Time: Tang Author: Wang Zhihuan Style: Yuefu Category: Frontier fortress
The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and it is a lonely city of Wan Ren Mountain.
why should Qiangdi blame the willow? The spring breeze doesn't pass Yumenguan.
Khan looked at the clouds in the north and killed Ma Dengtan several times.
The son of heaven of the Han family is now in SHEN WOO, and he refuses to go home with his relatives.
Notes
Notes:
Liangzhou Ci: also known as Liangzhou Song. "Leyuan" said that during the Kaiyuan period, Guo Zhiyun, the governor of Xiliang, presented the palace tune "Liangzhou". Liangzhou: Tang belongs to Longyou Road, and the state is governed in Wuwei County, Gansu Province. The title of the poem is also called "Out of the Plug". The first sentence is "the yellow sand goes straight to the white clouds", and the last sentence is "Spring is not enough." Qiangdi: The flute played by Qiang people in ancient China. Willow: refers to the song "Broken Willow" played by Qiangdi. Northern Dynasty Yuefu's "Beating the Drum Horn and Bending Yang Liuzhi": "If you get on the horse, you will not catch the whip, but you will fight against Yang Liuzhi. Dismount and play the flute, worrying about killing travelers. " His voice is sad.
Brief analysis:
Yang Shen in Ming Dynasty said in "Poems on Sheng 'an": "This poem is not as gracious as frontier fortress, and the so-called Junmen are far more than Wan Li." That's not bad. In the middle and early period of Kaiyuan, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty indulged in debauchery, did not care about frontier defense, and did not care about the sufferings of people from afar. After entering Liangzhou and hearing the plaintive flute, the poet wrote this poem to express his sympathy for the soldiers who were far away.
Poetic Liangzhou is sinister, desolate and cold, and it's not as good as asking for people, but asking for people's sufferings to think about; Although it is a complaint, the picture is magnificent and the air is not sad. It has always been regarded as a famous poem in the frontier fortress of Tang Dynasty. Wang Yuyang was quoted as saying in A Collection of Tang Poems: "We must strive to keep the volume down, and Wang Weizhi's Weicheng, Li Baizhi's Bai Di, Wang Changling's" Feng Zhi Ping Ming "and Wang Zhihuan's" The Yellow River is Far Up "are almost ordinary! In the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were no quatrains with four chapters on the right. "
With regard to this poem, Xue Yong-wei's Collection of Different Stories in the Tang Dynasty once recorded such an interesting story: in Kaiyuan, Wang Zhihuan was as famous as Wang Changling and Gao Shi. One day, it was cold and slightly snowy, and the three of them went to the flag pavilion to have a drink. It coincides with the banquet of more than ten officials in Liyuan; During the dinner, four beautiful geisha sang, and the lyrics were all works of famous poets at that time. The three of them met privately and said: The names of our three poems are often indistinguishable. Now, let's look at these geisha eulogizing songs. "If there are many poems in the lyrics, it will be the best." As a result, the first person sang Wang Changling's poems, the second person sang Gao Shi's poems, and the third person sang Wang Changling's poems. Wang Zhihuan was unconvinced. "He has been famous for a long time." He pointed to "the best among prostitutes" and said, "If what this son sings is not my poem, I will never dare to compete with him for life." The "best" of the four turned out to be a poem by Wang Zhihuan: "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds ..." Everyone laughed. Four geisha asked about the situation and competed for worship. And please "bend down to the banquet", "three people follow it and get drunk." Dramatists in the post-Ming and Qing Dynasties compiled this story into plays, among which there were many books named "Qi Ting Ji".
In the poem, "piece" is a idiom in the Tang Dynasty, which is often linked with "solitary", that is, "one" today. "Lonely city" refers to Yumen Pass. Making Yumenguan an "isolated city" is obviously linked to the parting of people. Well, an ancient unit of length, seven feet is one well. "The Yellow River is far up", and some people say "The Yellow River is straight up". Ye Jingkui thinks: "One word in the poem is ignored by later generations, which is Liangzhou Ci' The Yellow River is far above the white clouds', and the sentences passed down from ancient times to modern times are also. I saw the new copper movable-type book' Ten Thousand Poems of the Tang Dynasty' in Beiping Library before, and' Yellow River' was used as' Yellow Sand', so I suddenly realized that I was suspicious that the word' Yellow River' was inconsistent with the next three sentences. If it is' yellow sand', the second sentence' Wan Ren Mountain' will be meaningful, and the second couplet will have every word. The first couplet writes the image of Liangzhou's desolation and desolation, which is actually the root of the third sentence' resentment', so the poem is flexible. " The essence of the quatrains of the Tang Dynasty also said: "This poem is all written on the Yellow River, but the Chronicle of Tang Poetry is written on the Yellow Sand." According to Yumenguan in Dunhuang, far from the Yellow River Basin, it is not right to be a river. And the first sentence is about the scenery outside the customs, but seeing the endless yellow sand directly connected with the white clouds has made people feel desolate. Adding the second sentence to write about its emptiness is more embarrassing. It is in this realm that I suddenly heard the Qiang flute playing the song "Folding Willow", and I can't help but have the complaint that "the spring breeze is not enough." However, many scholars still believe that, poetically speaking, "the Yellow River is far above" is better than "the Yellow River is straight above". The reasons are as follows: First, the artistic conception of "the Yellow River is far above" is broad, vast and vast, just like Li Bai's "how the Yellow River's waters move out of heaven", which looks beautiful, while "the yellow sand is straight above" just gives people a desolate feeling. Second, the sentence "The Yellow River is far above" and the next sentence "A lonely city" are far away and near, moving and quiet, which set off each other and have a three-dimensional feeling, while the picture of the sentence "The yellow sand is straight above" is rather monotonous. As for the problem that the Yellow River is far away from Yumenguan, it is believed that Liangzhou Ci is only a tune in the Tang Dynasty, and it is not necessarily only written in Liangzhou; Some people also think that Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci" has another topic: "Listening to the Yumen Gate to Play the Flute", which means that the poet wrote it when playing the flute at Yumen Gate. The lonely city is the scene before him, the Yellow River is the way to go through the customs, and the poet describes the natural scenery in a broader space (see Yuan Xingpei's Lecture Notes on the History of China Literature).
