"Ode to the History of Pines at the Bottom of a Yuyu Stream"
Author: Zuo Si
Pines at the bottom of a Yuyu Stream, seedlings on Lili Mountain.
A stem with an inch diameter can shade a hundred-foot strip.
The worldly king is in a high position, and he is handsome and humble compared to his subordinates.
The terrain makes this happen, and it has a long history.
Jin Zhang borrows old business, Qi Ye Er Han Diao.
Isn’t Mr. Feng a great man?
Notes:
1. Yuyu: dense and dense green appearance. Jian: between two mountains. Jiandi pine: a metaphor for a poor scholar with high talent and low status.
2. Lili: drooping appearance. Seedling: young vegetation. Mountain seedlings: small trees on the mountain.
3. He: refers to the seedlings on the mountain. diameter: diameter. Diameter: one inch in diameter. Diameter stem: a stem that is one inch thick.
4. Shade: cover. This: refers to the pine at the bottom of the stream. Tiao: branches, here refers to trees.
5. Zhou: eldest son. Shizhou: a descendant of aristocratic family. 蹑(Nie): to crawl, to ascend.
6. Subordinate officials: subordinate officials. Shenxialiao: An official position that is sunk in subordinates.
7. The two sentences about terrain mean that this situation is just like the pines at the bottom of the stream and the seedlings on the mountains. It is caused by the terrain and has been there for a long time.
8. Jin: Refers to the golden sun-hook of the Han Dynasty. His family served as servants for seven generations from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty. (See "Han Shu Jin Ri Zhuan") Zhang: refers to Han Zhangtang. Since Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, his family had more than ten people serving as servants and regular servants. "Hanshu Zhang Tang Chuan Zan" says: In the age of meritorious officials, only the Jin family and the Zhang family were close and favored, even compared to their relatives. Seven Leaves: Seven generations. Er (ear): insert. Erhan Diao: In the Han Dynasty, the hats of the middle and regular servants all had mink tails. These two sentences mean that the children of the Jin and Zhang families relied on their ancestors' inheritance to become noble officials in the Han Dynasty for seven generations.
9. Feng Gong: Refers to Feng Tang of the Han Dynasty. He once accused Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty of not knowing how to employ people. When he was old, he still served as a minor official under the director of Zhonglang. Wei: Strange. Recruitment: Recruitment. No move: Not being used. These two sentences mean that Feng Tang is not so great that he is not reused even when he is old. The above four sentences cite historical facts to show that the situation of the world's elite being in high positions and being handsome and subordinate to subordinates has been around for a long time.
Translation:
Lush pine trees grow at the bottom of the mountain stream,
Small seedlings swaying low in the wind grow on the top of the mountain.
With its tiny diameter,
it can cover a hundred-foot-long pine tree.
Children of noble families can ascend to high positions and gain power, but talented people are buried in low-level positions.
This is because of their different status.
This situation has been around for a long time and did not happen overnight.
The two families of Jin Rixi and Zhang Anshi in the Han Dynasty relied on their ancestors' legacy.
Their descendants became high-ranking officials for seven generations.
Wasn’t Feng Tang during the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty considered a great talent?
But just because he was born in a humble background,
and his hair turned gray and he was still not reused.
Appreciation:
This poem was written under the clan system. Talented people are suppressed because of their humble background. Regardless of whether they are talented or not, the children of aristocratic families occupy important positions, resulting in The phenomenon of injustice in which there are no poor families in the upper class and no powerful families in the lower class ("The Biography of Liu Yi in the Book of Jin"). The four lines of "Yu Yu Jian" with loose lines at the bottom express the injustice of the world at that time in a pictorial way. The pine at the bottom of the stream is used as a metaphor for the scholars who came from a humble background, and the seedlings on the mountain are used as a metaphor for the children of a wealthy family. The saplings that are only one inch thick on the mountain actually cover the hundred-foot-long tree at the bottom of the stream. On the surface, it seems to be a natural scene. In fact, the poet uses this metaphor to metaphor the injustice in the world and contains specific social content. The image is clear and the expression is subtle. Chinese classical poems often use pine trees to describe people. Before this poem, such as Liu Zhen's "Gift to Congdi"; after this poem, such as Wu Jun's "Gift to Wang Guiyang", pine trees are used to describe people's noble character. The connotation is: Very rich.
