Means of expression can also be called means of expression (or skills of expression), and any means or method that can make the whole or part of the article have a distinct and strong impression and achieve the artistic effect of infecting readers can be regarded as means of expression. Mainly focus on making the article effective in whole or in part.
The common expression techniques are: Fu, comparison, xing, contrast, symbol, allusion, sketch, montage, expressing ambition with objects, expressing emotion with scenery, psychological depiction, combining Zhuang with harmony, associative imagination and so on.
Expression and rhetoric:
Both expression and rhetoric can enhance the expressive effect of the article, but expression is used to enhance the expressive effect of the whole or part of the article, while rhetoric is used to enhance the expressive effect of sentences in the article, mainly focusing on the modification of sentences; Expression is to express an article from a macro perspective, while rhetoric is to express an article from a micro perspective.
The boundary between expression and rhetoric is not absolute. In short, in a specific language environment, when a rhetorical device produces an overall effect in an article and enhances the expressive force of the article, or a rhetorical device produces an overall expressive force after repeated use in the article, then this rhetorical device can also be regarded as an expressive device.
2. What are the expressions of classical Chinese? Expression technique can also be called expression method (or expression technique). Any means or method that can make the whole or part of the article have a distinct and strong impression and achieve the artistic effect of infecting readers can be regarded as a means of expression.
Mainly focus on making the article effective in whole or in part. The common expression techniques are: Fu, comparison, xing, contrast, symbol, allusion, sketch, montage, expressing ambition with objects, expressing emotion with scenery, psychological depiction, combining Zhuang with harmony, associative imagination and so on.
Expression and rhetoric: both expression and rhetoric can enhance the expressive effect of the article, but expression is used to enhance the expressive effect of the whole or part of the article, while rhetoric is used to enhance the expressive effect of sentences in the article, mainly focusing on the modification of sentences; Expression is to express an article from a macro perspective, while rhetoric is to express an article from a micro perspective. The boundary between expression and rhetoric is not absolute.
In short, in a specific language environment, when a rhetorical device produces an overall effect in an article and enhances the expressive force of the article, or a rhetorical device produces an overall expressive force after repeated use in the article, then this rhetorical device can also be regarded as an expressive device.
3. What are the characteristics of classical Chinese in expression? There are the following five types: 1, narrative 2, description 3, lyric 4, argument 5, commentary (1) narrative. Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. Widely used in writing articles. (2) description. Description is an expression that describes the appearance and shape of the object and reproduces it to the reader. It is one of the main forms of narrative writing, especially literary creation. In general lyric, argumentative and expository writing, it is sometimes used as an auxiliary means. Good use of descriptive techniques can vividly convey the spirit, let readers see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get strong artistic infection from it. (3) Lyricism is to express and express the author's feelings. Specifically, it refers to a literary activity that is organized in formal words and symbolically expresses one's inner feelings. It is the opposite of narrative. It has the characteristics of subjectivity, individuality and poeticization. As a special way of literary reflection, lyric mainly reflects the spiritual level of social life, and realizes spiritual freedom through the aesthetic transformation of reality in consciousness. Lyricism is the dialectical unity of individuality and sociality, as well as emotional release, emotional structure and aesthetic creation. Mainly in the lyric style. In general literary works and narratives, it is often used as an important auxiliary means of expression. (4) argument. Argumentative essay means that the author expresses his opinions on a certain discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narration, discussion or literary works. (5) description. Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some objects to be explained are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, buildings and utensils. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, skills and so on. As the formal elements of an article, five expressions must serve the content expression. Different expressions can have different effects on a certain content, which is the expression function. First, the expression skills mainly include: ① expression (narrative, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation). (2) Expression techniques (holding objects, expressing ambition, writing scenes, lyrical narration, direct lyricism, suppressing desires first, suppressing recitation first, flashback, contrasting and setting off the symbol of pawn Zhang Xianzhi, using allusions, imagination, caring for feelings, setting off scenery, setting off objects, rendering reality and reality, combining positive description with direct lyricism and indirect lyricism, etc.); (3) material selection and cutting; ④ Structural skills: transition, echo, etc. ⑤ Creation of artistic conception, characterization and application of rhetorical methods (metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, repetition, etc.). ), description of social natural environment, etc.
