2. Classical Chinese, letters of literary common sense, the first book of letters: Zhongshu, the official title of the Southern Dynasties.
The second book, Letters, is a style of Bai. So we know that "Thank you for writing this book in Chinese" is a letter written by Tao Hongjing to Xie Zhongshu.
Books are letters, and ancient books are also called "letters" or "miscellaneous books to Du Fu", which is an applied style. However, China's applied style has never rejected the aesthetic literary attribute, especially the integration of letters, and China's ancient lyric prose began with letters. The combination of practicality and aesthetics of letters is perfect.
Letters of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties focus on practicality, and most scholars have no intention of writing them as aesthetic works. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, in the writings of some literati, the practical function of letters was obviously weakened and the aesthetic expression was strengthened day by day. Some letters are intentionally written as pure literary works (see the preface to China's Letters Literature History by Zhan).
Chi language has many literary functions, such as Sima Qian's letter to Ren 'an and Lin Juemin's letter to his wife. You can also write landscapes, such as Wu Jun's "A Book with Song and Yuan Dynasties"; You can write personal events and feelings, such as Ji Kang's Breaking Up with the Mountain Giant, you can also talk about literature, such as Cao Pi's With the Book of Wu, you can also talk about politics, such as Ouyang Xiu's Taking Official Books from the Crossing, and you can also pay respects to dignitaries and encourage them to learn later, thus forming a unique book. Like other styles, Ju Chi also pays attention to the layout of articles and the quality of words.
In addition, letters are not always marked with the word "book", such as Su Shi's Yuzidi and Answering Qin Taixu.
3. General knowledge of China's ancient literature in the senior high school entrance examination: Introduction to China Literature (clue) 1. The historical stages of ancient literature in China and the main literary styles in ancient times (1); Myths and Legends (2) Pre-Qin Period: Prose (Historical Prose, hundred schools of thought's Essays) (3) Han Dynasty: Historical Prose of Yuefu Folk Songs (4) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Poetry, etc. (5) Tang Dynasty: Poetry (6) Song Dynasty: Ci (7) Yuan Dynasty: Qu (8) Ming and Qing Dynasties: Novel, Second, Ancient Times.
(2) The main contents of ancient myths are as follows: a, explaining natural phenomena: the goddess fills the sky, Nu Wa creates man, and Pangu opens the sky; B, reflecting the struggle between human beings and nature: Gun Yu controls water, then Yi shoots at the sun, and Jing Wei fills the sea; C, reflecting the social struggle: the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou; 3. Main works recording ancient myths: The Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Yijing and Chunqiu.
Six Classics, also known as Six Arts, is added after Five Classics (Music). "Four Books" refers to the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, the University and the Doctrine of the Mean.
B. historical prose. Zuo zhuan, warring states policy and mandarin.
Sanqiu in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Zhuan, Gu Liang Zhuan and Ram Zhuan. C. essays of a hundred schools of thought contend.
The famous ones are: ①. Laozi, Li Er, founder of Taoist school and author of Tao Te Ching. (2) Confucius' famous mound, the word Zhong Ni.
He is the founder of Confucianism. The Analects of Confucius is a book in which Confucius disciples record the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. ③ Mozi Ming Zhai (dí), the founder of Mohism.
Mozi 53 articles. 4. Meng Zi's name is Yu Zi.
The successor of Confucian school. Mencius is a book in which Mencius students record Mencius' words and deeds.
More help, less help; Born in sorrow, died in happiness; Bao Zhuang met Mencius; Fish is what I want. ⑤. Zhuangzi, named Zhou, was a Taoist priest during the Warring States Period.
Write Zhuangzi. 6. Xunzi, a Confucian during the Warring States Period, wrote 32 Xunzi articles. 6. Legalist Han Feizi.
Everything is wrong. Bian Que meets Cai Huangong, Five Mistakes, Naoko Doubts Neighbors.
⑧ Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lu Lan, is a collective creation of Prime Minister Qin and his disciples. Check in.
