First, the overall grasp
This essay contains Lu Xun's brotherly feelings, the significance of games to children, Lu Xun's spirit of introspection, and Lu Xun's "cruel" affection for his little brother without resentment.
The article said that when I was a child, my little brother was not allowed to fly kites or do such worthless things. His behavior is very rude. When he understood the meaning of games to children, Lu Xun woke up and realized that what he had done in those years was simply "cruel to the spirit". Although it was a long time ago, Lu Xun still wanted to make amends, but his little brother completely forgot that my heavy heart had to be heavy all the time.
From the perspective of brotherhood, my little brother was not allowed to fly kites because he was promising to his little brother, but he hated iron for not turning into steel. Once you know that you are wrong, although it was decades ago, although you are an elder brother, you should also ask your younger brother for forgiveness. The brotherhood of compatriots is beyond words.
From the point of view of games, "games are the most legitimate behavior of children, and toys are their angels". Games are really out of children's nature, making children lively, healthy and smart. So banning games is tantamount to killing children's nature. Lu Xun saw foreign ideas about children's education and realized the backwardness of China's old-style education. He hoped that China's children's education could change the backward prejudice and that children's spirit would never be suppressed and grow up healthily.
Judging from Lu Xun's spirit of introspection, Lu Xun strictly dissected himself and was strictly introspective. He is meticulous about the past and small things, corrects mistakes and is serious and responsible. This spirit is very valuable.
Judging from the phenomenon that little brother suffered "cruelty" but no resentment, Lu Xun's feelings were particularly deep, and the article stopped here, leaving endless sadness and thought-provoking question marks. Why did little brother completely forget? It turned out that he stole a kite, but he didn't think it was justified himself. He thought his brother should be in charge, so he left it alone.
Second, the problem research
(A) the first level of problems
1. What is the main meaning of this article?
2. How to understand "this cruel scene"?
After I understand the meaning of the game, I feel heavy and always want to make up for it. What does this mean?
4. "I" begged my brother's forgiveness, and my brother completely forgot. Why does "I" feel so heavy instead?
After the first reading, we can feel that Mr. Lu Xun is not a born wise man, and he is also influenced by traditional ideas. Traditional ideas have a backward side. But what is valuable for Mr. Lu Xun is that once he accepts scientific ideas, he will correct his mistakes. Mr. Lu Xun is full of introspection. Lu Xun also lamented that the victims were forgetful and did not struggle. In his view, this is why killers can kill at will.
What do you mean by "the mental cruelty of this scene"?
"I" used to think that flying kites was "a matter for worthless children" As an elder brother, I strictly controlled my younger brother, which was promising for him. Now that I think about it, I was dominated by backward ideas, and my behavior was really "spiritual cruelty." From this scene, we can see the unequal feudal order of Lu Xun's childhood. "As far as age and strength are concerned, he is no match for me", which shows that the rude behavior as a brother is based on violence. Lu Xun wrote himself rudely, with a hint of self-condemnation between the lines. As for my younger brother, he dared not fly unless he was allowed to fly, so he had to secretly make a kite. He was in a panic when he found out. The kite that was about to be completed was trampled by his brother, and he didn't mean to resist. There is no defense except despair.
Once Lu Xun came into contact with scientific ideas, he realized his mistakes and tried to correct them. He didn't forgive himself because his original motives were good, nor did he forgive himself because his original ideas were influenced by tradition, and he didn't let go because of time. His heart is so heavy, which shows how severe and serious he is in dissecting himself.
"I" begged my brother's forgiveness, but he completely forgot it without resentment, so my heart could not relax and had to be heavy, which turned out another meaning. The victim didn't think he was tortured, but thought his brother's behavior was reasonable. This just shows that he doesn't think the game is "legal". Once he was found by his brother, he thought he should be punished. What is particularly sad is that the numbness of the tortured person makes the tortured person do whatever he wants. Therefore, Lu Xun only felt that the world was cold.