4. What are the common rhetorical devices in ancient Chinese? 1. Metaphors in classical Chinese, like metaphors in modern Chinese, have noumenon, metaphor and metaphor. Of course, some are only metaphors, and some are not.
Example 1 Now, I am a fish, why should I quit? Now people are like knives and chopping boards in the kitchen, and we are like fish and meat on the chopping board. Why should we say goodbye to others in such an urgent situation? Example 2: Cicadas slough in the mud. (Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng) Translation: Keep yourself away from muddy water and get rid of the polluted environment like cicadas.
Example 1 Use "knife" and "fish" to compare each other and themselves, vividly depicting two contrasting positions and critical situations. Example 2 uses "sludge" and "filthy environment" as a metaphor for evil forces, and uses "cicada slough" as a metaphor for a completely clean life. This is a concrete image. The sentences are easy to understand, and the environment around Qu Yuan and his attitude towards life are clearly explained in the metaphor.
Second, exaggeration, mainly through the image language, exaggerates or narrows what is described artistically, giving people a strong feeling, thus enhancing the expressive force and appeal of sentences. Example 1 People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.
People are bound to die. Some people die heavier than Mount Tai, while others die lighter than a feather. The State of Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chased the dead and drove them north, burying millions of corpses and bleeding profusely.
Qin has the remaining energy to subdue the other side by taking advantage of people's danger, chasing the defeated troops who fled on the battlefield, killing countless enemies, bleeding into rivers and floating shields. Example 1 Comparing "Mount Tai" and "a feather" exaggerates and narrows the value of death, showing the author's clear attitude of love and hate and clear value orientation.
Example 2 describes the cruelty of war with "millions of corpses lying everywhere" and floating shields with rivers of blood. The exaggerated description depicts the strength and brutality of Qin, as well as the weakness and fiasco of other countries. Thirdly, metonymy replaces ontology with its features or signs; Replace the ontology with the ownership or position of the ontology; Rhetorical methods such as borrowing everything to replace the ontology of parts, or borrowing parts to replace the whole are metonymy.
The main purpose of metonymy is to give people a concrete and sensible image and arouse readers' thinking in images. Example 1 I am willing to send my son to his hometown for thousands of miles.
I hope I can ride a swift horse and take me back to my hometown. The green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the solitary sails come from the sun.
(Looking at Tianmen Mountain by Li Bai) The green hills on both sides of the strait appear in front of our eyes relatively, and a white sail flies lightly to the red sun. In example 1, "one thousand Li" replaces one thousand Mary, which means that the whole is replaced by the part.
The "lone sail" in Example 2 replaces the boat with a white sail, which replaces the whole with a part. 4. Metaphor is a general term for personification and personification, and it is a rhetorical method to personify crops or things.
This rhetorical method sometimes gives people dialogue or language, and sometimes gives people action or form, which increases the artistry of the article. Example 10 Since Huma went to see the river, she abandoned all the trees in the pond and talked about soldiers tirelessly.
Since the invasion of the southern nomads, even abandoned ponds and ancient trees have expressed their disgust at war. Example: 1 1 Birds in captivity miss the old forest.
Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden: The caged birds miss the past Woods, while the fish in the pond miss the past deep pools. Example 12 The male rabbit's feet are simple, the female rabbit's eyes are blurred, and two rabbits are walking beside the ground. Can Ann tell whether I am a man or a woman? O Mulan Poetry, Yuefu Poetry Collection: The male rabbit has fluffy feet and the female rabbit has narrow eyes, and the two rabbits run side by side. How do I know if I'm a woman or a man? Example 10 "a pool of abandoned trees is tired of talking about soldiers" tells the story as an adult, and the author uses the word "tired" revealed in "a pool of abandoned trees" to express his hatred of war incisively and vividly.
1 1's Love Birds and Thinking of Fish in a Pond are also about treating things as adults, and "love" and "thinking" are yearning for freedom. The author uses the language of human thought of animals to express this emotion. Example 12: "An Neng Distinguishes My Sex" is to write people as crops, and animals only talk about sex and ask "An Neng Distinguishes My Sex". Obviously, the protagonist explained in humorous language that it is difficult to distinguish women disguised as men.
