The original meaning of Chu Ci refers to the writing of Chu, which is gradually fixed into two meanings: one is the genre of poetry, and the other is the name of poetry collection (which also represents Chu literature to some extent). As far as the poetic genre is concerned, it is a new poetic style created by poets represented by Qu Yuan on the basis of Chu folk songs at the end of the Warring States Period. As far as the collection name is concerned, it is a collection of poems in the style of "Chu Ci" compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty on the basis of predecessors, which includes the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, Chu people in the Warring States Period, as well as parodies of Jia Yi, Xiaoshan, Zhuang Ji, Dong Fangshuo, Bao Wang and Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty.
The name of "Chu Ci" first appeared in Historical Records and Biography of Zhang Tang. It can be seen that this name already existed in the early Han Dynasty at the latest. Its original meaning refers to Chu Ci in general, and later becomes a proper name, which refers to the new poetic style represented by Qu Yuan's creation during the Warring States Period. This poetic style has a strong regional cultural color. As Huang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Everyone writes Chu language, Chu sound, Chu land and Chu objects" (On the East View). At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, as well as the works of Han people imitating this poetic style. The title is "Song of the South". This is another far-reaching poetry collection in ancient China after The Book of Songs. In addition, because Qu Yuan's Li Sao is a masterpiece of Chu Ci, Chu Ci is also called "Sao" or "Sao Style". People in the Han Dynasty also generally called Chu Ci "Fu". There has been a saying that Qu Yuan wrote Fu in Historical Records, and there are also names such as Qu Yuan Fu and Song Yu Fu in Hanshu Yiwenzhi.
In the Han Dynasty, Chu Ci was also called Ci or Ci Fu. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected 16 works by Qu Yuan, Song Yu and Huainan Xiaoshan, Dong Fangshuo, Wang Bo and Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty, and named them "Songs of the South". Chuci became the name of poetry collection again. Qu Yuan's Li Sao is a masterpiece of Chu Ci, so Chu Ci is also called Sao Style or Sao Style.
Nine Zhang Ju songs
After the emperor Jia Shu, the orange coat Xi (1).
If you are ordered not to move, you will be born in the south.
Difficult to migrate, more firm (3).
The green leaves are in bud, but they are gratifying.
Once the branch is pricked, the round fruit will be embarrassed.
Green and yellow are mixed, and the article is rotten [6].
Fine colors are white inside and arrogant.
Disputes need to be repaired, but they are not ugly.
Well, if you are young, it will be different.
Wouldn't it be nice to be independent?
It is difficult to move, but it is difficult to move.
Su Shi is independent, horizontal but not flowing.
Close your heart and be careful, you will never see it.
Selfless, looking up to heaven and sighing.
Thank you for your old age and being your long-term friend.
Shu can't live without prostitution, which makes sense.
Although you are young, you can be a teacher.
Line than "easy, think like [2]
To annotate ...
(1) Emperor: namely, emperor, emperor and heaven, which means earth and heaven. Orange Frye Xi: Suitable for southern soil and water. Come, pass "come". Clothing, habits. These two sentences mean that beautiful oranges are only suitable for growing on the land of Chu.
(2) Being commanded: being commanded by heaven and earth, that is, temperament and nature.
(3) One ambition: single-mindedness. One, single-minded. These two sentences mean that citrus takes root in the south and is single-minded.
(4) Su Rong: white flowers.
[5] Ceng Zhi: Flourishing. Spine: A sharp thorn. Tuán: boy group, round; On the other hand, it is huán, Zuo you, Chu dialect.
[6] Article: Pattern color. Rotten: gorgeous and bright.
(7) delicate skin tone: bright skin tone. Ren Dao Xi: It's like guarding the avenue. Class, like. Ren, hug.
Disputes should be repaired: they are flourishing and properly decorated. Love (ku ā)] is beautiful.
Levies: words of praise.
⑽ Introduction: Open-minded.
⑾ Su Shi's independence: Being independent from the world and staying awake. Sue, awakening is awakening to troubled times. Cross without flowing: stand horizontally in the water and don't go with the flow.
⑿ Close your heart: Be quiet and alert. Missed: that is, "wrong."
[13] Bing De: Maintain good moral character.
[14] I am willing to grow old with you: swear to live and die together. Years old, years old, thank you, die
⒂ Li Shu: Beautiful, kind and self-controlled. Stem: integrity. Leave the seat and pass "Li".
[14] Teacher Ke: You can be a teacher.
⒄ Image: Example.
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Orange, you are a good tree between heaven and earth. You were born to adapt to the local water and soil.
Your quality is down-to-earth. You grew up in a country in the south of the Yangtze River.
Deep-rooted, difficult to move, that's because your will is single-minded.