The four sentences "Shi Zhou crouching for a high position" describe that at that time, the children of aristocratic families occupied high official positions, while the scholars from humble backgrounds were sunk in low official positions. This phenomenon is just like the pines at the bottom of the stream and the seedlings on the mountains. It is the terrain that makes them like this. It has been around for a long time and it did not happen overnight. At this point, the poem has gone from hidden to explicit, and is relatively clear. Here, vivid language is used to effectively expose the unreasonable phenomena caused by the clan system. Historically, the clan system had developed in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. By the time Cao Wei implemented the nine-level Zhongzheng system, it had consolidated the rule of clan clans. During the Western Jin Dynasty, due to the continued implementation of the nine-level Zhongzheng system, the rule of clans was further strengthened, and its shortcomings became increasingly obvious. Duan Zhuo said: Today in the Taiwan Pavilion election, Tu has blocked his ears and eyes. Visitors of the ninth rank only ask about the Zhongzheng. Therefore, those who are in the top rank are not the descendants of the princes, that is, Tu's Kundi. Hu Zhijun, Lu Chen is the only one who can't live in peace! ("The Biography of Duan Zhuo, Book of Jin") At that time, the imperial court only employed people based on the middle and high-quality grades. As a result, the top-ranking officials were all the children of nobles, and the career of poor people from poor families was blocked. Liu Yi's famous "Eight Loss Shu" severely condemned Zhongzheng's unfairness: Today Zhongzheng does not focus on talents, but only relies on party interests; if it is not evenly measured, it only depends on likes and dislikes. Those who want to be given to others will gain fame in vain; those who want to be humbled will be criticized for faults, superior and inferior will be driven by the strong and weak, right and wrong will be determined by love and hate.
With the rise and fall of the world, regardless of talent and actuality, when it is declining, it is cut down, and when it is prosperous, it is supported. One person's body will change in ten days. Some people use goods and bribes to gain access, or they use schemes and assistance to advance. Those who rely on the support will surely reach it, and those who follow the way will be trapped. If you are haggard, if you have no retribution for yourself, you will definitely see it cut off; if you are selfish for yourself, you will definitely get what you want. There are no humble families in the upper class, and there are no powerful families in the lower class. There are things that happen at the same time, and they all have their own reasons. Being arrogant and ignoring the time is actually a source of chaos and a way to harm the government. ("Book of Jin Liu Yi Biography") These remarks reflected the corruption in employment at that time. Zuo Si's poem started from his own experience and violently criticized the current ills, which has important political significance.
Jin Zhang borrows four sentences from old business, and the origin of inheritance is not one day. The content ranges from general to individual and more specific. Jin refers to the Jin Rixi family. According to the "Biography of Jin Rixi in the Book of Han", during the seven generations of Emperor Wu, Emperor Zhao, Emperor Xuan, Emperor Yuan, Emperor Cheng, Emperor Ai, and Emperor Ping, the Jin family had internal servants. Zhang refers to the Zhangtang family. According to the "Hanshu Zhang Tang Biography", since Emperors Xuan and Yuan of the Han Dynasty, more than ten people in the Zhang family have served as Shizhong, Zhongchangshi, Zhucao Sanqi, and Lieutenant. In the age of meritorious officials, only the Jin family and the Zhang family were close, favored, and honored, even compared to their relatives. This is one aspect. On the other hand is Feng Gong, also known as Feng Tang. He was from the time of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and was very talented, but he was old and could only serve as a minor official like Director Zhonglang. Here, a contrasting method is used to express the specific content of a worldly man who is in a high position, handsome and humble in his subordinates. Moreover, it closely follows the title of the poem "Ode to History". He Zhuo has long pointed out that Zuo Si's "Ode to History" is actually a chant to Huai. Poets only use history to express their feelings and ruthlessly expose and criticize unreasonable social phenomena.
