Four Big Tune: The Four Big Tune of Ming Dynasty is the collective name of Haiyan Tune, Yuyao Tune, Kunshan Tune and Yiyang Tune of Nanqu system in Ming Dynasty. Xu Wei made relevant records about the distribution areas of the four major tunes in his "Nanci Xulu" published in the 38th year of Jiajing reign. It can be seen that the four major tunes had been formed before Jiajing and were widely sung in the Jiangnan area. Kunshan tune was revitalized after the decline of Haiyan tune. The revitalization of Kunshan tune actually relied on the power of Shuimo tune. The tune is euphemistic, delicate, fluent and long. By the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, it had become "a song from all over the world that must be from the Wu sect". Yiyang tune was competed among other tunes in the Ming Dynasty. It has been popular among the people and has strong vitality. Especially in the late Ming Dynasty, it became more popular among the audience. From relying on Kunqu opera repertoire to "change the tune and sing it", to independently creating repertoire, it gradually became more and more popular with the audience. Kunshan dialect is divided into different groups.
Siliu (parallel sentence): Siliu is a parallel sentence, a popular nickname for parallel prose. Parallel sentences, that is, parallel couplets, that is, antithetical sentences. Two horses riding side by side are called parallel horses, and two people riding side by side are called couples, which means they are facing each other. In ancient times, the guards of honor in the palace faced each other in pairs, so parallel couples were also called duels. Couple sentences are mainly used to form upper and lower couplets with the same number of words. The words in the upper and lower couplets are relative to each other and the oblique and oblique lines are relative to each other. Articles written in this form of four or six sentences were called "four or six" in the late Tang Dynasty, followed by the Song and Ming Dynasties, and were renamed parallel style in the Qing Dynasty. This standardized and metrical style, which mainly consists of couplets, exists in opposition to free-form prose, showing obvious differences in form, mood and style.
Explanation of terms in the history of ancient Chinese literature
Jian'an style: In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Jian'an poets directly inherited the realist spirit of Han Yuefu folk songs, truly and extensively reflecting social reality and people's suffering, showing a broad It depicts the life scenes of the times; it expresses the writer's ideals and ambitions to make achievements and his enterprising spirit; it also reveals the sadness and resentment that life is short and ambitions are hard to achieve. The artistic conception of the work is grand and the writing style is clear, forming a strong, deep, generous and sad style. Later generations called this unique style of Jian'an poetry "Jian'an style". Wind refers to the ideological content of the work, and bone refers to the artistic form of the work. Representative writers include "Sancao", "Qizi", Cai Yan, etc.
Zhengshi literature: During the Zhengshi period, metaphysics emerged and metaphysics became the mainstream in the ideological world. This had a direct and far-reaching impact on the literati and literature of the Wei and Jin dynasties. The most representative writer is " "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove".
The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove: The hermits of the Zhengshi period, referring to Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Shan Tao, Wang Rong, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, and Ruan Xian. They spoke far-fetched words, were willful and free-spirited, drank alcohol and took medicine, and became quite famous as soon as they entered the society. The seven sages also had different political attitudes and ways of life. Among them, Ruan Ji and Ji Kang had the highest moral and literary achievements.
Taikang Literature: Taikang was a prosperous period for literature in the Western Jin Dynasty. At this time, the situation was stable, and literati had time and energy to devote to literary creation and research. Because the society was well-off, literati often forgot about themselves and praised virtues. Therefore, the formalist style of writing has become increasingly serious, pursuing the beauty of the form of literary works, and the creative achievements are not very high. The literati are self-taught in pursuing the artistic expression of the works. Therefore, the literary trend of this period tends to be flashy, the poems are more refined, and the literary works are more refined. Advocating parallel couples and beautiful words have become common features of poetry. The writers who represent this mainstream style are Pan Yue and Lu Ji.