By discussing this article, we can realize that China people's thoughts and actions need the guidance of scientific thoughts. Only in this way can we not do things that go against our feelings and are ignorant and backward, and just actions should also defend our legitimate rights. Only scientific thoughts can illuminate the thoughts and behaviors of China people.
(B) the second level of problems
1. Why do you say it is "amazing and sad for me"?
From the context, you can understand why you are "surprised" and "sad". The kite season in my hometown is mild spring and February, but it is cold winter in Beijing. In the kite season in my hometown, willows sprout and peaches sprout, while in Beijing, "gray and black bald branches lie in the clear sky." So I'm surprised that Beijing actually flies kites this season. I feel sad when I see a kite, because I remember a scene of "mental abuse" when I was a child, which can never be made up. To say "amazing and sad" is structurally to lead to the following.
2. "It is still cold in winter all around, but the long-lost spring in my hometown is rippling in this sky." How do you say that spring is "long gone"? Why is this spring rippling in the sky of Beijing?
The "spring" mentioned here has a specific meaning, which is the spring in my hometown when I was a child and the spring with kites in the sky. Now in Beijing, I see one or two kites floating in the distance, which reminds me of the spring breath of kite season in my hometown, so I think this spring is "rippling in the sky".
3. Write two paragraphs about the kite incident. The emotional color seems quite complicated. How do you understand it?
It's really complicated Lu Xun looked at the scene of that year with today's eyes, but wrote the self-righteous behavior of that year, so the color of praise and criticism is quite complicated. Look at his little brother, "sick skin and bones". It's pathetic. Flying kites and going outdoors in bright spring have many benefits, but because my brother doesn't allow me, I have to stay and see other people's kites. Sometimes he exclaimed, sometimes he jumped, and the naive and lively nature of children came to the fore. This is extremely normal, but "in my opinion, this is a laughing stock and contemptible." He looks so cold that he even looks down on kites. How harsh Lu Xun wrote this repression, which implied sympathy for his younger brother and deep remorse for himself.
Writing about the little brother stealing kites vaguely shows the children's hands-on ability. It says crab kite, centipede kite and tile kite, but little brother made a butterfly kite, which shows that he is smart, willing to use his head and good at design. It's pathetic to do such a healthy and just thing secretly. Praise and sympathy can be felt. The author describes himself as an evil spirit, content with uncovering secrets and winning by destroying his little brother's painstaking efforts. The gait of "proudly coming out" swaggered, and Lu Xun blamed himself for playing a sadistic role. Finally, he stood in the hut in despair. I don't know what happened to him, and I didn't see it. "We can imagine the pain of my little brother, but we are ruthless, which means sympathy, regret and self-condemnation.
4. Why do you call it "misfortune" when you see a foreign book about children?
As soon as I think of the word "punishment", I understand, because I always thought that my management of my little brother was correct. Now seeing the truth in the book, my mood suddenly became heavy and I was punished. For the old "I", my conscience was condemned, which can be described as "misfortune".
5. How to understand the last sentence? Why is "sadness" an uncertain sadness? Why do you say, "I might as well hide in the cold winter-but it's cold all around, which gives me great cold and air conditioning?"
"I" wanted to beg my brother's forgiveness and heal his mental trauma, but my brother completely forgot, had no resentment, and was mentally tortured without knowing it. What a sad thing it is that "I" feel heavy because I can't make up for it. This kind of sadness is unexpected, so it is impossible to get rid of "uncertain sadness"
"Hiding in the cold winter" means not seeing spring and kites, so as to forget and get rid of sadness. I just think "very cold" means not only the weather at that time, but also the sadness in my heart. At that time, both the abuser and the abused were dominated by ignorant thoughts, and neither side thought there was anything wrong with the other. Now the torturer has realized and regretted the pain, but the tortured has completely forgotten it. The awakened one can never atone, which is particularly sad and chilling.
