Law, like law poetry, pays attention to adhering to the level of the law sentence.
Quatrain
[Tang] Du Fu
Two orioles sing green willows,
A line of egrets rose into the sky.
The window contains autumn snow in Xiling,
Mambo Wu Dong Wan Li Ship.
Jueju Songyang Wan Li
On the horizon, the green brocade loom, the green radish is full of moss.
This is a rich farmer, and the heavy snow has sold out all the fertilizers in the wheat field.
Quatrains are divided into five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains according to the number of words.
Four lines and five words of ancient poetry
(1) pucker-up type
Even, even, even.
(Ping) Ping, Ping, Ping.
Duhanjiang River
Li pin
Away from home, winter goes and spring comes, and I am eager to get news.
The closer I get to my hometown, the more timid I am, afraid to inquire about people from home.
On the other hand, the first sentence was changed to (taste) taste, and the rest remained unchanged.
(2) Horizontal lifting type
(Ping) Ping, Ping, Ping.
Even, even, even.
On hearing her play the harp
[Tang] Li Duan
Zheng Ming Jin Ping Mei, shining on a golden harp.
To attract the attention of the enemy, it is a mistake to pluck the strings.
In another type, the first sentence is changed to (ping) ping, ping, and the rest remains unchanged.
Four lines and five words of ancient poetry
Living as an outstanding person,
Death is also a ghost.
I still miss Xiang Yu,
Refuse to cross the river east.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.
(2) Horizontal lifting type
Ping (ping) ping, ping (ping) ping.
(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.
Examples of related poems are as follows:
Zaofa baidicheng
li po
Early in the morning, I bid farewell to Jiangling city, which is high into the sky, thousands of miles away, and the boat is only one day away.
On both sides of the Taiwan Strait, apes don't cry, and canoes have crossed the Chung Shan Man.
In the other type, the first sentence is changed to (ping) ping, and the rest remains unchanged.
Like metrical poems, the first sentence of a five-character quatrain does not rhyme, while the first sentence of a seven-character quatrain rhymes. Five-character quatrains are common in squatting, and seven-character quatrains are common in standing.
Like metrical poetry, metrical poetry must rhyme according to the rhyme part of the rhyme book. After the late Tang Dynasty, the first sentence was allowed to use adjacent rhymes.
Like metrical poetry, metrical poetry can also be in a specific format. For example:
Spend the night on Jiande River.
meng haoran
When my boat was sailing in the fog, the sun faded and old memories began to emerge.
The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon.
Drinking in the lake is clear after the rain.
[Song] Su Shi
The water is bright and sunny, and the mountains are cloudy and rainy.
If you want to compare the West Lake with the West Lake, it is always appropriate to go into battle lightly.
Just like rhyme, rhyme should avoid loneliness. The first word of the five-character "Pingping" is Pingsheng, so the third word must be Pingsheng; The third word of the seven words "Pingping Pingping" is Pingsheng, so the fifth word must be Pingsheng. For example:
Overnight temple
li po
The tall buildings of the temple on the mountain are really high, like a hundred feet. People upstairs are like a hand that can pick off the stars in the sky.
Dare not speak loudly for fear of scaring people.
Return young
[Tang] He
Young people leave home, old people return, and the local accent has not changed. When children meet strangers, they will smile and ask where the guests are from.
The word "no" and the word "guest" are awkward, so the word "and" is omitted.
In principle, quatrains need not be confronted. Five of the eight quatrains quoted above are unnecessary.
Now give two more examples:
A berth on the Qinhuai River
Du Mu
Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant.
Strong women in business don't know how to hate their country, but they still sing backyard flowers across the river.
Sediments (No.2)
On land
That night, the black geese flew very high, and Khan quietly escaped during the night.
I was about to lead the light cavalry to catch up when the snow fell full of bows and knives.
If antithesis is used, it is often used in the first couplet. One of the quatrains quoted above (Su Shi's "After Rain on Chuqing Drinking Lake") is a antithesis. Now let's give two more examples:
Eight sides fortress
[Tang] Du Fu
During the Three Kingdoms period, you made unparalleled achievements, and you gained a permanent reputation by invading.
This river won't divert the stones from your disposal, and you will always regret that you will destroy Wu's unwise.
Nanwu (second)
[Song] Su Shi
What are you afraid of? In the dock, more money is needed.
After all, who is the hero? Belly doesn't need a lamp to illuminate itself!
However, it is not uncommon to fight with the tail. Meng Haoran's Sleeping at Jiande, as quoted above, is the opposite.
It is not uncommon to use antithesis at the beginning and end, that is, the whole article uses antithesis. Wang Zhihuan's "In the Heron Villa" quoted above is contradictory throughout. Here are two more examples. One is that the first couplet is half wrong, and the other is that the whole article is completely antithetical:
Border songs
Li yi
Fu Bo just wanted to be buried, so why did he enter the customs?
