According to the "three-point method", narrative refers to a work that depicts the character through the description of events, thus reflecting the reality and expressing the author's thoughts and feelings. In this kind of works, the author's thoughts and opinions permeate the description of specific events. "All internal factors are deeply infiltrated into external factors, so that these two aspects-internal and external-are inseparable from each other and present a definite and self-sufficient reality-event in direct integration. There are no poets here; A well-defined world is developing itself, and poets seem to simply say what they have done automatically. Because the author of this kind of works narrates from the side, and at the same time allows the characters to express themselves without any restrictions, it can reflect the real life to a very wide and sufficient extent. Such works include narrative poems, novels, fables and so on.
Lyricism refers to those works that reflect reality through the author's expression of some thoughts and feelings. In this kind of works, the author directly expresses his feelings about real life, love and hate, and reflects reality through it, infecting readers. "Here, poetry stays in the stage of thought, emotion and thinking of internal factors; The spirit retreats from the external reality to itself, endowing poetry with endless and complex colors of inner life (it transforms all external things into itself). Here, the poet's personality is dominant, and we can only feel and understand everything through the poet's personality. " (2) This kind of works generally have no complete plot, and the length is often short. It includes lyric poetry and lyric prose. Drama refers to those works that put characters on the stage and let them express their character through actions. In this kind of works, "as in epics, there are some real events that are driven by various subjective and objective forces;" However, this kind of event is not purely external. Here, the event is not suddenly presented to us, but prepared: it begins with the initiative hidden from us, goes through its own journey of freedom, and then falls back to itself. Yes, here, we see the origin and process of the event from our personal will and character. On the other hand, these characters do not stay on themselves, but are constantly exposed, and they should constantly expose the inner side of their spirit in practical interests. "That is to say, this kind of works has the characteristics of narrative works-it has a complete plot, and the factors of lyric works can be expressed one by one through the characters; But it is not only different from lyricism, but also different from narration, and it is not a simple make-up between the two. It has its own characteristics, which is why it can exist independently. Such works include tragedies, comedies and plays.
2. The "three modernizations" and "four modernizations" and "three modernizations" of literary genres: according to the different ways of constructing aesthetic images in literary works, literary genres are divided into three categories. Namely: narrative, lyric and drama.
"Four points": According to the differences in image construction, genre structure, language use and expression, literary works are divided into four categories: poetry, prose, novel and drama literature.
Trigonometry classifies literary works according to different methods of creating images and reflecting life, and captures some important basic characteristics of various genres, which has strong generalization power. However, it only classifies from three different aspects: narrative, lyric and drama, ignoring the characteristics of various genres of literary works in other aspects such as system, structure and language, thus separating some literary genres with the same basic characteristics that should belong to the same category. For example, quoted poems and narrative poems in poetry, lyric prose and narrative prose in prose are rigidly separated and classified into two categories. In this way, the similarities between lyric poetry and narrative poetry, lyric prose and narrative prose are easily overlooked.
To sum up, the advantages of the "quartering method" mainly include: First, the division not only pays attention to the differences in image-building methods, but also pays attention to the differences in systems, which is more in line with China's traditional habits. In naming, it is more specific and easier to master than the "trisection", and it is easy to associate its name with its characteristics. Secondly, the novel genre has developed rapidly since it came into being, especially since modern times, and it occupies a very important position in literary creation. It is in line with the actual situation to divide literary creation into a big category independently. Thirdly, prose is a very flexible genre, which has a glorious tradition and rich inside information in the history of China literature development. From the pre-Qin period to the May 4th Movement, many excellent masterpieces and great writers appeared in the field of prose. It is not only in line with the actual situation of literary creation, but also conducive to critically inheriting the excellent tradition of China literature and prospering socialist literary creation. Therefore, in this book, we have adopted the "quartering method".
3. There are several styles, including narrative, expository, practical and argumentative.
(1) Narrative: It is a style with narrative and description as its main forms and characters, narrative, scenery and things as its main contents.
1, the classification of narrative
(1) In terms of content and expression:
(1) a simple narrative.
② Complex narrative.
(2) From the perspective of different writing objects:
(1) write a narrative.
(2) Narrative narrative.
(3) Narrative based on landscape writing.
(4) Narrative mainly tells things.
(2) Explanatory text: a style that takes explanation as the main expression and is used to introduce or explain the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process, reasons, merits and demerits of things.