Xuanyan Poetry: When the Jin Dynasty moved to the south, the gentry and literati indulged in pleasure and became more depressed. The trend of self-indulgence in metaphysics became increasingly strong. The content was mainly about the metaphysics of Lao and Zhuang, and a few also talked about Buddhism. The expression of reason is abstract and mysterious in expression, and it is tasteless. There is almost no artistry at all. The Xuanyan poets of the Eastern Jin Dynasty include Sun Chuo, Xu Xun, etc. (The most representative writers are: Liu Kun and Guo Pu)
Zuo Sifengli: Although Zuo Sifeng’s poems are not many, they are rich in content and unique in style. They are unique in the Taikang poetry circle and become Taikang , and even the most accomplished poet in the Xipu period, Zhong Rong believed that his poem "Ode to History" was a "five-character warning policy" and highly praised "Zuo Sifeng".
Palace style poetry: produced in the court of the Liang and Chen dynasties, mostly describing women and the court’s hedonistic life. The style is gorgeous and extravagant, pursuing form and carving, with a weak style, plain content, and narrow subject matter. Pushing formalist poetic style to its extreme. The representative figures are Xiao Gang, Xiao Yi, Xu Ling and his son, etc.
Yongming style: also known as new style poetry, is a concept proposed from the height of poetry's rhythm. It refers to the transitional stage between five-character poetry from ancient poetry with relatively free rhythm to modern poetry with strict rhythm. Its theoretical support This is the Yongming sound law theory. It appeared in the Qi Yongming Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty. Zhou Yong made contributions to phonology, standardizing the natural tones of Chinese speech. Shen Yue directly applied the research results of this phonology to poetry, and put forward the requirement of consciously using rhythm to write poems, "Within one simple sentence, The pronunciation and rhyme are very different, and the emphasis in the two sentences is completely different." Poets consciously applied the rhyme theory to poetry creation, resulting in this new poetry style. The rhythm of poetry and the contrast of verses are combined to form "Yongming Style". The most outstanding "Yongming style" poet is Xie Tiao.
Xu Yu style: Since Xu Huao, Xu Ling and his son, Yu Jianwu and Yu Xin were all famous for writing erotic poems, people called this formal erotic style of poetry "Xu Slim Style".
Three Talents in the North: From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Northern Qi Dynasty, several more orthodox poetry writers appeared in the Northern Dynasty. They imitated the poetry creation of the Southern Dynasty. Although their level was limited and difficult to compare with the Southern Dynasty, it marked the Northern Dynasty. Literature began to recover, which also took the first step towards the integration of northern and southern literature. The more famous among them are Wen Zisheng, Xing Shao and Wei Shou. Known as the Three Talents of the North.
Strange novels: mostly refer to surrealistic stories about gods and ghosts. They were produced in large numbers during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and were related to the prevalence of religious superstition at that time. It is the need of ordinary people to express their ideal wishes. They express their resistance and pursuit of ideals through bold fantasies and twists and turns. The content of ghost novels is to promote superstitious ideas and talk about ghosts, gods, gods, and Taoism. Most of the ghost novels use unrealistic story themes, show a strong romantic color, and are relatively simple in art. The representative work is Qian Bao's "Sou Shen Ji".
Anecdotal novels: Anecdotal novels that mainly record anecdotes about characters were popular in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. This has a lot to do with the social custom of criticizing people and advocating simplicity since the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The relatively complete one that survives today is Liu Yiqing's "Shishuo Xinyu"
"Sou Shen Ji": "Sou Shen Ji" is the most accomplished novel among the supernatural novels in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The author is Qian Bao. The original 30 volumes are now 20 volumes. Although the work contains many contents about gods, Taoism, ghosts and ghosts, the stories come from a wide range of sources, and many excellent folk tales and myths and legends are preserved, which have broad social significance.
"Shishuoxinyu": Liu Yiqing's "Shishuoxinyu" is a pioneer of anecdotal novels. It mainly records intellectuals in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Therefore, Lu Xun called it "a novel about famous people". textbook". It had a great influence on later novels and essays. Later works that imitated "Shi" include: Tang Wang Fangqing's "Xu Shi Shuo Xin Yu", Song Wang Can's "Tang Yu Lin", Ming He Junliang's "He Shi Yu Lin", Qing Wang Huo's "Xin Shi Shuo", etc.