The green leaves are lined with white flowers, which is refreshing.
The branches are layered, the thorns are pointed and the fruits are perfect.
There is yellow in the green and green in the yellow. How gorgeous the colors are.
Exquisite appearance and clean heart are similar to a moral gentleman.
It is lush, beautiful and elegant.
Ah, you had different ambitions when you were a child.
Independent and special lines will never change. How can they not be respected?
Unswerving quality, you are open-minded and want nothing.
You are far away from the secular, dare to cross, and don't go with the flow.
Be careful, never be reckless, and never make mistakes from beginning to end.
Obeying morality without selfishness is really comparable to heaven and earth.
In the season when everything is dying, may I become a bosom friend with you.
Good inside and beautiful outside without debauchery, how upright and rich in arts and sciences.
Although you are young, you can be a good teacher for people.
Character is like ancient bo art, planted here as my role model. [3]
Two Yuefu Poems in Han Dynasty
definition
Definition of Yuefu Poetry in Han Dynasty The so-called Yuefu in Han Dynasty refers to a musical organ. Besides writing and producing poems praising literati and playing new songs and dances, it also collects folk songs and lyrics for entertainment. Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi: "Since the establishment of Yuefu by Emperor Xiaowu, ballads have been adopted, so Zhao, Qin and Chu have taken their place, all of them are influenced by sadness and joy, and they can also observe customs and know thick clouds." Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty collected poems not only to inspect people's seclusion, but also to enrich Yuefu's music for entertainment.
During the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, Yuefu changed from an organ name to a poetic name with music. Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, a new poetic style, Yuefu, appeared in the literary history of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. It was once brilliant and became an organic part of the excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.
The Tang Dynasty refers to satirical poems that criticize reality.
After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was also called Ci and Yuefu.
"Yuefu", formerly the official name, is responsible for composing music, training musicians, collecting poems and folk songs for the court to sing at sacrificial banquets, observing local conditions and customs, and examining political gains and losses. China's poetry collection system has a long history, and Xia Shuyin recorded it. The Book of Songs, which has been handed down to this day, was originally a standard anthology officially promulgated and recognized by the society. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the system of poetry collection could not be implemented because of the collapse of rites and the constant battles. The unification of the Qin dynasty was short, and everything had to be done. Although there is the name of Yuefu official office, there is still no collection of poems. The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system and the economy was depressed. Yuefu organs can only learn from the past and barely maintain it. After 60 or 70 years of recuperation, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength was already very strong, so Yuefu expanded its scale and collected poems at night. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, poetry collection had become a major event in political life. Emperor Guangwu once "invited people to listen to folk stories", while the emperor sent messengers to "travel separately, travel around counties and listen to folk stories". This fashion was followed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. During the period of Xiao Liang, the society has changed Yuefu from an official name to a poetic style. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long has a special chapter in Yuefu besides Ming poems. Selected Works of Zhaoming and New Poems of Xu Ling Yutai also set up Yuefu columns. Among them, there are both literati poems and folk songs, that is, all poems and songs that can be sung through music are called "Yuefu". Among these two kinds of poems, folk songs and poems are the essence, and literati's songs and poems germinate and grow under the dew of folk songs and poems, so we should attach great importance to them.
The system of collecting poems carried out in the gap between wars in the Northern Dynasties is in the same strain as that in the Han Dynasty. Guo Maoqian's Yuefu poem "Two Drums Blowing Across the Horn" preserved the Yuefu folk songs of the Northern Dynasties, some in Chinese, some in translation. Although there are only 60 or 70 pieces, they are profound in content and wide in subject matter, reflecting the broad social life, full of rough and bold spirit completely different from the south, and showing another picture of local conditions and customs. Due to the long-term scuffle between the rulers of all ethnic groups in the north, there are many themes reflecting the war, some describing the suffering caused by the war and the corvee, and some praising the brave spirit. Mulan's poems, in particular, are legends who enthusiastically praise Mulan as a woman disguised as a man and joined the army instead of her father. Mulan, together with the Ancient Poems of Lady Jiao Zhongqing, is known as the "double gem" in Yuefu folk songs. Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties is a wonderful flower in the history of China literature, which has a strong vitality and directly influenced the face of China's poetry. It not only opened up a new field of five-character poetry, but also played a bridge role in seven-character poetry, singing and even law.
Shangxie
"Evil!
I want to know you and live a long life.