1, classification of descriptive text
From description object (content):
(1) Description of physical things.
(2) explanation.
(3) scientific essays.
From the perspective of language expression:
(1) Simple explanation.
(2) literature expository.
2, the characteristics of the text:
(1) is very scientific in content.
(2) The structure is clear and organized.
(3) There is strict accuracy in language.
③ Practical writing:
Practical writing is a practical style that meets the actual needs of daily life, work and study, and has a certain format, short length, simplicity and popularity.
1, types of practical writing:
(1) letters:
General letters and special letters (thank you letter, commendation letter, condolence letter, letter of introduction, open letter, confirmation letter, application, proposal, proposal,
Invitation letter), telegram, remittance.
(2) Precautions:
Diary, reading notes.
(3) Official documents:
There are thirteen orders, decisions, announcements, circulars, notices, circulars, motions, reports, requests for instructions, replies, opinions, letters and minutes of meetings.
(4) Propaganda category:
Advertising draft, speech draft, blackboard newspaper, news, newsletter, product manual.
(5) notification category:
Apocalypse poster.
(6) Etiquette:
Invitation, congratulatory letter (congratulatory letter, telegram), condolence letter.
(7) contract:
Articles (receipts, IOUs, receipts, IOUs, leave notes, messages, etc.). ), contracts (agreements) and conventions.
(8) Chronicle:
Biography, local chronicles, family history (school history, village history).
④ Argumentative paper:
Argumentative writing is a common style that takes argumentation as the main way and directly expresses the author's views and opinions through facts and reasoning.
(1), the classification of argumentative papers:
By content use:
(1) general political papers.
Two comments.
Prose (essays, essays, notes).
4 after reading.
According to the way of argument:
(1) Do a paper.
2 refute the paper.
4. Composition is generally divided into several styles: narrative, argumentative, expository, essay and practical. Narrative is an article about remembering people, narrating, writing about scenery and writing about things.
Mainly narrative, often using description, lyricism, discussion and other techniques. Ancient stories, biographies and modern news, communications, biographies and travel notes all belong to the category of narrative.
We should master the different characteristics of different narrative styles. 2. Argumentative essay refers to an article that focuses on argumentation and reasoning.
Argumentative writing includes three elements: argument, argument and argument. The ancient styles of reasoning, argumentation, reasoning and originality all belong to the category of argumentative writing.
Master the three elements of argumentative writing, argumentation methods (argumentation and refutation) and argumentation methods (induction, deduction, comparison, etc. ). Master the methods of refutation (refutation point, refutation basis, refutation argument).
3. Descriptive words are mainly used to introduce and explain the characteristics, nature, form, occurrence, development, categories and functions of things or events, and have the characteristics of knowledge and objectivity. Modern instructions and explanatory texts belong to explanatory texts.
4. Prose poetry has the characteristics of both prose and poetry, and it is a literary genre. /kloc-was popular in Europe and America in the middle of 0/9th century.
Its first feature is that it is short in length and does not rhyme, but it has strong expressive color, poetic artistic conception, inherent musical beauty and sense of rhythm. The second feature is the jumping of content, which creates a poetic feeling with concise language.
The third feature is the use of symbols and hints to expand content and capacity. Practical writing is a variety of practical styles in life, as long as it can be expressed clearly.
In addition, writing novels is sometimes required in exams. Three elements of a novel: characters, plot and environment.
The plot of a novel generally includes the beginning, development, * * * and ending. The environment of the novel includes natural environment, social environment and the specific environment of the characters' activities.
Novels should create typical characters in typical environments. Poetry, Ci, Qu and Fu all belong to the category of poetry.
Understanding poetry has the following characteristics: reflecting life with rich emotions; Make a highly concentrated summary of life; The language is concise and vivid; Rich in rhythm and rhythmic beauty. Understanding words is different from metrical poetry.
Words have epigrams, and writing words must be limited by the change of melody rhythm. Sentences are long and short, rhyming is more flexible than teaching, and it is not as extensive and diverse as poetry in reflecting the content of life. Understanding Sanqu is generally divided into poems and collections.
Every sentence of Sanqu rhymes, and only one rhyme is used throughout. Understanding Fu is a special style formed in the Han Dynasty, which is characterized by studying literary talent, antithesis, rhythm and narration. Generally, it adopts the structural mode of answering the subject and object, restraining the object words and extending the theme.