according to the records in Ji yi Ji written by Xue yongwei, a Tang dynasty, during the kaiyuan period, Wang Zhihuan, Gao Shi and Wang Changling went to a hotel to have a drink, and when the actors in Liyuan sang songs and feasted, the three of them privately agreed to decide the title of the poem according to the situation that the actors sang their poems. As a result, all the poems of the three were sung, and the most beautiful woman among the Zhuling sang "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds". Wang Zhihuan is very proud, and this is the famous story of "painting a wall with a flag pavilion". It may not be true. However, it shows that Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci" has become a famous piece widely sung at that time.
The first sentence of the poem captures the special feeling of looking at the Yellow River from the bottom (swimming) to the top (swimming) and from near to far, and depicts the moving picture of "the Yellow River is far above the white clouds": the surging and surging Yellow River flies up to the clouds like a ribbon. The writing is really a leap of thought and the weather is open. Another famous poem of the poet, "and oceans drain the golden river", has the opposite observation angle, and is watched from top to bottom; Li Bai's "how the Yellow River's waters move out of heaven" is different from this sentence, although it also writes about watching the upstream, but the line of sight moves from far to near. "and oceans drain the golden river" and "how the Yellow River's waters move out of heaven" are both deliberately exaggerating the style of the Yellow River, showing dynamic beauty. And "the Yellow River is far above the white clouds", the direction is opposite to the flow direction of the river, which is intended to highlight its long-standing leisurely manner and show a static beauty. At the same time, it shows the vast and magnificent scenery of the border, which is worthy of being a strange sentence throughout the ages.
The second sentence "An isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain" appears as an isolated city on the frontier, which is one of the main images of this poem and belongs to the main part of the "picture scroll". "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds" is its great background, and "Wan Ren Mountain" is its close background. Against the backdrop of the mountains in Yuanchuan, it is beneficial to see that the city is in a dangerous terrain and lonely situation. "Piece" is a idiom in Tang poetry, which is often linked with "loneliness" (such as "a piece of lonely sail" and "a piece of lonely cloud", etc.). Here it is equivalent to "a seat", but the word has an extra meaning of "thinness". Such a lonely city in Mobei is certainly not a residential area, but a fortress on the edge, which implies that there are husbands in readers' poems. As a vocabulary of classical poetry, "Lonely City" has a specific meaning. It is often associated with the sadness of leaving people, such as "The setting sun of Kuifu Gucheng is oblique, and every time you follow the Beidou Wangjing Hua" (Du Fu's Autumn Prosperity), "Knowing the Han Dynasty from afar makes Xiao Guan outside, worrying about seeing the sunset edge of Gucheng" (Wang Wei's Seeing Wei off to evaluate things) and so on. The image of "lonely city" in the second sentence is introduced first, which makes preparations for the next two sentences to further describe the psychology of recruiting husbands.
Poetry begins with describing the vastness and desolation of mountains and rivers, and inherits the loneliness and danger of the defenders. The third sentence suddenly turns, introducing the sound of Qiang flute. The tune played by Qiangdi is "Folding Willow", which can't help but evoke the sadness of the recruiter. This sentence is translated into Yuefu's "Cross Blowing Songs and Folding Willow Songs", "If you don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, you will fold Yang Liuzhi. Playing the flute on the bench, worrying about killing travelers "is poetic." The custom of folding willows to bid farewell was the most prosperous in the Tang Dynasty. "Willow" has a more direct relationship with parting. Therefore, people will not only feel sad when they see the willow, but also feel sad when they hear the flute music of "Folding the Willow". The "Qiangdi" sentence does not say "smell the willow" but "blame the willow", which is especially wonderful. This avoids directly using the title of the tune, turns the board into life, and can trigger more associations and deepen poetry. Outside Yumenguan, the spring breeze is not strong, the willows are not green, and people can't leave a willow to send their feelings, which is even more embarrassing than breaking the willow to bid farewell. When people listen to music with this kind of mood, it seems that the flute is also "complaining about the willow", and the resentment revealed is strong, but it is euphemistically expressed in the broad explanation of "why complain", which is deep, implicit and intriguing. This third sentence conveys such a rich poetic sentiment in question, and the last sentence "Spring breeze is not enough to pass Yumenguan" will come naturally. Entering poetry with the word "Yumenguan" is also related to soliciting people to leave their thoughts. "The Biography of Ban Chao in the Later Han Dynasty" says: "I dare not look at Jiuquan County, but I hope to be born in Yumenguan." Therefore, the last sentence is being written in a bitter cold, implying infinite homesickness. If we compare this poem "Liangzhou Ci" with some frontier poems after the middle Tang Dynasty (such as Zhang Qiao's "Old Soldiers in Hehuang"), we will find that although this poem is extremely written about the resentment that those who are confined to the frontier are not allowed to return home, it is tragic and desolate, and there is no melancholy mood, showing the broad mind of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Even if you write sad grievances, you are strong in sadness, sad and generous. The word "why complain" not only shows the euphemistic implication of its artistic technique, but also shows that border guards at that time realized the great responsibility of defending the country and the border when homesickness was difficult to ban, so that they could forgive themselves. Perhaps it is precisely because of the sad mood of Liangzhou Ci that it can become a typical representative of "Tang Yin".