5. Ask questions, answer questions and ask answers. Questions can be divided into two categories, one is to ask questions by yourself and answer them by yourself, and the other is to answer questions directly.
However, the Qin dynasty was just a place ... the shame of one person and the shame of seven temples. Benevolence and kindness are not applied, and the tendency to attack and defend is different. However, the State of Qin is a small territory in Yongzhou ... but it can't stand the wave of Chen She's hand and die, and is laughed at by later generations. Why? It's because we can't use the best decission, so the attack and defense have completely changed.
Example 14: Fu knocks on the urn and plays the Zheng ... Today, Kevin·Z stopped knocking on the urn and the urn, but gave up playing the piano and seized the opportunity. If so, what is it? I'm satisfied with the present, but I'm just comfortable with it. (Li Si's book on remonstrance and exile) Translation: Beat the crock, beat the tile, beat Qin Zheng, beat the thigh, and play time ... Nowadays people don't listen to knocking the crock and the tile, but appreciate the music of Zheng and Weiguo, and choose Shao's music instead of playing it. Why? Just to sound happy and look comfortable.
Example 15 Alas, the theory of ups and downs, though called destiny, is not human nature? The reason why the original Zhuang Zhou won the world is better than the person who neglected the world. (Ouyang Xiu's Biography of Lingguan) Translation: Ah! The reasons for the rise and fall of a country, although always emphasized as providence, are not actually determined by the policies and measures of the ruling class? Tracing back to the process of establishing rule and defeat in Tang Dynasty is enough to illustrate this truth.
Example 13 is a self-questioning and self-answering, which is intended to attract readers' attention and achieve the purpose of emphasizing its conclusion that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive potential is different". Example 14 also asks and answers by himself, explaining the results first and then the reasons, giving people a feeling of being suddenly enlightened.
Example 15 uses negative questions to stimulate positive answers, and the answers to the questions are all positive. This rhetorical question is a bit like a rhetorical question in modern Chinese, so there is no need to answer it.
5. What are the expressive techniques in ancient Chinese reading?
Comparison is to compare one thing with another. In the Book of Songs, the slave owner was compared to a big mouse.
Xing, that is, "say something else first, so that the words can be sung." For example, in the Book of Songs, "the river is clear and blue," which leads to the following narrative.
"Xing" and "Bi" are often combined in a poem. For example, "Peacock flies southeast and drifts five miles" at the beginning of "Peacock flies southeast" is both "Xing" and "Bi".
Li Shangyin's Jinse: "I want to know why my Jinse has fifty strings, each with a youthful interval." The first couplet was inspired by playing musical instruments, thus thinking of "China Year".
2. The combination of reality and fiction means that real scenes and events set off and interweave with imaginary scenes and events to express the same feelings. The relationship between virtual scene and real scene is sometimes complementary, forming a strong contrast, thus highlighting the center.
For example, the imaginary scene in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow" refers to the "ten-mile spring breeze" and describes the prosperity of the ten-mile long street in Yangzhou City in the past; The real scene is "the wheat is green", which is the bleak situation that the lyricist saw today. From these two contrasting paintings, the poet's feelings about the ups and downs of the past are conveyed.
The relationship between the virtual scene and the real scene sometimes complements each other, forming a rendering contrast, thus highlighting the center. For example, Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand": "When the pavilion is fragrant with plum blossoms, the bridges are sparse with willows, and the grass is warm and swaying.
Sadness is getting farther and farther away, and the distance is like spring water. Inch by inch, my heart is tender, my eyes are full of tears, and the height of the building is not close to the dangerous fence.
Pingwu is full of spring mountains, and pedestrians are even outside. Look at realism in the world, and compare the departure of "pedestrians" through the scenes in early spring.
Write empty thoughts, and write melancholy thoughts by imagining the wife of a "pedestrian" looking at the fence from afar and missing the sad image of a "pedestrian". The wife misses her husband, and the husband misses his wife. Reality and reality are born together, and the feelings of parting are expressed incisively and vividly.
3. Set-off, also called set-off, refers to using B to support nails, making the characteristics of nails more prominent. There are two kinds of contrast: positive and negative. Using the approximate conditions of one thing to set off another thing is called positive contrast; Using the opposite condition of one thing to set off another thing is called contrast.