Don't just send a reincarnation hole, but still leave an arrow to shoot the Tianshan Mountains.
Four quatrains (the third)
[Tang] Du Fu
"Two orioles sing green willows, and egrets cover the sky."
My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door often says "goodbye" to ships sailing eastward.
Some people say that "quatrains" are just four sentences in metrical poems. It is wrong to explain the origin of its name by this, but as far as antithesis is concerned, quatrains are really four sentences intercepted from metrical poems: or two sentences are not antithetical; Or intercept the second couplet, all with antithesis; Or intercept the first two couplets, and the first couplet does not need to be checked; Or after interception, the two links are combined into one, and the tail link does not need confrontation.
Ergujue
Since the ancient absolute is absolutely opposite to the law, it is not bound by the law and rhyme. This is a kind of classical poetry. Either of the following two situations should be regarded as ancient:
(1) rhymes; Controversial, many scholars and poets believe that the standard of law is to adhere to the law sentence, which has nothing to do with the level of rhyme. )
(2) The fluency of irregular sentences is sometimes non-sticky and incorrect. Of course, some ancient classics are both.
If you don't use the law, it can only be regarded as ancient. For example:
Night thoughts (two songs)
li po
The foot of my bed is shining so brightly. Is there frost already?
I looked up at the moon and looked down, feeling nostalgic.
The sentence of "doubt is" is flat and even, which is illegal, the sentence of "look up" is not sticky, and the sentence of "bow down" is wrong, so it is ancient.
Five-character ancient poems are common, but seven-character ancient poems are rare. Now we take Du Fu's two seven-character poems as an example:
Three quatrains (choose two)
[Tang] Du Fu
Twenty-one families went to Shu together, but only one left Luogu.
When they said that two women were biting their arms, they turned and cried to Qin Yun.
Although the soldiers and horses in front of the temple are Xiao Xiong, their longitudinal violence is slightly the same as that of Qiang and Xiongnu.
Above the Hanshui River, most of the loyalists are women.
The first sentence of "can only" is "flat and flat", and the first sentence of "talking to yourself" is "flat and flat"
Irregular sentences. The caudal joint and the cephalic joint are not sticky. The second sentence of "vertical violence" is "average" and the sentence of "women" is "average", both of which are illegal sentences. The sentence "in front of the temple" is incomplete.
Of course, the boundary between ancient and law is not very clear, because after the rise of legal poetry, even if you write ancient, it is impossible to be completely unaffected by legal sentences. Here, they are divided into two categories, just to show that quatrains can not be completely classified as classical poetry or modern poetry.
① According to the types of parallel prose, seven-character parallel prose equals five-character parallel prose, and seven-character parallel prose equals five-character parallel prose.
Five-character stand-up crosstalk is rare, and seven-character stand-up crosstalk is slightly less than stand-up crosstalk. (2) In addition to the level tone, there is a rare awkward sentence, namely (ping) and (ping); In addition to the seven words "Ping" and "Ping", there is also a rare phrase "Ping" and "Ping". It's the same as metrical poetry. Li Shangyin's "Leyou Tombs": "There is a shadow in my heart, and I drive up in Leyou Tombs" is such a situation. (3) parking, into the sound. Smoke, flat sound. 4-0, in sound. West, flat voice. (5) Fear, in voice. Jesus, calm down. ⑥ No, guest, tone in. He, all his life. All landowners look, the voice is flat.
Quatrain
Du Fu
Later that day, Jiang,
Spring breeze smells of flowers and plants.
Muddy swallows,
Sleeping mandarin ducks on the warm beach.
Precautions:
How beautiful the mountains and rivers are bathed in spring.
Spring breeze brings the fragrance of flowers and plants.
Flying swallows are busy building nests with wet mud in their mouths.
Beautiful Yuanyang sleeps on the beach and basks in the sun.
Evening: refers to spring.
Mud melting: Spring comes, frozen mud melts, wet and soft.
Yuanyang: A beautiful waterfowl, hermaphroditic birds often appear.
Appreciating this poem describes the beautiful and moving scenery in spring. The first sentence and the second sentence focus on the overall situation, with a broad vision, and describe the big environment of nature. The beginning of the poem highlights "Late Sunday", which dominates the whole article. It is precisely because of the arrival of spring that "flowers and plants are fragrant", "mud melting" and "warm sand" will appear. The last two sentences vividly describe two lovely animals, describe the dynamics of swallows and show the hustle and bustle of spring; The static state of Yuanyang appears carefree. Dynamic and static collocation, mutual interest. This poem is beautiful in artistic conception, fresh in style and natural and smooth.