⑨。 Li Si's representative work is the essay "The Order of Expelling Guests". D. Pre-Qin poetry. Book of Songs.
The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems, with 305 pieces in total, which are divided into three categories: style, elegance and ode. Wind is a folk song, elegance is a music song, and ode is a sacrifice song. The performance of The Book of Songs is Bi Xing Fu.
Comparison is metaphor, not comparison with other things. Xing, say something else first, in order to cause words, fu, straight.
(2) Songs of the South. Liu Xiang, a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, edited the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a book, and named it Chu Ci.
Qu Yuan (before 340? -Top 277? Ping Ming, a great patriotic poet in China, was a left disciple in Chu State, such as Dr. San Lv. His representative works include Li Sao, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters.
Fourth, the Han Dynasty: Yuefu folk songs historical prose A. Han Dynasty prose 1 Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng in the world. Also known as Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu.
The author of the ten-volume New Book. "On Qin" and "On Accumulation and Sparse Storage" are his representative works.
② Sima Qian, with a long word, was a great historian and writer. The book "Historical Records" pioneered the "biographical style", which is divided into biographies, aristocratic families, biographies, famous watches and books.
Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "A historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme". (3) Ban Gu's Hanshu and Liu Xiang's Warring States Policy are both famous in history.
B. Yuefu folk songs and fu. Music, folk music; Government, official office. Yuefu was originally a poem collected by the music authorities in the Han Dynasty. Peacock Flying Southeast is the peak of Yuefu narrative development in Han Dynasty.
It was first seen in the New Yutai Fu compiled by Xu Ling in the Southern Dynasties. Fu is a synthesis of China's ancient poetry and prose. Sima Xiangru's son Xu Fu and Shang Fulin.
Jia Yi's ode to Qu Yuan is very famous. V. Literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 1. Poetry of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ① "Three Caos". "Three Caos" are Cao Shi's father and son Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi.
Cao Cao's view of the sea, Cao Pi's vast journey, Cao Zhi's famous white horse and Luo Shenfu are all famous. ② "Jian 'an Seven Sons".
Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Liu are really "seven sages of bamboo forest". Ruan Ji, Ji Kang,,, Xiang Xiu, (4) Tao Yuanming, whose real name is Qian, has a bright personality and is known as Mr. Jingjie in the world.
Peach Blossom Garden, returning home, returning to the garden and drinking are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. ⑤ Besides, Zhuge Liang's Model, Ye Fan's History of the Later Han Dynasty, Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms, Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long and Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics all go down in history.
2. Novels of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. (1) Mysterious novels are represented by Gan Bao's Search for Ji Shen.
Mo Xie. ② Anecdotal novels are represented by Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu.
Zhou Chu. 6. Tang literature 1. Four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo.
Wang Bo's Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan and Preface to Wang Tengting are both famous. ② Poet Li Bai, poet Du Fu and people's poet Bai Juyi.
Li Bai, whose word is too white, is called a violet layman. Li Bai is a great romantic poet. His representative works include Entering Wine, Difficult Road to Shu, Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu, Song of Autumn Pu, Poem on a Quiet Night, Gift to Wang Lun, etc. Li Taibai's collection.
Du Fu, also known as Du Gongbu, was a great realistic poet. His representative works include Three Officials (Tongguan Officer, Shihao Officer and Xin 'an Officer), Three Farewells (Homelessness, Resignation and Wedding), Northern Expedition, Military Vehicle Shop, Cottage Broken by Autumn Wind, etc.
Bai Juyi, the word Lotte, is a famous Buddhist in Xiangshan. Bai Taifu and Bai Juyi, who are known as the White Xiangshan Mountain, advocate that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written".
Famous works "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Travel". ③ Landscape poets Wang Wei and Meng Haoran.
Wang is a great poet and a famous "painter and musician"; People say that he "has pictures in his poems and poems in his paintings". His representative works include Embattled, Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains and so on.
