading role of the broad masses of the people in the anti-aggression struggle, and show a new sense of the times.
Most of the ancient poets in China were literati, who had little contact with the broad masses of the people, did not have a deep understanding of the strength and essence of the people, and often blamed the rebellious people. Even in the poems of Du Fu, Bai Juyi and others, the people are mostly the objects of sympathy, and rarely show the enthusiasm and strength of patriotism and anti-aggression. However, it is different in the poems during the Opium War. In fact, the poet saw the strength and spirit of the people from the actual anti-aggression struggle, so he vigorously eulogized it.
In his poem Sanyuanli, Zhang Weiping not only described the deeds of the people in Sanyuanli, a suburb of Guangzhou, but also pointed out that "foreign soldiers only rely on guns, and people's hearts are in harmony." Zhu Qi pointed out more clearly in "Feelings": "Yesterday, I read foreign books, and my voice was ugly and contemptuous. Loyalty is in the people, and it is shameful to go astray. " He directly put forward the method of organizing the people to defeat the invaders: "The ancients admired Taiwan and the township group relied on it." In Feeling, Tao Liang praised the great role of Cantonese people in defending their homeland. He said, "It is rare for people from heaven to support them. ..... It's a waste of time to resign, and the first thing to do is to fight for the people. " Truffles, like Zhu Qi, advocate relying on the people to defeat the invaders. He clearly pointed out in "The Grand Purpose of Public Health and Management": "If a thief comes to gather my people again, he will lose his sincerity with gold and silk and protect his wife in the countryside, why worry!"
Poets often compare government troops with the people, ministers with loyal people and soldiers, and affirm the strength and determination of the people and patriotic soldiers through comparison. Tan Ying pointed out: "Originally, the soldiers were inferior to the people, and each family gave up the same choice for the country", "Those who slash and burn the land want to fight, who will bravely perform military duties every day", "Look at the mobilization of soldiers like rain, but not as good as Tian Jia" (heavy affection). Rural farmers were quoted as saying that the invaders were afraid that farmers were not afraid of the officers and men in the city saying, "Throw the river and try again and again, dare not violate the village and the border" ("Give Gong Lansheng Qi a photo"). Wei Yuan criticized the government's slander on the people in the past, and compared the difference between the people and the officials and the people, saying: "In the past, people were familiar with bandits, but today they look at officials and the people and foreigners" (Chapter 10 on the Sea). Chen Wentian wrote about the difference between officers and men in the army fighting against invaders, and pointed out that the generals fled when they got cold feet, and the soldiers fought bloody battles. They had to fail: "I have exhausted my official position to escape. How can a soldier wrapped in sores and blood get it?" ("Book Affairs") Beiqing Bridge reveals the reality that lower-level officials can still die for their country and serve their country, while upper-level generals can only steal security. He asked, "How to die for our country is just a lot of comfort!" From the description of these poems, we can see the poet's affirmation of the people, soldiers, lower-level officials and soldiers. It not only shows the poet's patriotic thought, but also reflects that their understanding of the broad masses of the people has been greatly improved compared with ancient poets, showing a new spirit of the times.
(3) The poet showed a profound sense of hardship in his narrative, feeling and narrative works, and expressed his patriotic feelings of sharing common enemy.
Poets during the Opium War were still born as literati, but they were more influenced by feudalism. However, in the case of increasingly serious foreign invasion and internal corruption in the late Qing Dynasty, influenced by Gong Zizhen's enlightenment thought, most of them were upright people with patriotism. Therefore, their poetry creation is very different from that of scholars in the past, who focused on expressing their personal feelings and their success in official career. They inherited the patriotic tradition of Lu You, Xin Qiji and others, and carried it forward. Therefore, their poetry embodies a deep sense of anxiety about the future of the country and the nation, which makes people infected after reading it.
When the British occupation of our dinghai war threatened to expand, Huang Xieqing wrote: "Who will break the enemy of Zeguo and the world will have fun dancing together?" "When will you win Loulan?" His "Huang Tiandang Nostalgia for the Past" also said: "From the ancient Chen Yong, I sobbed in the cold wave." All these show that the author is deeply worried about the country and the nation. In his poems condemning the rulers, Wei Yuan also expressed his "worry about the times": "The flag on the city is under the alliance, and the frenzy becomes the sound of ebb tide" (Chart Volume 10), "Tears flow in the dream, and the poems are full of historical feelings" (Chart Volume 10). Some poets expressed this sadness when mourning the fallen soldiers. Wang Dao: Describing the fall of Ningbo, he said, "The Tianshan Mountains have not lost the courage of the Huns, and the islands are empty and belong to the soldiers' souls" (Feeling of Time). Wang Youguang also expressed his concern for the country by describing patriotic soldiers: "Three years of sighing in the sea, one day of reclamation is only sorrow" ("Four Elegies of Chen Junmen"). Poets mourn historical sites or read history, and when they are in contact with current events, they also sigh and express their feelings. For example, truffles say, "Who was angry in the past could not bear to cry alone" (Jinling). Zhang Jiliang wrote: "The barren and rich land is full of blood. I smell the sword, and my grief and indignation are intermittent "(Dongyang County). When Li Xing boarded Guang Zhouta, he felt sad and expressed his patriotic worries. He said: "Gold and silver are full of vigor and evil spirits, and drums are scarce, so the lowlands are barren. The rest of the world, unknown, is boundless (zhenhai tower).