There are no tombs in the mountains, the rivers are exhausted, the winter thunder earthquake, the summer rain and snow, the harmony between heaven and earth,
I dare break up with you! "
This song by Han Yuefu is based on a woman's voice calling heaven as an oath, and "evil" means "God" and "knowing each other" means "loving each other", which can be translated into the following vernacular:
"heaven! I want to know you and cherish you, and my heart will never fade. I dare to break off this relationship with you until the mountains flatten the peaks, the rivers dry up, the thunder bursts in winter, and the six In the snow turns over, and heaven and earth become a line! "
3 the meaning of ancient poetry
The original meaning of "ancient poetry" is a poem written by ancient literati. Before and after Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared a number of five-character poems written by scholars before Wei and Jin, which had no title and no author. Most of them are lyric poems with unique expressive techniques and artistic styles, which are collectively called "ancient poems". Shen Deqian in Qing Dynasty said, "Nineteen ancient poems are not the words of one person. I abandoned my wife at a high rate, my friends were rich, I wandered abroad, and I felt a sense of death and new things. Or fable, or express, or repeat. There is no whimsy at the beginning, and every sentence is thrilling. The ancient poems of Xijing are all under it. " During the Jin and Song Dynasties, these "archaic poems" were regarded as models of five-character poems. Lu Ji once imitated 12 sentence by sentence. Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Bao Zhao in the Song Dynasty. There are "quasi-classical poems" that study the skills and styles of "classical poems". In the Liang Dynasty, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long and Zhong Rong's Shi Pin theoretically summarized and evaluated the artistic characteristics and value of "ancient poetry", and discussed its author, era and origin, which were generally recognized as works of the Han Dynasty. At the same time, Xiao Tong's Selected Works and Chen's Xu Ling Yutai's New Poetry define the scope of "ancient poetry" from the classification of poetry: all works without clear titles are called "miscellaneous poetry" by the author and "ancient poetry" by anonymous people. Therefore, after Liang and Chen, "ancient poetry" has formed a special name with a specific meaning. It is the same as the two Han Yuefu songs, referring to the five-character poem written by Wu Ming in the Han Dynasty, which has developed into a poetic style with the artistic characteristics of "ancient poetry". Nineteen Ancient Poems occupies a representative position in the history of literature, and this title has also become a topic name.
Ancient poetry style, also known as ancient style.
As the saying goes: Tang Poetry and Song Poetry Yuan Qu.
The ancient poetic style before the Tang Dynasty is a poetic style that does not pay attention to meter and has no limitation on the number of words and sentences. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the appearance of modern poetry, poets deliberately imitated the writing style of ancient poetry in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties in order to distinguish ancient poetry from new metrical poetry, and restricted it in some aspects, thus forming a fixed pattern of ancient poetry in the Tang Dynasty. As a result, the completely free poetic style before the Tang Dynasty was changed into a semi-free poem between metrical poetry and free poetry.
The number of words and lines in classical poetry;
Classical poetry has no fixed verse and style. All ancient poems are classified according to the number of words in the poem. Four-character ancient poems are referred to as four-character ancient poems for short; Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five-character ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven-character ancient poems for short. Four-character poems were adopted by people as early as the Book of Songs. But it gradually declined in the Tang Dynasty, and few people wrote it. Therefore, ancient poetry is still expressed in five words and seven words.
Five-character ancient poetry is the orthodoxy of ancient poetry, and many people write it.
Seven-character ancient poetry is not the mainstream of classical poetry, because it originated late. Therefore, the seven-character style is greatly influenced by the seven-character modern poetry.
Five-character ancient poems and seven-character ancient poems are both ancient poems with neat words. There is also a kind of ancient poetry with mixed words, and the length between the lines is different and uneven.
Common sense of ancient poetry
1. Rhyming: rhyming words at the end of a verse sentence, such as Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night, are there already frosts at the foot of my bed? Looking up, I found that it was moonlight and sank again, and I suddenly remembered home. The land of light and frost is rhyme. Usually the third sentence doesn't rhyme, but there are also poems with irregular rhymes (such as looking at Tianmen Mountain).
2. Rhyme: Poetry rhymes to make the tone harmonious and beautiful. For example, Li Bai's "Silent Night Thinking" uses rhyme.
3. The structure of metrical poems: * * eight sentences, with one or two sentences as the head couplet, three or four sentences as the parallel couplet, five or six sentences as the neck couplet and seven or eight sentences as the tail couplet.
4. The rhythm and rhythm of ancient poetry:
Judging from the sentence pattern, the four words of ancient poetry are generally two and two; Five words are two, two and one; These seven characters are two, two, two, one,
In a sense, sometimes there are special circumstances due to ideographic needs, such as: Shila | Wuyue | Gai | Chicheng, which becomes Type II, II, I and II.
Because there are no punctuation marks in ancient poems (punctuation marks were added by later generations), one line is one sentence.
Liangzhou Ci (Wang Zhihuan)
The Ring of Wang Tang (688-742)
The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain.
Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing!
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On the vast plateau, the Yellow River runs down, and from a distance, it seems to flow out of white clouds. A lonely city located in the frontier fortress, standing tall by mountains and waters. Since the spring breeze outside Yumenguan can't blow, the willow outside Yumenguan naturally won't spit leaves. What's the use of complaining about it?
Du Fu's "Looking at Yue"
What a magnificent scenery Mount Tai is! Out of Qilu, green peaks can still be seen. The magical nature brings together thousands of beautiful mountains in the south and the separation between morning and dusk in the north.
Caiyun lave? My mind is free and easy, birds fly back and forth before my nervous eyes ... trying to climb to the top of the mountain: it dwarfs all the peaks under our feet.
There is not a word "Wang" in the whole poem, and every sentence is about seeing Yue. Distance is from far to near, time is from morning to dusk, from looking forward to sunset, from looking forward to the future.
The first sentence is "the grandeur of Mount Tai! ? When I first saw Mount Tai, I was so happy that I didn't know how to describe it. Very vivid. Dai is another name for Mount Tai. Being the first of the five mountains, he was honored as Daizong. "How is the husband", that is, what is it? In ancient Chinese, the word "fu" was usually used as a function word at the beginning of a sentence. It is a novelty to integrate it into poetry here. Although the word "husband" has no substantive meaning, it is indispensable. The so-called "vivid portrayal is being blocked."
"Endless green spans Qilu and Qilu" is the answer after some pondering, which is really amazing. It is neither abstractly saying that Mount Tai is high, nor using the general language of "stabbing the sky" like Xie Lingyun's "Ode to Mount Tai", but it has written its own experience in an ingenious way-beyond the border between the two countries in ancient Qilu, Mount Tai can still be seen from a distance, and the height of Mount Tai is set off by distance. Mount Tai is the land in the south and the Qi in the north, so this sentence describes the geographical characteristics and cannot be misappropriated when writing about other mountains. In the Ming Dynasty, Mo Ruzhong's poem "Wang Yuelou in Dengdong County" said: "Qilu is not yet a teenager. Who will inherit Ling Du in the poem? " He put forward this poem in particular, and it makes sense that no one can succeed.
The phrase "the creator has given all mysterious natural grace here, and? The day immediately enters dawn and dusk. " It describes the magical beauty and lofty image of Mount Tai seen from a close look, which is the footnote of the last sentence "unfinished youth". The word "zhong" is naturally affectionate. Xiangyang in front of the mountain is "Yang" and Xiangyang behind the mountain is "Yin". Because the mountain is high, it is judged to cut on the yin and yang sides of the mountain at twilight, so it is called "cutting twilight". "Qie" is a very common word, but it is really a "strange adventure" to use it here. It can be seen that the poet Du Fu's writing style of "language is not surprising and never stops" was developed in his youth. "Ceng Yun, birds are flying back and forth in front of my nervous eyes." Two sentences were written. Seeing the endless clouds in the mountains, my heart is also rippling; Because after watching it for a long time, I feel like my eyes are going to break. A homing bird refers to a bird that has returned to its nest in the forest. It is already dusk, and the poet is still in sight. It goes without saying that it contains the poet's love for the motherland.
"Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky." These last two sentences are about the desire to climb Yue arising from looking at Yue. "Hui" is a spoken language in the Tang Dynasty, which means "must". For example, Wang Bo's "Ode to Spring": "I am a scavenger in one fell swoop, covering Zhu Xuan for a spring." Sometimes the word "Hui" is used alone, such as Sun Guangxian's "North Dream": "I will kill this vertical shaft one day!" In other words, there are often single users in Du Fu's poems, such as "Old Shu in this life, Qin after death!" It is inaccurate and arrogant to interpret "will" as "should". From these two inspiring and symbolic poems, we can see the ambition and spirit of the poet Du Fu who is not afraid of difficulties, dares to climb to the top and overlooks everything. This is the key for Du Fu to become a great poet, and it is also indispensable for all those who make a difference. This is why these two poems have been told by people for thousands of years and can still arouse our strong * * *. In Qing Dynasty, Pu Yin Long thought that Du Fu's poems "put righteousness first" and said that "Du Fu's soul is beautiful and impressive. Take it as a volume and make it a town. " (Reading Jie) also emphasized the symbolic significance of these two poems. This is exactly the same as Du Fu's "comparing himself with Qi State" in politics and "short-sighted resentment against Cao Liu Wall" in creation. This poem was praised as a "swan song" by later generations, carved stone as a monument and stood at the foot of the mountain. Undoubtedly, it will be immortal with Mount Tai. Also wrote the poet's lofty aspirations and ambitions.