Meng Haoran is a close friend of Wang Wei, and his famous work is Passing the Old People's Village. (4) "Frontier poets" Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan.
Gao Shi's Xing, Cen (cén) Shen (shēn), Wang Changling's "A Delivery from the Furong Building" in Wang Zhi.
4. Summary of junior middle school Chinese and literature knowledge 1, Lu Xun (1881-kloc-0/936), formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
He is a great modern writer, thinker and revolutionary in China and the founder of modern proletarian culture in China. 19 18 published Diary of a Madman, famous short stories Scream and Wandering, prose collection Morning Flowers, prose poetry collection Weeds, prose collection Justice Collection, Two Hearts Collection and Three Leisure Collection in May.
"Flowers at Morning" is a collection of essays written by Lu Xun in February 1926, with *** 10. "Hometown" is selected from the novel collection "Scream"; The text of "From Herb Garden to San Tan Yin Yue" is selected from "Morning Flowers"; The text "Snow" is selected from "Weeds" (Volume 2 of the Complete Works of Lu Xun); The True Story of Ah Q is a masterpiece in the history of modern literature.
2. Hu Shi (189 1- 1962), formerly known as Hu Hongcong, was born in Jixi, Anhui Province, and was a modern writer, scholar and educator. Is one of the founders of modern culture in China.
He is the author of Hu Cun, Outline of China's Philosophy History, History of Vernacular Literature, Collected Works of Hu Shi, Collected Works of Hu Shi, etc. 3. Guo Moruo (1892- 1978) was originally named Guo Kaizhen, but Mo is a pseudonym.
People from Leshan, Sichuan. Modern poet, playwright, historian, archaeologist, ancient writer and social activist.
The main literary works are Goddess, Starry Sky and Cai Wenji. The Market in the Sky and Silent Night are selected from the complete works of Guo Moruo.
4. Ba Jin: Born in 1904, formerly known as Li Yaotang, born in Chengdu, Sichuan. The main representative works are the novel Death and Riptide trilogy Home, Spring and Autumn, the love trilogy Fog, Rain, Electricity and short, medium and long novels.
Two short essays are selected from Dragon, Tiger and Dog. 5. Liu Zongyuan (773-819) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty, and one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Word thickness. His ancestral home was Hedong (now Yongji, Shaanxi Province), and later he moved to Chang 'an (now xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), which was called Liuhe East in history.
Because of the official to Liuzhou secretariat, also known as Liu Liuzhou. He advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty with Han Yu and called it Liu Han.
Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life, and his achievements were greater than poems. His "Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States" is a masterpiece of seven laws in the Tang Dynasty, and the quatrains "Jiang Xue" are also rare among the quatrains in the Tang Dynasty.
"Little Stone Pond" is selected from "Liuhe East Collection". 6. Su Shi was a writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty in China.
Zi yue Zhan, no Dongpo lay man. A native of Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) in the Song Dynasty.
His father, Su Xun, and his younger brother, Su Zhe, are both famous writers in ancient times, and they are called "Su San" in the world. His masterpieces include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, and he is also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji.
7. Shi, a native of Dingxiang, Shanxi, 1923, is a Mongolian poet of July School. Published poetry in 194 1, and published poetry anthology Colorful Life, Motherland, In front of Motherland, Love and Song, etc. 8. Steven Zweig (188 1- 1942), a famous Austrian geographical writer and critic, is good at describing personal experiences and passions under strange fate.
He won the Nobel Prize in Literature and is recognized as one of the most outstanding novelists in the world. His representative works include The Mystery of Success, Twenty-four Hours in a Woman's Life, Three Writers and so on.
Lev tolstoy is selected from three writers. 9. Helen Keller (1880- 1968), an American woman writer and educator, has written My Life, out of the dark and Teacher.
10, The Book of Songs is China's first poetry collection. The 305 poems it has preserved are about 500-600 years from BC 1 1 century (early Western Zhou Dynasty) to the 7th century BC (mid-Spring and Autumn Period).