Practice note
Read the text with emotion and answer the following questions.
1. When the author saw "one or two kites floating in the distance", he felt "surprised and sad". Why?
2. What exactly does "this cruel scene" mean?
3. "What else can I ask for? My heart has to be heavy. " What kind of mood did the author express?
In addition to practicing reading aloud, this topic also needs to grasp three keys: grasping the content of the text as a whole and deeply understanding thoughts and feelings. Question 1 Think about why you are "amazing" and why you are "sad" according to the context. The second sub-question is the summary of the main exercise. The third question is more difficult, and it should be turned into several small questions to think about: Why does my heart have to be heavy? Why does the little brother forget completely and have no resentment? Little brother doesn't dislike it, okay? Is the article limited to the kite incident, and does it have a deeper meaning?
1. The kite-flying season in my hometown is spring and February, and spring is beautiful. I flew a kite before winter in Beijing, so I was "surprised". Seeing the kite reminds me of the scene of mental abuse as a child, which can't be made up. My heart can't help feeling sad.
The meaning of this scene is that "I" forbid my little brother to fly a kite. I found him stealing a kite, and I was so angry that I grabbed the kite he was about to finish and trampled it flat.
3. Expressed deeper sadness. It was a kind of spiritual cruelty to control my brother like that when I was a child, but my brother didn't think his behavior was spiritual cruelty. Times have changed. I forgot all about it. I can't make up for it and I can't feel relaxed, which makes me even more sad. Those who were tortured to death were willing to be tortured to death without any struggle, which made torturers run amok. This is why the old order can still be maintained, so it is sad and heavy.
The second text says: "Games are the most proper behavior of children, and toys are their angels." You played many games and toys when you were a child, didn't you? Choose one of your most memorable stories and tell it to your classmates.
Practice oral expression in this topic to deepen the understanding of the text. Toys can be made or bought by yourself, mainly depending on what kind of toys they are, how to play, how to play and how happy they are.
The following paragraphs are also memories of flying kites when I was a child. Try to compare the text and talk about their emotional differences. (Introduction to Kites in the Sky)
Lu Xun's Kite and Kite in the Sky are completely different in thoughts and feelings. "Kite" is shrouded in deep sadness. When I was a child, my little brother was not allowed to fly kites. Later, I understood the new truth and realized that it was a kind of spiritual cruelty. I felt heavy and wanted to make amends, but my little brother completely forgot and couldn't make amends. Therefore, my heart is still heavy and sad. "Kite in the Sky" expresses the joy of flying kites with my second brother when I was a child, and it is satisfying and proud to write my own kite.
Teaching suggestion
First, start by asking questions.
This paper has many difficulties and is an ideal teaching material for research study. Let students draw what they don't understand in preview, encourage students to question, ask difficult questions and cultivate the spirit of questioning. Don't ask a question, study a question. Put forward all the questions first, then sort them out and study them step by step. To read difficult articles, we should also "take one step and take another."
Second, guide students to explore difficulties in the situation
Some sentences are difficult to understand because they are unnatural, but they can be interpreted in context. For example, when I see a kite, human nature is pleasant, but I feel surprised and sad, which is hard to understand, but from the context, I know why I am surprised and sad.
Third, arrange the teaching steps according to the idea of total-division-total.
Overall, it is the full text, the overall situation; Points are fragments, or words. Only by studying the local problems on the basis of the overall perception of this paper can it be easy to solve the problems accurately. On the basis of studying local problems, we can further understand the full text. Therefore, it is always-divided-always appropriate.
Fourth, learning should be fun, and the requirements should not be too high.
This paper doesn't require a thorough understanding at once, but taking a step forward on the original basis is a kind of gain, and you can gradually understand what you don't fully understand later. You don't need to study deeply or cover everything. After two classes, I still don't understand some places, which is normal.