For example, Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia: "The river of no return is a romantic figure through the ages. On the west side of the base, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms. "
Zhou Yu is the character to be portrayed in this poem. However, from the writing of "a romantic figure through the ages", there were many heroes in "Battle of Red Cliffs", and finally he concentrated on Zhou Yu, which highlighted Zhou Yu's important position in the author's mind. This is a positive contrast. And "cicada forest is quieter, Tonamiyama is quieter" is the contrast.
4. Contrast is to put two opposing things or two different aspects of the same thing together and compare them with each other. Use contrast, or make the contradiction of opposing things stand out clearly, reveal the essence, and give people profound enlightenment; Or make the two opposing aspects of things set off against each other and complement each other, giving people a deep impression.
For example, Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing: "Half of our soldiers died at the front, but the other half is still alive, and there are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the military camp." Comparing the death of soldiers on the battlefield with the indulgence of the general, the image is vivid and profound.
5. Repression is to say both negative and positive aspects at the same time, and only emphasize one of them, so as to suppress one and promote the other. According to the form, intonation can be divided into two types: thinking first and thinking first.
For example, Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng": "In the propaganda room, the sage asks for a visit to the minister, and Jia Sheng's tone is even more incoherent. Poor midnight is unprecedented, and Mo Wen people ask ghosts and gods. "
The first two sentences of this poem are written from the front, as if they were eager to be virtuous and open-minded, which is Yang. But after reading the last two sentences, I suddenly realized that the original intention of earnestly seeking talents, humbly seeking advice, confided in one's heart, and even "confinement" is not to seek the way of governing the country and comforting the people, but to "ask ghosts and gods", which is repression.
If you want to restrain yourself, you should first satirize the political fatuity and absurdity of Emperor Han. 6. Symbols refer to concepts, thoughts and feelings that express similar or similar characteristics through concrete images that are easy to be associated.
Qu Yuan used "Lan Zhi" to symbolize his fragrance and noble moral integrity, while Lu You used "Plum Blossom" to symbolize his loneliness and strength. 7. positive description positive description refers to the description of the front and side of the object of description, also known as direct description and indirect description.
Direct description of the object is positive description, and description of the things around the object makes the object more vivid and prominent. For example, Wang Changling's "Joining the Army" says: "Dust in the desert, the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen.
The former army fought in Taohe River overnight, and it was reported that Tuguhun was captured alive. "The second sentence describes the situation from the side: on the one hand, the poetic style is very strong, which is convenient for rolling up the red flag and marching in a hurry; On the other hand, it is highly alert and unobtrusive, highlighting the tension of war.
8. There are two kinds of allusions: allusions to useful things and quotations from previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings.
The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words. For example, Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gu Beiting Nostalgia": "In those days, Jin Ge was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li like a tiger."
In addition to recalling the author's experience of going south 43 years ago, this word has many allusions. "When Jin Ge was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li like a tiger" is about the heroic deeds of Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition against the enemy.
By praising Song Wudi, the author satirizes the humiliating and peace-seeking behavior of the Southern Song Dynasty, and shows the author's determination to resist the gold master and restore the Central Plains. 9. Dynamic and static description Dynamic and static description refers to the dynamic or static description of things or scenery, which set off each other and constitute a kind of interest.
For example, Du Fu's "One Man in the City": "The sand-headed birds are silent, and the fish at the stern are whistling." The last sentence of the fish jumping "moving" sets off the "quiet" of the previous sentence.
10. Detail description refers to the poet's detailed description of the manner, movements, language and psychology of a scene or character in life. Forming a whole article with details as the center can often make poetry appear concise, concentrated and lasting appeal.
Excellent poetry always reflects the theme with typical details, through which we can dig out the emotions contained in the poem. For example, Joke and Zhang are very typical and particularly wonderful details.
1 1. Rendering is a painting method of Chinese painting, which needs to be emphasized.