Originally, they were all music songs. According to different music arrangements, they were divided into three categories: wind, elegance and ode. In terms of composition, it has the characteristics of chapter and sentence, showing off and chanting, and generally adopts the techniques of "Fu", "Bi" and "Xing".
1 1. The Warring States Policy is a historical document in the pre-Qin period, with miscellaneous notes about the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties and the States of Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Six Kingdoms, it lasted about 240 years (460-220 BC).
There are other titles in this book, such as national affairs, national policies, stories, phrases, long books and revised books. The original author's name can't be tested, and it was edited by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty, named "Warring States Policy", which is still in use today. 12, the debate is selected from Zuo Zhuan, which is said to be a chronological history book compiled by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period based on the historical materials of Lu.
13, Zou Ji's satire can be taught. Let's start with The Warring States Policy, where "satire" means satire and "teachable" means persuasion and acceptance. 14, One Mountain in Gong Yu is an allegorical literary work. In Liezi Tang Wen, there is a figure comparable to Gong Yu. The name is ironic.
15, Guan Yu is selected from The Book of Songs. Nan Zhou is the first article in The Book of Songs. The sword armor is selected from The Book of Songs Qin Feng, which, like Guanju, belongs to the Han style of The Book of Songs. In this category, apart from the ode to elegance and harmony, there are mainly local ballads with the highest ideological significance and artistic achievements. 16, Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo Chunqiu Zhuan or Zuo Chunqiu, is a chronicle of the political, economic, military, diplomatic and cultural aspects of the vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Records of the Historian and Records of the Arts and Literature of Han Dynasty are all considered to be used by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu State, and some economists in Qing Dynasty think that it was adapted by Liu Xin. People nearby believe that it was compiled by people in the early Warring States period according to the historical materials of various vassal States. The chronicle began in the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and ended in the fourteenth year of Lu's demise (454 BC).
17, Zhuangzi (369 BC? -286 BC? ), Zhou, Song Zhimeng. He inherited Laozi's thought and was an important representative of Taoist school, so he was called "Laozi and Zhuangzi".
There are thirty-three articles in Zhuangzi, including seven inside, fifteen outside and eleven miscellaneous articles. 18, Mencius (372 BC-289 BC), born in Ke and Zou (now southeast of Zou County, Shandong Province).
He was a great thinker, educator and essayist in the Warring States period. It was called "Yasheng" by later buddhas and often called "Confucius and Mencius" by later generations.
He advocated the people-oriented thought of "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light". His book Mencius is one of the Confucian classics, which is divided into seven chapters, 26 1, about 35 thousand words.
The Merchant of Venice is a famous work by Shakespeare, an outstanding British dramatist.
Seventh, the inductive sentence of literary common sense in classical Chinese is inverted, and the syntactic components in ancient and modern Chinese are basically the same.
Generally speaking, Chinese sentence elements have a certain order. If the subject comes first and the predicate comes last; Verb predicate comes first and object comes last; Modifying the restriction before the head word or the supplementary component after the predicate.
However, in ancient Chinese, when some words act as sentence components, they are inconsistent with the position order of modern Chinese. Sometimes the object can be placed in front of the verb predicate, the attribute can be placed behind the head, and sometimes the predicate can even be placed in front of the subject.
There are five kinds of common inverted sentences: 1 preposition object: there are structural auxiliary words in the negative sentences of interrogative sentences; (2) Attributive postposition: quantitative attributive postposition, modified attributive postposition and "zhe" phrase postposition; 3 preposition preposition and preposition position; 5 Predicate preposition (1) preposition object should be placed before verb predicate in a certain context, which is the most prominent one in ancient Chinese. Generally speaking, this kind of preposition is conditional.
There are three kinds: first, interrogative pronouns in interrogative sentences are used as objects in advance. For example, (1) the king to fuck? Is Pei Gong there? (3) I am really incompetent. Who dares to complain? (4) There are hundreds of holy kings. What can I do? ⑤ "Xu Ziguan?" Say "crown"
Say, Guan Ni said: Guan Su. 6. Who is bullying me, bullying the sky? The interrogative pronouns "He", "An", "Who", "Who" and "Xi" are all taken as objects and placed before the predicate.