Landscape poetry: truly takes natural landscapes as independent, objective aesthetic and descriptive objects. Landscape poetry's detailed description of natural scenery has laid a solid foundation for the development of Yongming's new style poetry and later landscape poetry. The representative writer is ‘Xie Lingyun’.
The Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty: The Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty are Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, and King Luo Bin. In terms of literary opinions, the four outstanding figures all tried their best to oppose the flashy and elegant style, and advocated the expression of true feelings. Qi Liang's criticism of Liang's style of writing was particularly self-conscious. The poems and essays of the Four Masters have greatly expanded in content, moving from the palace to the market, from the pavilions to the mountains and deserts. The subject matter has expanded, the thoughts have become serious, and the five-character and eight-sentence rhythmic poem form has also been initially finalized. Their poems are full of strong enthusiasm and fantasy, resentment and complaints. They not only reflect the atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty that Qi and Liang did not have, but also have majestic momentum, grand artistic conception, powerful rhythm, clear language, full of personality, and strong but not It is empty, it is strong but can be moisturized, it can be carved but not broken, and it can be strengthened by pressing it. The four heroes made indispensable contributions to ending Qi Ran's literary style and opening up the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The Ten Talents of Dali: refers to the ten poets in the Dali period of the Mid-Tang Dynasty, namely Li Duan, Lu Lun, Ji Zhongfu, Han Hong, Qian Qi, Sikong Shu, Miao Fa, Cui Dong and Geng Jin and Xiahou Shen, in the early years of the Dali calendar, he participated in important singing activities in Chang'an, and his creative tendencies and poetic styles were similar. Among them, Qian Qi, Lu Lun and Dai Shulun achieved the highest achievements. The creative content of Dali poets is relatively poor, and the poetic style is mainly characterized by beauty, emptiness, simplicity and delicacy. Compared with the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it has changed from grandeur to elegance, from heavy momentum to heavy charm, and the art appears more sophisticated.
Eight Notes of Yongzhou: Liu Zongyuan’s Eight Notes of Yongzhou is a travel note, which describes the wonderful and moving parts of the landscape, and reproduces the natural beauty of the landscape in a vivid and vivid way. He has outstanding artistic originality, is good at capturing the main features of scenery, and is good at using dynamic and still techniques and a large number of metaphors and personification techniques. His travel notes show the scenic landscapes of Yongzhou in a gallery style. (Write the name of the travel notes again)
Huajian Ci: During the Five Dynasties and the Later Shu Dynasty, Wei Wei Shaoqing Zhao Chongzuo compiled the poems of eighteen poets of the late Tang and Five Dynasties, including Wen Tingyun and Wei Zhuang, into the "Huajian Collection". This is the earliest collection of literati poetry in my country, hence the name of the Huajian Ci School. Its core content is related to entertainment and entertainment, private relationships between men and women, and its style is gorgeous and graceful, which had a direct and profound impact on Song poetry.
Wen Wei: Wen Tingyun was the first person to become famous as a poet in the history of Chinese literature, with poems about palace resentment and boudoir as the main theme. Wei Zhuang was another accomplished poet in the late Tang Dynasty. The two have the same name and are called "Wen Wei".
An explanation of important terms in ancient literature
Pre-Qin and Han literature
1. Myth: Myth is an image description and explanation of natural phenomena and social life made by ancient ancestors through fantasy in an unconscious artistic way. It uses illusory imagination to express the ancestors' strong desire and optimism to conquer and defeat nature. , The spirit of heroism is the unconscious positive romantic artistic creation of early mankind. It is an important style of primitive literature and an important soil and arsenal for later generations of literature and art.
2． "The Classic of Mountains and Seas": an ancient geographical work related to witchcraft. The author is unknown. It was written around the Warring States Period and was supplemented during the Qin and Han Dynasties. ***18 volumes, mainly recording legendary geographical knowledge, as well as folk customs, products, medicine, witchcraft, sacrifices, etc., especially preserving a large number of ancient myths and legends, such as Jingwei Reclamation, Kuafu Zhuri, Huangdi The Killing of Chi You, Gun Yu's Flood Control, etc. are the ancient books with the most preserved myths in the pre-Qin Dynasty in my country and have important literary value.
