1. The influence of commodity economy on thought
1. The main background of ideological criticism during the Ming and Qing Dynasties
The impact of commodity economy and the loss of vitality of Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism were the root causes of great changes in the ideological field during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The emergence of ideological criticism during the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the inevitable result of China's social and economic development.
2. Advocacy of economic thought
(1) Li Zhi's concept of justice and benefit
With the development of commodity economy, the society's pursuit of profit and money worship prevailed, and traditional moral concepts were violently impacted. Scholar-officials who respect the ethical code advocate "preserving the natural principles and destroying human desires" and stifle these "heretical" consciousness of rebellious Neo-Confucianism ideologically.
Li Zhi hates these moralists who are full of benevolence, righteousness and morality and maintain traditional ethics, and accuses them of using Taoism as a stepping stone to seek high positions and rich salaries for themselves.
he believes that everyone has his own private interests, "dressing and eating is the physics of human relations", and the pursuit of material enjoyment is "the nature of endowments". Everyone can follow the "natural nature" and "suit his own interests and develop his own strengths", so that his personality can develop freely, and he should not be forced to obey the interests and wishes of the rulers.
(2) Three thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties advocated "industry and commerce are the foundation"
In the late Ming dynasty, the commodity economy flourished and the status of industry and commerce became increasingly prominent. The traditional thought of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" has been sharply challenged. Progressive thinkers in the late Ming Dynasty put forward the idea that "industry and commerce are the foundation".
The proposition that "industry and commerce are the foundation" reflects the requirements of the citizens for economic development, conforms to the trend of historical development, has the color of early democratic thoughts and has a progressive role. This is a correct idea that meets the needs of economic development, but it was not valued by the rulers at that time.
(3) The fundamental reason why China's critical thoughts in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties did not form as magnificent as the Enlightenment in Western Europe
The seeds of capitalism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were relatively fragile, which made the emergence and development of early democratic thoughts lack a strong material foundation.
second, the influence of commodity economy on calligraphy
1. Song Dynasty-advocating interest and ignoring statutes
The rise of the civil class, rich and varied social life, and prosperous style of writing, and because of the development of Neo-Confucianism at that time, people also appeared new characteristics in literary aesthetics: emphasizing the expression of mood and interest.
2. Ming Dynasty-showing the trend of popularization, secularization and individualization
Due to the development of commodity economy, Suzhou and Hangzhou have become not only the economic center of the whole country, but also the cultural center where scholars gather. Scholars' calligraphy was valued at this time, and most of them had a deep cultural accomplishment. On the basis of inheriting the excellent calligraphy tradition, they pursued personalized transformation and strived for calligraphy to express their personal feelings.
Third, the influence of commodity economy on painting
1. Folk customs painting
Since the Song Dynasty, on the one hand, the level of social productivity has been greatly improved, and on the basis of the development of agricultural handicrafts, business has flourished, and the economic functions and entertainment services of traditional political cities have been unprecedentedly strengthened, and a large number of pure economic towns have been formed; On the other hand, due to the development and perfection of the imperial examination system and the invention of printing, the popularity of books and the level of folk culture have been greatly improved; Coupled with the formation and prosperity of traditional Chinese opera, folk secular culture has become increasingly prosperous.
2. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,
Literati painting occupied the painting world in an all-round way and became the mainstream of China painting. "The change of the times and social unrest" actually refers to the prosperity of urban commodity economy and the rise and development of capitalism, the loosening of traditional social order and the change of values, the impact brought by the changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the ideological and cultural autocracy under foreign rule. Therefore, during this period, there appeared many painters and painting schools with unique styles and informal methods.
Fourth, the influence of commodity economy on Song Ci (poetry)
The increasing prosperity of urban life in Song Dynasty attracted a large number of scholars. They are more obsessed with the life of urban singing, dancing and feasting than the countryside.
5. The influence of commodity economy on novels
1. The story book of Song Dynasty-pushing China's novels to a new stage
The background mainly includes the prosperity of urban economy, the rise of citizen class and the popularity of storytelling in Song Dynasty.
2. Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties-unprecedented prosperity, which became the mainstream of literature at that time
(1) Reasons for prosperity
(1) The rise of a large number of industrial and commercial towns, the development of commodity economy and the rise of the civil class.
② the development of printing industry
③ the general improvement of social literacy rate in Ming and Qing dynasties.
(2) Features
① Popular literature has flourished and reached a mature stage
② It is imbued with the social atmosphere of money worship and profit
③ It has the color of criticizing reality
VI. The influence of commodity economy on opera
1. The formation of China ancient opera-Southern Opera in the Song Dynasty
In the Song Dynasty, the social economy developed rapidly and economic development promoted ancient China. The closed square market system in the original city was abandoned in the Song Dynasty. There are many markets and large-scale comprehensive entertainment venues-tile houses (the largest tile house in Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, can accommodate thousands of people, while there are more than 2 tile houses in Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty). Various popular cultures, especially operas, have made great progress in such an environment. Southern Opera was formed on the basis of folk songs and dances.
2. The maturity of China's ancient operas —— Zaju in Yuan Dynasty
Opera is a comprehensive art, and its development needs a certain material foundation. The local prosperity brought by the imbalance of economic development in Yuan Dynasty is an important reason for the prosperity of Yuan Zaju.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian rulers conquered the Central Plains, and the economy of the Central Plains was severely devastated by years of wars. However, the Mongolian nobles pursued the luxury of life and concentrated a large number of craftsmen in cities. And the displaced people are constantly pouring into cities to seek a livelihood, which also leads to abnormal prosperity in some cities. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, the capital city was a metropolis, with frequent commercial activities and extremely expanding population. The prosperity of the city and the growth of the citizen class provided a large number of actors, audiences and venues for the prosperity of Yuan Zaju, which contributed to the prosperity of Yuan Zaju.
3. The heyday of China's ancient operas-Peking Opera
Peking Opera was conceived and formed in Beijing, which was related to Beijing's special position in the country at that time. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing, as the capital of the empire, was the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country. There are not only a large number of royal nobles and officials, but also businessmen from all over the world.
Businessmen from all over the world have set up business halls and business houses after coming to Beijing. Besides facilities for offering sacrifices to gods, each hall generally has a stage. On the festive day of New Year's Day, the guild hall will raise funds to invite troupes to perform in the guild hall.
In this case, artists from all directions have gathered in Beijing to meet the cultural and entertainment needs of the royal family, officials, businessmen and residents in Beijing, and Beijing has naturally become a major center of leisure culture.
how to understand that the farming economy was highly developed during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and at the same time, it revealed the lag and crisis on the eve of modern times?
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China has shown some signs of conflict between the old and the new in the economic field. This new economic factor, separated from the farming economy, has a tendency to evolve into industrial civilization. However, under the restraint and hindrance of the policy of attaching importance to agriculture, restraining commerce and closing the country, the germination of capitalist relations of production failed to form a powerful force to sweep away the old economic base. Compared with the great leap of western industrial civilization, when Kanggan is at the peak of farming economy, the translocation of the rise and fall of Chinese and western national strength is basically a foregone conclusion.
just as the peasant uprising in the late Ming dynasty and the wars between Ming and Qing dynasties were raging, the bourgeois revolution began in Britain in 164. In the following 12 years, major western countries successively completed the transformation to modern industrial countries. The industrial revolution made the productivity created by the western bourgeoisie in less than 1 years of rule "more than all the productivity created in all previous times, even greater." These western countries frantically rushed across the ocean, plundered money, sold slaves, opened up markets and established colonial rule.
emperors in the heyday of kanggan had no idea about the historical changes in the development of world industrial civilization. They closed their doors to the outside world, suppressed and cracked down on industry and commerce at home, enforced cultural autocracy, and seriously destroyed the seeds of modernization factors. The contrast between the ignorant and arrogant Qing empire and the western powers quickly reversed. By the beginning of the 19th century, after Britain carried out the evil opium trade, China society was in deep crisis.