"Dare" in Example (3) is a willing verb and must be linked with the verb, so "Who" is used before "Dare". The most enlightening example is (6). Of course, "bullying the sky" is also a problem.
But because the object "Tian" is a noun. Not an interrogative pronoun.
So put it after the verb "bully". Second, common negative words should be added before pronoun objects in negative sentences: no, mother, nothing, no, blessing, parting, mo, etc.
But if you are not the king, you have nothing. (Never heard of it) 2 Never heard of it (Never heard of it) 3 I didn't cheat, I'm not worried.
(No cheating ...) Although a five-foot child is suitable for the fair, he should not be bullied. (Don't bully) △ The format of interrogative pronouns as objects and prepositions is quite strict in ancient Chinese.
According to statistics, 98.4% interrogative pronouns in Zuo Zhuan are prepositional objects. But in negative sentences, the pronoun object is placed before the verb, which is not so strict. There are some postpositions in ancient books in pre-Qin period.
For example: ① People who know me worry me; What do I want if you don't know me? After the Han Dynasty, a large number of such objects were placed, such as: ② printed books, but the Tang people were not prosperous.
Although the classical Chinese after the Han Dynasty, pre-position and post-position coexist. We can think that prepositions follow the grammatical rules of the pre-Qin period and are the result of literati's archaizing.
(3) There are structural auxiliary words such as "yes" and "zhi" after the object. In order to highlight the object, the object is the first, and use "yes" or "zhi" between the first object and the verb to form the format of "object+yes (zhi)+verb", for example: ① What was the crime in the Song Dynasty? The so-called "auxiliary cars depend on each other, and the lips are dead and the teeth are cold" is also called danger. (3) Will be destroyed, why is love dangerous? (4) I moved from Zhou to the East, and I followed suit.
⑤ Wang is greedy and faithless, while Cai is affectionate. (Feeling regret and resentment) 6 Confucius said, "Don't ask for much? (Blame you): What was Song's crime? I'm worried about Guo. I want to destroy Guo. Shit, I feel Cai. I've gone too far.
In order to emphasize the singularity, exclusiveness and judgment of behavior, we add "Wei" and "Wei" before the preposition object to form the format of "Wei (Wei) … is …". The above example is this format.
This sentence pattern still remains in some idioms, such as "do as you are told", "mercenary" and "meritocracy". Other statements, such as: 1, are followed by Ma Yu.
Look at my horse's head It's just a matter of making a statement. As long as it is an old language, it must be removed. The translation of the above sentences should reflect the meaning of "as long as ……", such as obeying orders as long as it is beneficial and recommending talents as long as it is beneficial.
In ancient Chinese, some prepositional objects have no formal markers, but they are rare. (2) Postposition of the attribute: In modern Chinese, the attribute is usually placed in front of the noun head word to modify the head word.
However, in ancient Chinese, in order to emphasize and highlight the attribute, or because the attribute is too long, in order to make the language more fluent, the attribute is often placed after the head. Today, when translating, the prefix is usually mentioned, and its format has three types of quantitative attributes < 1 >, followed by (1) booking a handsome car-300 attacks on Beijing.
2 Not prepared. Take food for nothing-three hundred.
(3) Meng Changjun to car-fifty times, gold-five hundred jins. ←2÷ Modifying the attribute followed by ① The place with a long hairpin is far away, and the crown is interrupted from the cloud.
(2) if the temple is high, it will worry about its people; If you stay away from the Jianghu, you will worry about your husband. Translated into Chinese, it is "Long Sword" (ground separation, describing the length of the sword) and "High clouds behead the crown" (Cui Wei, describing the height of the crown).
A high temple is far away from the rivers and lakes. The word < 3 > is used as an attribute. The prince's guests, who know their stories, are all dressed in white.