Teaching design of verb (abbreviation of verb)
first kind
1. Silent reading: It requires overall perception.
2. Overall perception.
(1) Asking general questions
What does this article recall? How do you feel after reading it?
(2) Inspire questions
-Why did you use kite flying as a toy for worthless children when you were young?
-why do you say that it is "cruel to the spirit" to prohibit my little brother from flying kites?
-What's the difference between Lu Xun's attitude towards his mistakes and that of ordinary people?
3. Read it silently: you need to understand it carefully.
(1) When you encounter a new word, read your notes and look it up in the dictionary.
Athena Chu: centipede () shrinks ()
Interpretation: I am haggard and cold, and I hate saying goodbye.
(2) When encountering a difficult problem, think about it and make a question mark if it can't be solved.
4. Read aloud.
5. problems.
The problems are divided into four groups, with 1-2 as one group, 3-4 as one group, 5-8 as one group and 9- 12 as one group.
6. Content discussion.
Learning style: group of four, cooperative discussion, and teachers "wait". Take two groups of representatives and report to the class. If there are different opinions, the whole class will discuss them. The teacher commented on it.
The first set of questions.
(1) Why do you say it is "amazing to my heart"?
Guidance method: Compare the seasons of flying kites in Beijing and hometown, and experience the feeling of "surprise". Look at the "mental abuse scene" recalled below, pay attention to the "sadness" mentioned in the previous paragraph and understand the feeling of "sadness".
(2) "It is still cold everywhere in winter, but the long-lost spring in my hometown has been rippling in this sky". How can you say that spring has been "long time"? Why is this spring rippling in the sky of Beijing?
Introduction: By the way, the author regards the kite as a symbol of spring.
The second set of questions.
(1) In the third and fourth paragraphs, while writing "I", what feelings did the description of Xiao Ge reveal?
Guidance method: read relevant sentences and experience thoughts and feelings.
(2) What feelings does the description of "I" reveal?
Guidance method: read relevant sentences and experience thoughts and feelings.
7. Read the first four paragraphs aloud.
8. homework.
"Discussion and practice" ① ②.
Second lesson
1. Continue the discussion.
The third group of questions.
(1) "It's a pity that I occasionally read a foreign book about children, only to know that games are the most legitimate behavior of children and toys are their angels." Why do you say "unfortunate"?
Guidance method: divide "I" into "I" before understanding and "I" after understanding, and you can understand why you say "misfortune".
(2) Mr. Lu Xun treated his early mistakes with such a heavy heart. What kind of spiritual qualities have you learned from Mr. Lu Xun?
Guidance method: reading aloud; Mobilize direct and indirect life experience.
The fourth group of questions.
(1) When the little brother smiled in surprise and said, "Has this ever happened?" Why does "I" feel "heavy" instead of relaxed?
Guidance method: From the positive point of view, in Mr. Lu Xun's view, what should be correct for the tortured party?
(2) Why do you say "with uncertain sadness"? Why "I might as well hide in the cold winter"? "Very cold, very cold", is there any other meaning besides describing the weather?
Guiding method: From a positive perspective, what is Mr. Lu Xun's positive proposition?
2. Read the full text.
3. Language use.
(1) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gaunt and pitiful.
(2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Spit buds.
(3)__________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(4) stare blankly at _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(5) _ _ _ _ _ _, he exclaimed; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, he jumped with joy.
(6) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ suddenly realized that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(7)__________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(8)__________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(9) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cracked the secret.