6. Several common expressions of ancient poetry 1. Contrast or contrast refers to supporting armor with B, which makes the characteristics or characteristics of armor more prominent. There are two kinds: contrast and contrast. "A river of no return, a man who has been scoured by waves and has been romantic for ages, based on the west, human nature is the red cliff of Zhou Lang." (Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" "Tonight" is still young, and I don't know where the capital is. Her hair is foggy, and the jade shoulders are cold. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the light without tears? . (Du Fu's Moonlit Night) The figure to be created is Zhou Yu, but starting with the "romantic figures of the ages", how many heroes are drawn from Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally concentrated on Zhou Yu, which highlights Zhou Yu's dominant position in the author's mind. Couplets and necklaces depict the beauty of his wife, setting off the poet. Render and set off the outside of the wheel outline of the object image with ink or color to make the object image stand out obviously. Used in artistic creation, it refers to intentional description from the side, as a foil, to make the things to be expressed stand out clearly. It can be a contrast between people, such as the reaction of "walker" and "teenager" in Qin Luofu, to set off the amazing beauty of Qin Luofu. It can also be the contrast between things, such as "cicadas sing louder in the forest" and "the moon is a bird that scares the mountain" and so on. More things to get people going. For example, the moon in the river was written three times in Pipa, which set off the wonderful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters respectively. Another example is the image of "Peach Blossom Lake, deep in thousands of feet", which vividly sets off Wang Lun's deep affection for the poet. 2. There are many ways to use ancient and modern allusions, which are usually explicit, implicit, positive and negative. (1) When using the allusions in the classical poems of the Ming Dynasty, if readers can see them literally, they will know that they are using an allusions from the Ming Dynasty. This is the story in Historical Records and Biography of Feng Tang, which was used in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Dongpo lay man used this allusion, aiming at Shang Wei's own situation, hoping that someone who dared to give advice like Feng Tang would sponsor himself in front of Song Shenzong and send someone to recall him and entrust him with an important task. This is the embodiment of the ancient people's consciousness of worrying about the country and the people. After the Southern Anhui Incident, Zhou Enlai angrily wrote a book "roommates fight, why do you want to blow each other up?" Here, the sentence in Cao Zhi's seven-step poem is obviously used: "We were born from the same root, why are we in such a hurry?" (2) When using allusions in classical poetry, sometimes on the surface, it seems that allusions are integrated with contextual sentences. Without careful investigation, you simply don't know that they are allusions. For example, the last sentence of "Jiangchengzi Mizhou Hunting" is: "You can swing your bow like this. Describe a hunter shooting a wolf with a bow. In fact, this is a hint of "shooting at Sirius with a long arrow" in Dong Jun. Sirius is a star name, which was used to represent greed and plunder in ancient times. The author refers to the rulers of Liao and Xixia in this generation. " Shooting Sirius shows his determination to defend the country against the enemy. (3) There is a quote from Li Bai's "Uncle Shu Yun, a Farewell to the School in Xuanzhou Xie Tiao Building" that "the bones of great writers are your brushes, and I grew up beside you in Tianxuetang". Through this article, he praised Liu Yun as well as his own Penglai, the name of the mountain in the sea, which is a rare ancient book in the legendary fairy house and is hidden here. Penglai Mountain in Taoism refers to the school bookkeeper Li Yun Jian 'an Bone, which is the abbreviation of Jian 'an. During the Jian 'an period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the poems represented by Cao Cao and his son and the seven sons of Jian 'an were fresh and vigorous, and were called Jian 'an figures by later generations. ""refers to Xiao Xie, Xie Tiao. Unlike "big thanks" (Xie Lingyun), Li Bai praised Xie Tiao, which means self-comparison. Of these two sentences, the last one praised Liu Yun's article for its strength, freshness and profundity. The next sentence says that his poems should be as fresh and meaningful as Xie Tiao's. (4) Anti-allusions Some poets take the people mentioned in allusions and use them against their will, such as Xin Qiji's "Man Jiang Hong sends Li to judge Shu", which strongly encourages Li to make a difference in Shu. The first sentence turns to Li Bai's "It's difficult to ascend to heaven through Shu", which is summarized as "Ascending to heaven through Shu". Xin Qiji emphasized in "Man Jiang Hong" that you can reach the sky through hard climbing, which is a typical anti-allusion. There are two kinds of allusions and quotations from previous poems. The purpose of things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, promote people's association and find meaning beyond words.