(2) The sudden anger of the stone subsided, and the negative soil emerged, striving for a strange shape. Almost countless (3) the youth in the village-the good Samaritan domesticated a worm.
The prince's guest, who knew what had happened, said, "The sudden anger subsided and the negative soil came out. A strange stone: "Good boy"
Because there is a sign of "zhe", put the attribute back. (2) Preposition Object The object of the preposition structure is usually behind the preposition, but in ancient Chinese, it can also be placed in front of the preposition. There are two main types: < 1 > In interrogative sentences, the preposition object of preposition ① Michell Maxwell Hsu is not self-woven? (Why? (2) Why fight? (with what? (3) if the guest Hu is like this (why? (4) Why not go to this besieged city for a long time? (Why? (5) Learning evil is the beginning? Evil in the end? (From where? (2) Prepositions of prepositional objects in general sentence patterns.
In order to emphasize the object of a preposition, although there is no formal sign, it can also be preceded by the object. For example, the square city of Chu is a city, and the Hanshui River is a pool.
(2) Chu soldiers are all one. (3) Pei Gong sits in the north and Sean sits in the west.
There are idioms such as "day and night" in modern Chinese, which are the remnants of ancient Chinese. (3) The position of preposition object phrase can be used as adverbial or complement, which is true in ancient and modern Chinese. However, the expression, time, place, reason and comparison in ancient Chinese.
6. Analysis of the main points of classical Chinese reading "365 Online Q&A Network Teacher" helps you answer the requirements in the exam instructions: 1. Understand the meaning of common notional words in classical Chinese in a specific context. 2. Understand the common function words in classical Chinese (knowledge, qi, two, meaning, Yu, Nai, although, for, zhe, qi, Hu, ran, and harmony. Summarize the main points of the article. 5. Analyze and summarize the opinions and attitudes expressed by the author in the article. 6. Have your own experience and opinion analysis on the content, language and writing method of the article: 1. Reciting China's classical poems requires that every word is not missed, added, inverted and unchanged; Reciting the sentences of China's classical poems should not only be clear-cut, but also be clear-spoken. In the senior high school entrance examination, you should recite four poems and two articles, paying special attention to reciting famous sentences in the articles. Remember and correct the typos in our previous dictation. 2. To understand and appreciate ancient poems, we should focus on the ancient poems and songs appearing in the reading articles of each textbook, and pay attention to the accumulation of common sense of ancient culture and literature, especially the notes in the textbooks. We should have a good understanding of the appreciation guidance and practice in Diankai Content, and accurately grasp the understanding of the poem, its main content and writing intention, and the author's thoughts and feelings. 3. For some famous articles, you should also know the author's name, life age, article title, etc. 4. Master the meaning of common notional words in classical Chinese and the usage of six function words. The special usage of general ancient Chinese is: polysemy, vague usage, flexible use of parts of speech, and different meanings in ancient and modern times. Therefore, we must pay special attention to these words in the text, and understand and master the usage of 150 content words and six function words in clicking content. Such as judgmental sentences, inverted sentences (preposition object, adverbial post), passive sentences, rhetorical questions, etc. In order to realize the meaning of key notional words and the usage of function words in translation, the tone and sentence pattern of the translation must be consistent with the original. 6. When reading classical Chinese after class, you don't have to be nervous when you encounter words that you can't know or words that you can't remember at once. Understand (guess) the story (article) in connection with the context. Remember that translation cannot be divorced from the article. If there are comments under the selected text, be sure to make full use of the prompt function of the comments. 7. Paragraph reading in class should pay attention to the induction and generalization of the main contents of the selected text. If you are within your control, you can of course answer questions from memory. If your review is not in place or your memory is unclear, you should carefully read the selected articles to collect and process information, and then make a reasonable and brief statement. When reading classical Chinese after class, we should pay attention to the understanding of the truth contained in the article or the induction and refinement of the personality characteristics of the characters in the article.