The central idea of this poem captures the unique spring scenery such as sunshine, mountains and rivers, spring breeze, flowers and plants and their fragrance, swallows and mandarin ducks, mud melting and sand warmth, and depicts a beautiful and complicated spring scene for readers, expressing the poet's comfortable mood of staying in the thatched cottage after he ended his wandering life, and also expressing his joy at the vitality and prosperity of nature in early spring.
Quatrain
Zhinan
The shade of ancient wood is a short awning, and the stick thistle helps me cross the east of the bridge.
The clothes are wet and the apricot blossoms are raining, and the face is not cold.
Make an appreciative comment
The living condition of Zhinan is not verified, and it is not as healthy as the "Four Poets of Zhongxing" and "Mr. Er Quan" in the literary world at that time. But this little poem, with its delicate feelings and true description of early spring and February, recorded its name in the history of Song poetry.
Zhao Yu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, once wrote in the volume of Poems for Entertainment: "Monks can read poems in the south, and Zhu Wengong tasted and commented:' Southern poems are more beautiful than Gree, and there is no smell of vegetables and bamboo shoots. Like a cloud, "I want wet clothes, I want rain and apricot blossoms, and the willows are not cold." Give it deep love. Zhu's evaluation of his poems is based on whether there is a taste of bamboo shoots, which is actually one of the issues discussed in the poetry theory of the Song Dynasty. Su Shi said in "Giving Poems to Monks, Taoists and General Affairs": "The language has been foggy since ancient times, and the gas contains vegetables and bamboo shoots for the public." Note: "It means there is no sour stuffing." May be the first to put forward this proposition. He commented on a sentence by Si Kongtu in the Tang Dynasty: "The piano is quiet in the court, and the stone altar is high in shadow". He said: "I have tasted the Five Old Peaks, and I have been to the White Crane Yard, where the pine trees are everywhere. I didn't see anyone, but I heard its voice, and then I knew the function of this sentence. But I hate it cold and awkward. " (Shu Tu Shi) clearly shows this tendency. He opposed the poems of monks and the bamboo shoots of vegetables, which was also endorsed by many poets. For example, Ye Mengde's "Shi Lin Shi Hua" said: "There are many monks who study poetry in modern times, and they don't feel detached and complacent. They often copy the legacy of literati. I also made a monk's body with a particularly vulgar rhythm, which the world calls sour stuffing. " Investigating the connotation of bamboo shoots refers to the loneliness of feelings and the coldness of the realm. This is a state closely related to the life and spirit of monks, and it is a specific "wind flow under the forest", which seems to have its rationality. Therefore, in the previous episode, Hu Zai's "Tiaoxi Fishing Hidden in Conghua" quoted Xiqing's poem as saying: "Dongpo monk poems should be free of bamboo shoots, and poets should take them. If you misunderstand this time, you will make it a language in the world network. I don't know whether the family style and the weather under the forest by the water are indispensable. If you wash away the rhyme and make it the same as the custom, what is enough! " Yuan Haowen put it more bluntly in the Preface to Mu 'an's Poems: "The poems of monks are different from poets because they are covered with bamboo shoots." Indeed, if we admit that life is the only source of all literature and art, then why not admit that bamboo shoots can best reflect the living conditions of poets and monks? In fact, what Su Shi scholars say is to incorporate all poetry creation into the aesthetic taste and standards of literati and obliterate its due uniqueness. This is even inconsistent with Su Shi's thought of pursuing diversity, which is often expressed in his poetics. Therefore, we would rather understand it as his momentary remarks, because from some of his specific works, there are many "bamboo shoots". Returning to the poem "Guide", Zhu praised it for not smelling like bamboo shoots, and said it from the standpoint of a scholar. This shows that Zhinan is an all-rounder in poetry creation, and monks can write good poems with or without bamboo shoots.
Taohuajiang
[Tang] Zhang Xu
The faint flying bridge is separated by wild smoke, and the stone alum asks the fishing boat on the west bank.
Peach blossoms follow the water all day long, and the mouth of the peach garden is by the stream?
Precautions:
1, overpass: Gao Qiao.
2. Rock: A pile of rocks exposed in the river.
3. Cave: refers to the cave mouth found by Wuling fishermen in Taohuayuan.
Rhyme translation:
I vaguely saw a long bridge, blocked by violent smoke;
On the west coast of Shiyu, I asked for a fishing boat.
Peach blossoms float endlessly with the running water all day long;
Which section of Qingxi is the entrance to Peach Blossom Garden?
Comments:
? This is a landscape poem written by borrowing the artistic conception of Tao Qian Peach Blossom Garden. Poetry is written in the distance, and the valley is deep and secluded.
