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Memorization of common sentence patterns in classical Chinese
First of all, the verdict
(1) According to the "Zhe ... Ye" table
"Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also."
(2) At the end of the sentence, use the "this also" table to judge.
"Xu Gong in the north of the city is also the beauty of Qi."
(3) Judging by "zhe" table
"Four people, Lu, Changle Wang's father, Yu's father, your father, An Shangchun's father."
(4) Use the verb "for" or the word "yes" to express judgment.
Connect the subject and predicate with "Wei" to express judgment. For example, Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is Cao Cao's future trouble.
"Managing money for the world is not for profit."
"You ask what this world is, and I don't know if there are any Han people, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties." "The giant will die, partial in the far county ..."
"After traveling together for twelve years, I didn't know Mulan was a girl." "You are a big family."
(5) Use adverbs such as "namely", "nai", "then", "all", "this", "sincerity" and "element" to express positive judgment, and at the same time strengthen the tone, and use "no" to express negative judgment.
I'm in a hurry today. It's the autumn of my service.
This is a crucial autumn. Liang Jiang is the fragrance of Chu River. This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
"Chen Ben was dressed in cloth." "You are a good bitch." "I want fish and bear's paw."
Students tend to ignore negative judgments, so pay special attention. For example:
If it weren't for me, I know I don't know the happiness of fish? You are not me, how do you know that I don't know the happiness of fish? )
To a non-literary painter.
(6) Unmarked judgment sentences.
Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly.
For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs)
There are no modal particles, which are completely reflected by word order. For example, this man is a genius.
Pay attention.
The word "yes" before the predicate in a general judgment sentence is not a judgment sentence, but a demonstrative pronoun and the subject of the judgment sentence. However, the word "Shi" in some judgment sentences does not always indicate judgment. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese before Qin Dynasty, but more used as a judgment word after Han Dynasty.
Second, passive sentences
The so-called passivity means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior indicated by the verb, not the active and implementer. In classical Chinese, the subject of a passive sentence is the passivity and patient of the behavior expressed by the predicate verb, not the initiative and agent. There are two main types of passive sentences in ancient Chinese: one is marked passive sentences, which are expressed by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called ideational passive sentences.
(1) There are four main passive sentence patterns in ancient Chinese:
(1) uses "Yu" to express the passive relationship. The initiator of the preposition "Yu" leads to the behavior. "Yu" after the verb takes the form of "verb+Yu+initiator". For example:
Wang Jian is a bird of Qin. (Wang Jian of Qi State was captured alive by Qin State. Birds, catching)
The word "Yu" in the sentence is used after the verb "bird", which leads to the active person "Qin", which means passive. "Yu" can be translated as "Bei" This passive sentence has two conditions: First, the subject "Wang Jian" is the subject. Second, there is a verb "Yu" in the sentence.
(2) Use "look" to express the passive relationship. Use "Jian" before the verb or "Yu" after the verb to express initiative. Its form is "see+verb" or "see+verb+Yu+initiative".
Although you want to be strong, you will never be seen. Although I want to say more, I may not understand it.
The word "Jian" in the sentence is used before the verb "Cha", which means passive, "Seeing Cha", that is, "being observed".
I'm afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao. I'm sorry you cheated me.
(3) Use "Wei" to express the passive relationship. "Wei" is placed in front of the verb to lead to the initiator of the behavior, and its form is "Wei+initiator+verb" or "Wei+initiator+verb". For example:
(1) If you go back on your word, I die and my wife is killed, which is not good for you. If you betray what he said, I will die and my wife and children will be killed, which is not good for you.
The hut was damaged by the autumn wind.
(4) The passive relationship is characterized by "acceptance", "existence" and "acceptance … being". Its form is "Bei (shou)+verb" or "Bei (shou)+verb+Yu+initiative". For example:
(1) Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander, can you complain?
"Bei" is used before verbs to indicate passivity.
(2) I can't give the whole land of Wu, hundreds of thousands of people, to the people.
[Analysis] The number of sentence patterns such as "subject to ………" is very small.
(2) There is no sign.
