The Book of Songs is the beginning of China's ancient poems and the earliest collection of poems. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (1 1 century to the 6th century), **3 1 1, of which 6 are? Sheng's poetry, that is, only the title, no content.
Six poems known as Sheng (Nanxun,? Baihua, Huashu, Youkang, Chongwu, Friendship) reflects the social outlook of about 500 years from the beginning of the week to the weekend. The author of The Book of Songs is anonymous, and most of them cannot be verified. They were collected by Yin Jifu and edited by Confucius.
In the pre-Qin period, the Book of Songs was called "The Book of Songs", or it was called "The Book of Songs 300" by integers. In the Western Han Dynasty, it was honored as a Confucian classic, formerly known as The Book of Songs, which has been in use ever since. The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode.
"Wind" is a ballad of Zhou Dynasty. "Ya" is the official music of Zhou people, which is divided into "? Xiaoya and? Elegance; Ode is a musical song used by Zhou and noble ancestral temples for sacrifice, which is divided into? Zhou Song? Truffles and truffles? Ode to Shang Dynasty.
Confucius once summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as "innocence" and educated his disciples to read the Book of Songs as their standard of speech and action. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many people quoted the Book of Songs, such as Mencius, Xunzi and Mozi. Zhuangzi? Han Feizi and others often quote sentences in the Book of Songs to enhance their persuasiveness.
2. Scholars
The Scholars is a novel written by Wu in Qing Dynasty. It was written in the 14th year of Qianlong (1749) or a little earlier. It was handed down from generation to generation with manuscripts, and was first engraved in the 8th year of Jiaqing (1803).
The fifty-six chapters of the book depict different expressions of "fame and fortune" by various people in a realistic way. On the one hand, it truly reveals the process and reasons of human nature being corroded, thus profoundly criticizing and mocking the corruption of bureaucracy and the hypocrisy of imperial examinations at that time.
On the one hand, it enthusiastically praised the protection of human nature by a few characters in a self-centered way, thus embodying the author's ideal. The use of vernacular novels is becoming more and more skilled, and the characterization is also quite in-depth and delicate.
In particular, superb satirical techniques make this book a masterpiece of China's classical satirical literature. This novel represents the peak of China's ancient satirical novels, and creates an example of directly evaluating real life with novels.
After the manuscript of The Scholars was published, a manuscript was handed down from generation to generation and was highly praised by later generations. Lu Xun believes that the ideological content of the book is "upholding public interests and criticizing the disadvantages of the times", and Hu Shi believes that its artistic characteristics can be called "refinement". In the field of international sinology, this book has a great influence.
English, French, German, Russian, Japanese, Spanish and other languages have been handed down from generation to generation, which is praised by sinologists. Some people think that The Scholars is one of the masterpieces of world literature and can be compared with Boccaccio, Cervantes, Balzac or Dickens.
3. Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio
Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is a collection of short stories in classical Chinese by Pu Songling, a famous novelist in Qing Dynasty in China. Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio means to record anecdotes in his study, and Liaozhai is the name of his study.
"ambition" refers to the meaning of narration, and "difference" refers to anecdotes. There are 4,965,438+0 short stories in the book (Notes on the School Meeting of Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio) (494 Notes on Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio by Zhu).
They either exposed the darkness of feudal rule, attacked the decay of imperial examination system, or resisted the shackles of feudal ethics, and had rich and profound ideological content.
The works describing the theme of love are the largest in the book, showing a strong anti-feudal ethical code spirit. Some of these works show the author's ideal love through the love between foxes and people.
4. Historical records
Historical Records is a biographical history book written by Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty. It is the first biographical general history in the history of China, recording the history of four years and more than 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi era to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.
In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), Sima Qian began to create Taishi Gongshu, later called Shiji. It took 14 years before and after its completion.
The book Historical Records includes 12 biographies (records of emperors' political achievements in past dynasties), 30 aristocratic families (records of the rise and fall of princes and their nobles in vassal states and Han dynasties) and 70 biographies (records of important people's words and deeds, mainly describing characters and ministers, with the last one as the preface).
Ten tables (chronology of major events), eight books (recording ceremony, music, temperament, calendar, astronomy, meditation, water conservancy and finance), * * * 130 articles, with more than 526,500 words.
Historical Records is listed as the first of the "twenty-four histories", and it is also called "the first four histories" with the later Hanshu, Houhanshu and the History of the Three Kingdoms [8], which has had a far-reaching impact on the development of later historiography and literature.
His original biographical method of compiling history was passed down by the "official history" of later generations. Historical Records is also an excellent literary work, which occupies an important position in the history of China literature. It is praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme", which has high literary value.
5. Li Sao
Lisao is a poem written by Qu Yuan, a poet in China during the Warring States Period, and it is also the longest lyric poem in ancient China. This poem centers on the poet's life experience, experience and mental journey. The first half repeatedly poured out the poet's concern about the fate of Chu and people's life.
Express the desire to reform politics, and the will to persist in ideals and never compromise with evil forces even in times of disaster; The second half reflects the poet's thoughts and feelings of patriotism and love for the people after wandering in heaven, pursuing the realization of ideals and dying after failure.
The whole poem uses the metaphor of beauty and vanilla, a lot of myths and legends and rich imagination, forming a gorgeous literary talent and magnificent structure, showing a positive romantic spirit, and creating a "Sao style" poetry form in the history of China literature, which has a far-reaching impact on later generations.