Stay away from trance, misty, and its environment is like a fairy. Then zoom in, write peach blossoms and flowing water, the fishing boat is light and wide, and ask the fisherman,
Looking for taoyuan. The poem is graceful in conception, picturesque in artistic conception, affectionate in scenery and profound in interest. Hengtang judges comment: "Four sentences.
Worth an article "Peach Blossom Spring". "That makes sense.
Quatrain
Du Fu
Birds on the river wall are too white,
These mountains are blue and white.
I watched it again this spring,
When is the year of reunification?
[translation]
The white spirit with clear water and waterfowl is whiter.
The green peaks set off the flowers as red as a burning fire.
Spring has passed again this year.
I don't know when the day of going home is.
The meaning of words
More than: more than.
Desire: I think so.
Burning: burning.
Guo: In the past.
H: what?
[opinion]
This poem, with its bright colors and fresh and pleasant scenery, contrasts the poet's strong desire to go home and expresses.
I feel that the author has lived in a foreign country for a long time.
[Appreciation] This poem was written by Du Fu after he entered Shu, expressing his feelings of living in a foreign land. "The birds in the river are white, and the mountains are blue and white." This is a landscape painting embedded in a frame. The paper is full of ink, and the painting is colorful and has a fascinating charm. You see, the blue waves are rippling all over the river, revealing white water birds, skimming over the river, what a pleasant scenery! All over the mountains and plains are green, blooming everywhere and extremely red. It's like burning a fire, how brilliant it is! White bird feathers are lined with river walls, and blue and white set each other off; Green hills are lined with red flowers, and green and red compete. The word "Guo" makes the waterfowl whiter and whiter with the blue sediment of the river, and writes deeply and picturesque; And a word "desire" endows the flower with anthropomorphic dynamics and swaying. There are four poetic images of rivers, mountains, flowers and birds, which are depicted in four colors: green, green, red and white. The scene is fresh and pleasing to the eye. However, the poet's will is not here, and then, the pen path turns sharply and sighs.
"I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return?" The word "read through" in the sentence refers directly to the season of writing poetry. The scenery in late spring and early summer is not beautiful, but it is a pity that the years have passed and the return date is far away, which not only does not arouse the interest of playing, but evokes the sadness of wandering.
The artistic feature of this poem is to write sadness with joy. Only by saying that spring is harmonious can we compare the poet's eagerness to return home. It does not reveal homesickness directly from the scenery, but compares the poet's deep homesickness with the difference between objective scenery and subjective feelings.
Quatrain
Don du fu
"Two orioles sing green willows, and egrets cover the sky."
My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door often says "goodbye" to ships sailing eastward.
appreciate
Poetry, with its vibrant natural beauty, seems to create a fresh and relaxed atmosphere. In these two sentences, the poet implicitly described this beautiful scenery from different angles. Cui is new green, which is the color when everything recovers and germinates in early spring. With "singing", the cry of orioles seems to give people a crisp and pleasant feeling. In early spring, pairs of orioles sing on the budding willow branches. What a happy life! While the oriole singing on the willow is still vitality, the next sentence describes the vitality of nature with more obvious dynamics: Wan Li is clear and egrets fly in this fresh sky, which is not only a kind of freedom and comfort, but also an upward struggle, implying the beauty of the word "Shang". These two sentences, with "yellow" lining "Cui" and "white" lining "Qing", are bright in color and full of vitality in early spring. The first two sentences also describe the crow of the oriole, and describe this vibrant and colorful image of early spring from the visual and auditory perspectives respectively. This colorful technique adds vitality. Furthermore, the first sentence is about an oriole crying on a willow, and the last sentence is about an egret flying into the sky. The space between them is much wider, from bottom to top, from near to far, so that the vitality that the poet can see and feel fills the whole environment, thus showing the prosperity of early spring from another angle.
The third sentence "The window contains snow in Xiling". Looking from the window, you can see the snow in Xishan because of the clear sky and sunny days in early spring. But I think it's not satisfactory. Can you understand it better? As pointed out in the last two sentences, it was early spring at that time, and the autumn snow in winter was about to melt, giving people a moist feeling. There is a word "containing" between "window" and "snow" in this sentence, which makes the moisture moisten the frozen window lattice in winter when the first snow melts, making it worse. And "Xiling" might as well be understood as the poet's thinking of Xiling when he saw the snow melting in front of the thatched cottage, thinking of the long-term snow on Xiling Mountain and then replacing the snow seen on the window with the snow on Xiling Mountain for thousands of years. But why did the poet use this poem "A Thousand Autumn Snow" to replace the residual snow on the window last year? The poet's years of neglect have broadened his artistic conception. Above, I have briefly described Du Fu's writing of this poem. At that time, Du Fu had drifted away from the imperial court for many years, but suddenly he had an effective opportunity.