This situation refers to passive sentences without passive verbs. For example, "Jingzhou people attach symbols to force soldiers to take advantage of the situation." (Zi Tongzhi Jian) Here, "forced by military intelligence" means "forced by military intelligence".
Note: "Jian" has a special usage, which is very similar to the passive form of "Jian", such as "Ji Junshi or seeing anger." The word "see" here is not passive, but a polite way to show how to treat yourself before verbs, such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese.
Third, the prepositional object
(1) In negative sentences, the pronoun object often comes first.
Negative sentences are sentences containing negative words such as "no", "no", "no" and "mo". In this kind of sentences, pronouns are often placed before verbs when they are used as objects. For example:
I didn't cheat. I didn't cheat. (2) Anyone who compares himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi should be dismissed as a man.
(3) Storytelling: "When I was three years old, I was willing to take care of you." "Don't care about me" should be understood as "Don't care about me".
[Analysis] ① The pronouns "er" and "I" in the sentence are the objects of the verbs "cheat" and "worry" respectively. Because both clauses are negative, "er" and "I" are placed before "cheat" and "worry" respectively, and after the negative word "nothing". (2) The word "zhi" in the sentence, a pronoun, refers to the expression of self-comparison, which is used as the object of the verb "Xu" in negative sentences, before "Xu" and after the negative adverb "Mo".
From the above examples, it can be concluded that the preposition of the object pronoun in the negative sentence must meet two conditions: first, the object must be a pronoun; Second, the whole sentence must be negative, that is, there must be negative adverbs such as "bu, Wei, Wu (nothing)" or indefinite pronouns's "Mo". Pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words.
If the object is not a pronoun, even if it is a negative sentence, the format of prepositional object is not used. For example:
A gentleman was not seriously injured.
(2) The drums are not exhausted.
(3) The ladies-in-waiting are all about the king, and the court ministers are not afraid of the king.
[Analysis] These three sentences are all negative sentences, because the objects "Ermao" (gray-haired old man), "Drumming" and "Wang" are nouns, not pronouns, so they cannot be prepositions.
(2) The object of pronoun.
The characteristic of this kind of prepositional object is that the pronoun "yes" or "zhi" should be used after the object and "yes" or "zhi" should also be placed before the verb. For example:
(1) Live every day for every month, and take soil. (The sun, the moon, shines on the earth)
(2) The death of the king was not compassionate, and ministers were worried. Our monarch (King) has no sympathy for his exile, but he is worried about our minister.
3 Grasp the national capital, with the Quartet as the dimension. (mastering the state power depends on you to maintain the world)
[Analysis] ① The word "Xiatu" in the sentence is the object of the verb "Mao". In order to emphasize the object, the object is placed in front of the verb "Mao", and the pronoun "Shi" is inserted between the antecedent object and the verb "Mao", indicating a compound reference. "Wu" in the sentence is the object of "T-shirt". With the help of the pronoun "zhi", the object is referred to and advanced again. (3) The phrase "Sifang is Wei" means "Wei (protection) Sifang", and the pronoun "Shi" is used to refer to the object as a prepositional object.
When using this preposition object format, you can also add "Wei (Wei)" before the object to form the format of "Wei (Wei)" or "Wei (Wei) ... is ...", which more obviously emphasizes the role of the object. For example:
(4) since the introduction of the teacher, the enemy is the only one.
In and out of money, I'm only interested in profit.
6. Parents only worry about their own illness.
[Analysis] "Seeking the enemy only" means "seeking the enemy"; "mercenary" means "looking at profits"; "Worrying only about his illness" means "worrying about his illness". With "Wei's format ... is ..." and "Wei ... is ...", the object plays a more prominent role in the sentence. Modern Chinese idioms absorbed from ancient times include "obeying orders" and "mercenary", which is the reservation of this grammatical format.
(3) Pronouns and prepositions in interrogative sentences.
"banquet at the hongmen gate": "Liang asked,' what is your majesty doing here?' "
(4) Preposition object
"Yueyang Tower": "Guess! Who is Weiss? "
(5) When locative words and temporal words are used as objects, they are sometimes prepositioned.