3． Three Hundred Poems: The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs was not called "The Book of Songs" in the pre-Qin period, but was called "Poems" or "Three Hundred Poems", as is the case in The Analects of Confucius when it quoted "Poems" to comment on "Poems". There are 305 poems in the Book of Songs. The whole number is an integer, so it is called "Three Hundred Poems". It became an official school in the early Western Han Dynasty and was revered as a classic. It was first called "The Book of Songs" and later generations also called it "Three Hundred Poems".
4. The six meanings of poetry: the collective name of Feng, Ya, Song, Fu, Bi and Xing. Feng, Ya, and Song are the three components of the Book of Songs, and they are also the classification of the Book of Songs based on differences in region and music. Feng is also called Guofeng, which is a song with the local characteristics of various princes and countries. Ya is a song from the Kyoto area of ??the Zhou Dynasty, divided into Daya and Xiaoya. Songs are songs used during sacrifices or major ceremonies in royal ancestral temples. They are divided into three types: Zhou Song, Lu Song and Shang Song. Fu Bixing: three artistic expression techniques commonly used in The Book of Songs. Fu refers to the method of laying out a straightforward narrative. Comparison means metaphor or comparison. Xing means to stir things up by mentioning other things first to trigger the words to be chanted.
5. Four Poems: refers to the poems of the four poets who taught the Book of Songs in the early Han Dynasty: Yuan Gu from Qi, Shen Pei from Lu, Han Ying from Yan, and Mao Chang from Zhao. The first three families of "Jinwen Shi" were established as academic officials in the Western Han Dynasty, and died in the Three Kingdoms, Western Jin Dynasty and Song Dynasty respectively. "Mao Shi" belongs to "ancient poetry". It was established as an academic official in the Eastern Han Dynasty. "Erya" was mostly used for exegesis. In fact, many copies of "Zuo Zhuan" have been handed down to this day.
6. Ode to Fengya: It is the three components of the Book of Songs, and is also a classification of the Book of Songs based on differences in region and music. Wind is also called national style, which is music and song with the local characteristics of various princes and countries. There are 15 national styles in total, with 160 pieces, most of which are folk songs, and a few are works of aristocrats. Ya is a song from the Kyoto area of ??the Zhou Dynasty, divided into Daya and Xiaoya. There are 31 poems in Daya, many dynasty banquets, and 74 poems in Xiaoya, many personal expressions of emotion. There are also some folk songs in Yashi. Songs are songs used during sacrifices or major ceremonies in royal ancestral temples. They are divided into three types: Zhou Song, Lu Song, and Shang Song, with a total of 40 chapters.
7. Fu Bixing: Fu Bixing is the iconic artistic method of "The Book of Songs". Simply put, a fu is a direct narration of the poet's emotions or quoted objects; a comparison is a metaphor; It may or may not be relevant. Fu Bixing later became a basic technique for Chinese poetry creation.
8. Si Wuxie: The original sentence comes from the last chapter of "The Book of Songs·Lu Song·Ji". The general ideological tendency used by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period to evaluate the Book of Songs. "Three hundred poems can be summed up in one sentence, saying: Thoughts are innocent." ("The Analects of Confucius: Weizheng") The so-called "innocence" means "returning to righteousness", which is the pure meaning of the ideological content of "The Book of Songs".
9． Jinwen Sanjia's poems: "Spring and Autumn" is too short and has obscure meaning, so some works explaining it have appeared. It is said to be "Zuo Zhuan" written by Zuo Qiuming, a Lu native in the Spring and Autumn Period, "Gong Yang Zhuan" written by Gong Yanggao, a Qi native in the Warring States Period, and "Gu Liang Zhuan" written by Gu Liangchi, a Lu native in the Warring States Period. "Gong" and "Gu" elaborate on the "subtle meaning" of "Spring and Autumn", while "Zuo Zhuan" narrates history based on historical facts.
10． Mao Biography Zheng Jian: The annotations written by Mao Heng and Mao Chang for the Book of Songs in the Han Dynasty are called "Mao Shi Gu Xun Biography", referred to as "Mao Shi". Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty also wrote notes for "Mao's Poems", called "Mao's Poems Biography Notes", referred to as "Zheng Notes".