Some poets write about their personal feelings and express their strong grief and indignation. For example, the bamboo branch poem of Luo Tong in the Chronicle of Benevolence and Chivalry said, "At home, I cried and scratched my head several times." After the fall of Ezhou, Wang Shou wrote "A gift to Chen Zang's deep mountains and steep valleys": "There are only tears in my heart, and I am homeless when I look back at my hometown. Guanhe shakes down the three autumn geese, and the lake falls in August. In the place where the towel post plays the flute, it is unbearable to mourn the eggplant in the quiet night. "
Patriotic poets not only have a deep sense of hardship, but also have the determination to go to the national disaster and share hatred with the people. Therefore, the poem is full of lofty sentiments, and it is very encouraging to read. Lin Zexu, a national hero, was reprimanded, but he was concerned about serving the country. The poem "Two Rhymes Answering Sun Tzu Mao Depei" says: "The dream of Wan Li in Guanshan is still audible, and the drums in Jiangdong are still audible." Zhao Fan's "Feeling of Reading Banknotes in a Mansion" expresses his lofty sentiments of never giving in to the invaders: "If you have a will, you will never give in to the worries, and if you have a will, you will never give up." Lin Changyi directly expressed his loyalty in Qi Worry: "The sea dries up and the stones rot, and the heart dries up and the stones rot. People who are troubled often worry about others." "I admire Ximen Bao for bending his bow and shooting at the Ruhe River to save thousands of people." In Li Ciming's "Two Stories about the Taste of Drum", there is a poem to express his ambition by paying tribute to the loyal soul: "The Huns still exist, and the waves thunder at midnight." When Zhang Yizu denounced the capitulationists in Feeling, he expressed the aspiration of patriots including poets to protect their homes and kill the enemy, saying, "How many heroes don't want to drink Loulan's blood!" These poems are vigorous and powerful, reflecting the loyalty and resentment of patriotic poets and the broad masses of the people.
During the Opium War, poets wrote with pens to express their patriotic thoughts against aggression, but they were not satisfied with writing poems, and often regretted that they failed to join the army and serve the country, which further showed their patriotic feelings. They are not only poets, but also soldiers. After writing the poem An Yin, Beiqing Bridge said: "Chen Tao, An Hao, hates it, and the history of poetry is widely known." "If you teach poetry in Wutai, why don't the minister flee to Hainan?" He won the title of "History of Poetry" because he wrote a large group of poems, but he deeply regretted that he failed to kill the enemy. However, he said that if the emperor thought that his poems offended the rulers, he was willing to be demoted to Hainan history. His poems and personality represent a generation of poets during the Opium War, which makes people respect him.
Supplement: Zhang Jiliang alludes to "crazy life"
Zhang Jiliang put forward the "Poet with Benevolence". A poet with lofty ideals is based on his own personal experience, and he himself is a poet who is not tolerated by the dark society. In the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), he was selected as a scholar by Fujian and went to Beijing after Bagong. This is the first time he went to Beijing to take the palace exam, but he failed it. But one thing happened this year. After entering Beijing at that time, it was widely circulated all over the world. Although he didn't pass the exam, many people in the whole capital know this young poet from Fujian. Therefore, Zeng Gui, the envoy of Huaiyan and Huaihe River water transport at that time, called a banquet and invited him to attend. Zeng Gui was quite influential in Jiangnan generation. Zeng Gui himself can write poems and lyrics, and a group of people or a group of flatterers gather around him. Zeng Gui ordered a banquet. At that time, he was talking loudly, and there were a group of people kissing ass there. Once eating melon seeds, a melon seed shell stuck to his beard, and someone quickly tore it off and stuck it down. The person next to him didn't say anything. Zhang Jiliang smiled when he saw it. Then the next day, he wrote a letter to Zeng Gui. What he means is that you, as the salt messenger of Huaihe River, can't use moral education to teach those backward young people. As a result, you have trained a group of people who are ashamed and then humiliated, which really disappoints the world. He was so angry that he told all the nobles in court that it was a "crazy life" and the news spread. The whole thing was thought by Classical that Zhang Jiliang was a "crazy student" and even made an appointment. If someone presides over the exam, he won't take Zhang Jiliang. As a result, Zhang Jiliang took nine exams in ten years, and even Juren failed. He is just a scholar. It was not until the fifteenth year of Daoguang, 1835, when he was 38 years old, that he was admitted to Juren. Moreover, this time I was accepted by a juror by accident. His word Hengfu → Hengfu is "Fu", and he changed his name to Hengfu, which is "Fu". As a result, he went to the exam. When the examiner saw this piece of paper, he wondered if it was Zhang Jiliang's work. Later, the name was wrong and I was admitted. As a result, when he was admitted, it was really Zhang Jiliang. I can't speak, so I accidentally won the prize, and then I haven't been admitted to Jinshi. Therefore, he had a personal experience of the dark situation of corruption in the imperial court, but although he was rejected by dignitaries, he won the support of Lin Zexu, Huang Juezi, Xu Baoshan, Zhu Qi, Yao Ying, Tang Peng and others at that time. Some people admired Zhang Jiliang very much and thought that he had amazing talent. Moreover, when he was in financial difficulties, people like Sir Alex Wong and Xu Baoshan paid for his education.