"Ye Wennan sits." (historical records. Xiang Yu's book)
Verb (abbreviation for verb) verb inversion
In order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject. This is only because of the need of language expression.
For example, "It's a pity that you don't like it!" "("Yu Gong Yi Shan ") In addition, there are some special phenomena, such as attributives placed after the head words and quantifiers to modify nouns placed after nouns.
1, hey! If Yanzi's family is poor! ("Yanzi Chunqiu? Yanzi resigned as a daughter ")
2, sad, the world is also! ("Workers' Overseas Chinese Offering Piano")
Sixth, adverbial postposition
Adverbials in modern Chinese are placed before predicates, and if they are placed after predicates, they are complements. But in classical Chinese, the elements in complement are often understood by adverbials.
For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight against Hebei and ministers fight against Henan." "Playing Henan" means "playing (in) Henan" and should be understood as "playing Henan". Popularization of knitting: "Covering with the palm" means "covering with the palm" and should be understood as "covering (crickets) with the palm".
The most common form of adverbial postposition is prepositional structure postposition. In modern Chinese, prepositional structure is often placed before verbs as adverbials, while in ancient Chinese, prepositional structure is often placed after complements. For example:
Green comes from blue, and green is blue. (Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning")
Put two stones on the pool. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Ji)
A gentleman is knowledgeable, but he can help himself. (Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning")
Before I was born, I studied Tao before I was born, so I learned from Tao. (Han Yu, Shi Shuo)
Alliance altar, sacrifice to the captain. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family")
Seven, attributive postposition
Attributive modifies and restricts nouns, usually before the head word. This word order is consistent from ancient times to the present. In classical Chinese, in addition, it can be placed after the head word. Although the attributive postposition is not listed separately in the examination syllabus, it often appears in the examination questions, so it is also an important aspect of mastering classical Chinese sentence patterns.
(1) Add the word "zhe" between the head word and the postposition attribute, and then end with the word "zhe" to form the format of "head word+zhi+attribute+zhe". For example:
(1) so set the essence of Xie Zhuang youth attack and a letter to it.
2 lines, the kind of beauty. Grain is a good crop.
(2) Add the word "zhi" between the head word and the postposition attribute to form the format of "head word+zhi+attribute", indicating the postposition of the attribute. For example:
(1) Earthworms don't have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. They eat earthworms and drink them.
(2) The color of cloud carving has a wonderful metaphor for painters and flowers, but it is not surprising for brocade craftsmen. Xia Yun paints more colors than clever painters; Plants decorate flowers, not by magical embroiderers)
(3) The attribute is placed after the head word and ends with the word "zhe" to form the format of "head word+attribute+zhe". For example:
Asking for help can make people report to Qin. Its old friend tasted it and the servant cultivator heard it.
(4) Add the word "er" between the head word and the postposition attribute, and then end with the word "zhe" to form the format of "head word+er+attribute+zhe". For example:
Fourth, the poor in the world have no complaints. (2) How many people did the gentry lose?
(5) As an attribute, quantifiers are often placed after the head word.
Compared with Chen, he rode six or seven hundred cars, rode more than one thousand, and killed tens of thousands of people.
Eight, interrogative sentences
In interrogative sentences in classical Chinese, there are generally interrogative words, including interrogative pronouns (who, what, who, therefore, an, Yan, who, etc. ), interrogative modal particles (Hu, Zhu, Zai, Yi, Ye, etc. ) and interrogative adverbs (qi, du, qi, etc. Sometimes you don't need interrogative words. In addition, there are some idioms to express rhetorical questions.
example sentence
"Did Ann do drugs again?" (How can I hate it? )
"Do you know how to shoot?" Do you also know archery? )
"Why do people?" (Who is it? )
"Does Master Xi come to see you from time to time?" Why don't you come to see us often? )
"But when will you be happy?" But when can we be happy? )
Nine, ellipsis
(1) Omit the subject. The conditions of ellipsis are: the province of connecting the past with the future, the province of receiving guests, the province of dialogue and general ellipsis. Both ancient Chinese and modern Chinese have ellipsis, but the subject ellipsis in ancient Chinese is much more complicated than that in modern Chinese. For example:
(1) Chu people eat, Wu people and it. () Run, () Eat, and run after. (Chu people cooked the meal, and Wu people caught up. The Chu people ran away, and the Wu people ate their food and ran away with them.