(10) so painstakingly _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(1 1) on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
( 12) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
do homework
The third part is "discussion and practice"
related data
I. Introduction to the author
Lu Xun (1881-1936) is a writer, thinker and revolutionary. Yucai was originally named Zhou Shuren and was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Born in a dilapidated feudal family. Young people are influenced by evolution. 1902 went to Japan to study medicine and then worked in literature and art in an attempt to change the national spirit. 1907 has published important papers such as Moro Poetry Theory and Cultural Deviation Theory. 1909 returned to China and taught in Hangzhou and Shaoxing successively. After the Revolution of 1911, he served as a member of the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Ministry of Education of Beijing Government, and taught in Peking University and Women's Normal University. 19 18 In May, Diary of a Madman, the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China, was published for the first time under the pseudonym "Lu Xun", which boldly exposed the feudal ethics of cannibalism and laid the cornerstone of the new literature movement. Before and after the May 4th Movement, he participated in the work of New Youth magazine, lashed out at feudal culture and morality, and became a great standard-bearer of the New Literature Movement. In the 1920s, special collections such as Scream, Grave, Hot Wind, Wandering, Weeds, Morning Flowers, Huaggai Collection and Huaggai Collection Sequel came out one after another, showing the ideological characteristics of patriotism and thorough revolutionary democracy. Among them, the novella The True Story of Ah Q is a masterpiece in China's modern literary history. 1In August, 926, he was persecuted by Beiyang government for supporting the patriotic movement of Beijing students and went to teach at Xiamen University. 1927 65438+ 10 to teach at Zhongshan university in Guangzhou. He resigned from Sun Yat-sen University after the "April 12th" counter-revolutionary coup. 1927 10 arrived in Shanghai to study Marxism-Leninism seriously. 1930, he participated in China Freedom Movement League, China Left-wing Writers League and China Civil Rights Protection League successively, actively participated in the revolutionary literature and art movement, introduced Marxist literature and art theory, and, together with other revolutionary literature and art workers, waged unremitting struggles with official Kuomintang literati and their literature, crushing the cultural "encirclement and suppression" of the reactionary authorities. 1936 After the dissolution of the Left League in early 1936, he supported the political proposition of China's * * * Production Party on establishing an anti-Japanese national united front and put forward the slogan "Popular literature in the national revolutionary war". From 1927 to 1935, he created most of the works in New Stories and other essays, such as Jiji, Sanxian, Erxin, Nanqiang, Beijiao, Pseudo-Free Book, Quasi-romance, etc. The essays in this period deeply analyzed various social problems, showed outstanding political foresight and tenacious fighting spirit, and made great contributions to China's revolutionary cultural undertakings. At the same time, he led and supported progressive literary groups such as "unnamed society" and "Chaohua society"; Editor-in-chief of literary periodicals such as Mangyuan, Running, Germination and Translation; Enthusiastic care and active cultivation of young authors; Vigorously translate foreign progressive literary works and introduce famous paintings and woodcuts at home and abroad; Collect, study and sort out a large number of classic literary works, compile A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, Outline of China Literature History, sort out Ji, collect Miscellaneous Books of Huiji County, and connect notes of ancient novels, legends of Tang and Song Dynasties and old novels. 193610 June19 died in Shanghai. There are many versions of The Complete Works of Lu Xun. (selected from Ci Hai)
Second, "weeds"
A collection of prose poems. 1927 Beijing Beixin Bookstore First Edition. Income 1924 ~ 1926, 23 prose poems, with inscriptions in front of the books. With the symbol of twists and turns, it expresses the author's inner repression and resistance to the real society in the mid-1920s. Such soldiers, in the faint blood, express their disappointment and resentment against reality with a sense of deep sleep; Articles such as Farewell to Shadows, Dead Fire, and The Story of the Grave describe the confused state of mind after self-deep dissection. Articles such as Hope and After Death have written doubts about the future and profoundly demonstrated the author's philosophy of life. The language is wonderful and magnificent, and the image is mysterious and wonderful. (selected from Ci Hai)
Third, the popularity of kites (Chen Gensheng)
The kite was written on1925 65438+124 October, which coincides with the first day of the first lunar month. On February 2nd of the same year, it was published inNo. 12 of Yusi Weekly, and was later compiled into a collection of prose poems called Weeds by the author.