11. Modern and Ancient Texts "Shangshu": During the Han Dynasty, "Shangshu" began to be divided into modern and ancient texts. Chao Cuo, Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty, compiled 28 chapters of "Shang Shu" based on Fu Sheng's memorization. They were written in the official script popular in the Han Dynasty and were called "Jin Wen Shangshu". During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, another manuscript written in the ancient characters of the Warring States Period was found in the wall of a cave in Qufu, called the "Guwen Shangshu". It has 16 more chapters than the "Jinwen Shangshu". This book was lost due to war at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the "Gu Wen Shangshu" presented by Mei Zhen, the Nei Shi of Yuzhang, was verified by scholars since the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties to be a forgery.
2. "Spring and Autumn": This is the general name for the history books of various countries during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The "Spring and Autumn Annals" we have now is a chronicle of the State of Lu, starting from the first year of Lu Yin's reign to the fourteenth year of Duke Ai of Lu. The records in "Spring and Autumn" are extremely concise and reflect a distinct ideological tendency in the records. "Spring and Autumn" uses one word for praise and criticism and has a subtle and subtle style, which has a great influence on the prose of later generations. P.60
3. "Guoyu": It is a history book recorded by country. It was written around the early years of the Warring States Period. It is generally believed to be written by Zuo Qiuming in the late Spring and Autumn Period. It is mainly about narratives. , so it is called "Guoyu". The book respects etiquette and virtue; it respects gods and the people. P.60
4. "Zuo Zhuan": formerly known as "Zuo Shi Chun Qiu", it is an independent chronicle history book, written around the early Warring States period. The records in "Zuo Zhuan" begin in the first year of Lu Yin and end in the 27th year of Lu Aigong. In addition, the appendix also contains the historical facts of the Han, Wei, and Zhao families' destruction of the Zhi family from the fourth to the fourteenth year of Lu Daogong. P.64
5. "Warring States Policy": It is a compilation of historical materials from the Warring States period. In the late Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled a group of books and got thirty-three articles, which were divided into twelve national policies according to the country. It is called "Warring States Policy". The book mainly records the words and deeds of the advisers and counselors at that time. P.73
12. The Three Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period: "Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan" are collectively called. "Gongyang Zhuan" was written by Gong Yanggao from Qi during the Warring States Period, and was written by Gongyang Shou and his disciple Hu Wusheng during the reign of Emperor Jing of the Later Han Dynasty; "Gu Liang Zhuan" was written by Gu Liangchi from Lu during the Warring States Period, and was written by his descendants during the Han Dynasty Certainly. Both biographies focus on elaborating the subtle meaning of the Spring and Autumn Annals; the Zuo Zhuan focuses on supplementing historical facts and has higher literary value.
13． Confucius and Mencius: the collective name of Confucius and Mencius. Confucius is the founder of the Confucian school and is known as the "Sage" by later generations. The Analects of Confucius is a quotation-style work mainly recording Confucius' words and deeds. Mencius was an important representative of Confucianism in the middle of the Warring States Period, and was known as the "Lesser Sage" in later generations. "Mencius" is a quotation-style prose mainly recording Mencius' words and deeds.
14. Laozi and Zhuangzi: the collective name of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Laozi is the founder of the Taoist school, and "Laozi" is the record and development of his thoughts by later Taoists. Zhuangzi was a representative of Taoism in the middle period of the Warring States Period, and "Zhuangzi" is a collection of his and later scholars' works.
15. Knowing people and discussing the world: Knowing people and discussing the world is a method of reading poetry proposed by Mencius, which later became one of the basic methods of literary criticism in my country. It means that to correctly understand the work, one should understand the author's life and times in order to avoid subjective assumptions.