(2) There are different snakes in Yongzhou. (Snakes) are black and white, () touch vegetation, () die, () bite, and () are unprepared. However, if you get the bait, you can have strong winds, spasms, fistulas and boils. ...
(2) omit the predicate. Predicate is the most important component in a sentence, which can not be omitted in general, but it can also be omitted in dialogue or without misunderstanding, especially verb predicate. For example:
High spirits, then (drum) and decline, three () and fatigue.
[Analysis] This sentence is a continuation of the last province. The predicate of the first sentence omits the verb predicate "drum" of the last two sentences.
Sometimes the omitted verb predicate or predicate part (including the object) needs to be supplemented according to the specific language environment, that is, referring to the context, in order to understand it accurately. For example:
Sacrifice jade and silk, dare to add, will believe. ..... small prison, although not observed, must be with love ().
"Faith" and "love" in the example sentences are all prepositional adverbials, and the active words "Gao" and "Lun" are omitted respectively.
(3) Preposition structure in ancient Chinese can sometimes omit prepositions. It is common to omit the prepositions "Yu" and "Yi". For example:
(1) If it doesn't work, put it at the foot of the mountain.
(2) A king is by the wall and puts it on the seat. Father was attacked by a jade bucket, put it on the ground and smashed it when he drew his sword.
The generals fought in Hebei and the ministers fought in Henan.
[Analysis] The word "under the mountain" in the sentence is a noun indicating the place, and the preposition "Yu" is omitted in front of it. (2) The words "left" and "land" in the sentence are the words indicating the place, and the preposition "Yu" is omitted in front of it. This omission of "Yu" is very common in ancient Chinese.
(4) omit the prefix.
The head word is a word modified by an attributive adverbial in a phrase. In conventional sentences, the head word cannot be replaced by the attributive adverbial. However, there is a phenomenon of omitting the head word in ancient Chinese. Therefore, when reading classical Chinese, we have to pay attention to avoid obstacles in understanding. For example:
(1) the palace, all as one.
(2) Therefore, crossing the Luzhou River in May is ridiculous.
[Resolution] In the sentence (1), "palace officials" and "officials in the prime minister's house" are omitted, which is actually an attribute rather than a head word. The word "barren" in the sentence is "barren land", that is, a place where no vegetation grows.
(5) Ellipsis of the verb object
Take Xiang Rugong as a great achievement, and worship () as Shangqing. "(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
(6) Omission of prepositional objects
The man said everything and heard everything.
Ten, common classical Chinese fixed format
Fixed format is also called fixed structure, or solidified structure. Its grammatical feature is that some words with different parts of speech are condensed together and fixed into a syntactic format to express a new grammatical meaning, which is used from generation to generation, established and unchanged for a long time.
Good ... is almost equivalent to "isn't it?"
Why ... is equivalent to "Why ..."? "
See … is equivalent to a passive sentence.
Taking ... is equivalent to "taking" ... (as) ... "
For example, what is equivalent to "what should I do ..."
Just ... is an unintentional "yes", which plays the role of object in advance; Wei refers to the uniqueness of an object.
Not ... Ning ... is equivalent to "not ..."
According to the type of expression, there are four types:
The first type: commonly used sentences are: you (with ... used), you (not ... used), you (with ...), you (with ...), you (with ...), and you (with ...).
Second, the commonly used interrogative tone includes: what to do, what to do, such as ... Hugh (how to do ...), what to do ... Yes (I'm afraid so ...) and so on.
The third type: the commonly used sigh tone is: He (how), Yi He (how, how), He ... (how ... so) and so on.
Fourth, common rhetorical expressions are: nothing is ... almost (I'm afraid, I'm afraid), not too ... almost (isn't it), nothing is ... almost (don't ...), which is the same, which is the same (as ...).