After the publication of Kite, its attack on traditional feudal children's education thought was sharp and sharp, which was welcomed and loved by readers, especially young readers. At that time, some young artists said, "What I like is the thread of Weeds, which is a struggle against traditional ideas, dark forces and hypocritical gentlemen." According to Fang Zhimin's lover Miao Min, Fang Zhimin loved literature when he was young, and he was very fond of Lu Xun's Scream, Hesitation and Weeds. Lu Xun's prose poems, including Kite, have gained a wide readership because of their essays, essays, new ideas and superb skills. Therefore, "the sales volume of yusi is better in the first period, from 1500 to 2000, from 3000 to 5800, and her influence is great." It's true. In the early 1930s, many middle schools in urban and rural areas in China used a set of mixed Putonghua textbooks for junior middle schools edited by Zhao, and this kite was chosen as a model for middle school students to learn to write vernacular Chinese.
……
What's more, Kite was recommended to readers all over the world as Lu Xun's masterpiece. 1September, 936, that is, one month before Lu Xun's death, Asia magazine published in new york (English version) published Kite translated by Yao, an American progressive journalist and China writer, just in time for Lu Xun's death, while1June, 936 compiled Living China-Modern China Short Stories.
1950, Moscow Pravda Publishing House published a collection of Lu Xun's short stories (Russian version), all of which were selected from Scream and Wandering, but somehow Kite was also included. 1955 Moscow Children's Publishing House published a series of middle school students' books, including a collection of short stories of Lu Xun and Kite. It can be seen that putting Kite together with other novels of Lu Xun here follows the practice of Si Nuo; Whether this classification is correct or not is not important. What's important is that we can imagine that Kite, as a representative work of Mr. Lu Xun, is welcomed by readers in China, especially children with other skin colors, which is gratifying to us.
(Selected from After the Publication of Luxun's Masterpieces, Fudan University Press, 1986)
Fourth, from brother to kite (Chen Gensheng)
More than 50 years after the publication of Kite, as an important achievement of Lu Xun's research, Mr. Sun from the Chinese Department of Peking University and others found a group of seven prose poems published by Lu Xun under the pseudonym of "Flying" in the column of New Literature and Art, a supplement to the National Gazette from August 20 to September 9, 2009.
My brother
I don't like flying kites. My little brother likes flying kites.
After my father died, there was no money at home. No matter how enthusiastic my brother is, he can't get a kite.
One afternoon, I went to a room that I had never used. I saw my brother hiding in it and pasting a kite. He cut some Zhi Zhu silk himself, and I bought some leather paper myself. There are four wind wheels, which have been attached.
I don't like flying kites, and I hate flying kites. In a rage, I crushed the wind wheel, tore off the bamboo silk and shredded the paper.
My brother went out crying and sat quietly on the porch. I didn't care, and I didn't know what happened.
I later realized my mistake. My brother forgot all my mistakes and always called me "brother".
I'm sorry to tell him this, but he can't even remember the shadow. He is still called "brother" very nicely.
Ah! My brother. You don't remember my mistake. Can I ask you to forgive me?
But please forgive me!
Comrade Tang Tao described it well: "Just like a colorful oil painting begins with a simple sketch." He thought that before the success of Kite, my brother was a sketch and a prototype. Indeed, Kite is richer and fuller than Brother, with more vivid characters, more mature narrative and lyric skills and deeper themes.
Thematically, My Brother only describes the mistake of disassembling children's toy kites, but it is inevitably thin; As for where and why it is wrong, the article is not fully expressed and lacks the necessary depth. Kite, on the other hand, centers on my surprise, regret, compensation and sadness: it is extremely wrong to stifle children's free and lively spirit with feudal stereotypes, and regret and sadness come together to profoundly reveal the scientific truth that "games are children's most legitimate behavior and toys are children's angels". The theme is distinct, the thought is profound, the love story is true, and it has a strong artistic appeal.
(Selected from Chen Gensheng's After Lu Xun's Masterpieces came out, Fudan University Press, 1986 edition)