6. "The Analects": It is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. This book was written around the early years of the Warring States Period and was compiled by Confucius's disciples and later scholars. In the Han Dynasty, three different versions of the Analects of Confucius of Lu, the Analects of Confucius of Qi and the ancient Chinese Analects appeared. The Analects we see today is based on Lu's Analects, with reference to Qi's Analects and the ancient Chinese Analects. It includes twenty chapters such as "Xue Er" and "Wei Zheng". P.87
7. The aura of awe-inspiring people: This is the method of moral cultivation proposed by Mencius. Mencius attached great importance to moral cultivation. He also said: "I am good at cultivating my aura of awe-inspiring people." The so-called aura of awe-inspiring people is obtained through the accumulation of "righteousness". Cultivating, it is "the most powerful and strong", "filled between heaven and earth", manifesting as a lofty and fearless spiritual realm and psychological state. P. 99-100
16. "Han Feizi": A collection of political philosophy essays written by Han Feizi, a representative figure of Legalism at the end of the Warring States Period. There are 55 chapters in existence today, and a few chapters were added by later generations. His book integrates and develops the theories of his predecessors and establishes a totalitarian legal doctrine system that is based on law and integrates law, technique and power. Most of his articles are reasoning articles, with strict logic, thorough analysis, profound clarity, sharp rhetoric, and steep style. He is good at analysis, analogy, induction and summary, and is good at using historical stories and fables to illustrate things.
17． Chu Ci: has three meanings: first, it refers to a new poetic style that appeared in the Chu region during the Warring States Period; second, it refers to the works written by the Warring States and Han people in this new poetic style; third, it refers to the compilation of the above works by the Han people Together they form a collection of works. Representative writers include Qu Yuan and Song Yu. "Li Sao", "Nine Songs", "Nine Chapters", "Nine Debates", etc. are representative works.
18. Feng Sao: The joint name of "Book of Songs" and "Chu Ci" is based on the important work "Guo Feng" in "The Book of Songs" and the important work "Li Sao" in "Chu Ci". It is simply called "Feng Sao". "Guofeng" is an outstanding representative work and the initiating work of realism in ancient my country, and "Li Sao" is the representative work and initiating work of positive romanticism in ancient my country. These two works created two excellent traditions in ancient Chinese literature and have long been models for future generations to learn from.
19. Qu Song: The collective name of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, the pre-Qin Chu Ci writers. Qu Yuan was the founder of Chu Ci. Song Yu was slightly later than Qu Yuan. He was also famous for Chu Ci and made important contributions to the formation and development of Fu. Later generations were collectively known as Qu and Song.
20. "Nine Songs": It is a set of sacrificial songs composed by Qu Yuan based on the popular sacrificial songs among the Chu people. It has eleven chapters. The gods worshiped are divided into three categories: gods of heaven, gods of earth, and humans and ghosts. The gods include Donghuang Taiyi, Dongjun, Yunzhongjun, Da Siming and Xiao Siming. The five related lyrics mostly express admiration and praise for the gods, and are written in a solemn and solemn way. There are only Xiang Jun, Xiang Lady, He Bo, and Mountain Ghost. The four related poems are all love songs. They use the description of the love life of gods to express human beings' praise of pure love. Most of them are fresh and sad, and they are vague and affectionate. . There is only one article written about human ghosts, "National Memorial", which is a warm tribute to the soldiers who died in the Great Patriotic War. It is passionate, tragic, strong and simple.
21. "Tianwen": Qu Yuan's long poem second only to "Li Sao". It raises more than 170 questions in a row in the form of cross-examination, covering astronomy and geography, myths and legends, ancient history rumors, social politics, personal life, etc. It shows the poet's rich imagination and extensive knowledge, and shows the poet's bold suspicion, The spirit of having the courage to criticize old ideas and the courage to explore the truth. The whole poem is mainly composed of four characters, with four sentences and one section. The whole poem uses rhetorical questions. It is uneven and rounded, and is considered to be an "unique poem through the ages".
22. Zhuzibaijia: refers to the various academic factions that emerged during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and represented the interests of different classes and strata. At that time, various factions wrote books, recruited apprentices, taught students, promoted their own ideas, and argued with each other, forming a situation where a hundred schools of thought were contending. According to the records of "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", the main schools of thought include Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yang, Fa, Ming, Mohism, Zongheng, Nong, Za, and Novel. The four schools of thought with greater influence are Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, and Fa. Family, especially Confucianism and Mohism are the most prominent schools.
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