In this poem, Jin Zhang borrows from his old career and uses contrasting techniques in four sentences. Contrast is used throughout the whole poem, so the performance is very vivid and vivid. In addition, the content changes from hidden to visible, and each layer is more specific, which has a good artistic effect. Ode to History
Li Shangyin Ode to History
Looking at the virtuous countries and families in the past, their success was due to diligence and frugality, and their success was due to extravagance.
Why do you need amber to be a pillow? How can you use a pearl to be a chariot?
It’s hard to find a Qinghai horse when transporting someone, and it’s hard to pull out a Shushan snake if you are too weak.
Several people have pre-recorded the song of Nanxun, and the ancient blue sky cries for the green flowers.
Appreciation
Li Shangyin’s epic poem not only praises the past and present, which fully reflects his progressive view of history, but also uses the past to satirize the present, implicitly expressing his realist tendency. At the same time, he also used the title to express his feelings, euphemistically expressing his depression of not being able to realize his talent. The deep emotion relative to current affairs expands the expressive capacity of epic poems.
Epic poems take historical stories or legends as their themes and are closely related to the poet's view of history. The reason why Li Shangyin's epic poems are well written is that he uses the historical perspective of development and change to analyze social changes and attributes the rise and fall of the country to man-made changes. In "Looking at the Ancients", he linked the vertical history with the horizontal view of reality and pointed out: Don't rely on the golden soup to suddenly lead to peace, and the frost in the grass reveals the ancient and modern feelings. He profoundly warned the ruling group of the late Tang Dynasty: everything is changing, and the golden city, soup and pond will not be the same. We cannot protect the country from decline forever. Based on the historical facts of the rise and fall, he summarized it as a review of the virtuous countries and families in the past, and the success was due to diligence and frugality, and the failure was due to extravagance ("Ode to History"), and proposed that the key to the success or failure of any political power lies in his fundamental understanding of history: He also heard the principles and Chaos is related to people and not to heaven. ("A Journey to the Western Suburbs for a Hundred Rhymes") As for who to blame, although he was limited by the times and could only tie the lifeline of Li Luan to the emperors, most of his poems blamed them To bring chaos to the country. Therefore this kind of revelation is more progressive. The idea of ??not being tied to the sky runs through all of Li Shangyin's epic poems. The most notable one is the song "Ode to History" (Land and Water in North Hunan), which illustrates that rise and fall have their own destiny and have nothing to do with destiny. He also said: Since the Emperor of Heaven was drunk at that time, it did not matter that there were mountains and rivers in Qin ("Xianyang"). Qin's unification of the world does not depend on the danger of conquering mountains and rivers. Since he believes that there are clues to sort out the rise and fall of chaos, and he has the ambition to take advantage of the situation when the house is deserted and the man is in love with Chihuang ("Inscribed on the Han Ancestral Temple"), therefore, despite the changes in human affairs in ancient times, he still feels that things have Can be done. Not pessimistic. While emphasizing artificiality, the poet also highlighted the criticism of the feudal rulers who regarded regional conditions and destiny as spiritual pillars and enjoyed themselves without any scruples. For example, "Southern Dynasties": The land is dangerous and the heaven and earth are long, and the jade energy of Jinling corresponds to the light of Yao. Don't boast that this place divides the world, but only half the makeup of Concubine Xu. This poem summarizes the Southern Dynasty by citing the events of Liang Dynasty, cleverly connects half-face makeup with the division of the world, and bitterly satirizes the decadent and dim-witted rulers who were superstitious and kingly, relied on natural dangers, failed to make progress, and suffered the consequences of their country's subjugation. These clear attitudes of using the past to draw lessons from the present contain profound intentions and are more conscious and complete than previous understandings.
Secondly, the poet often used the past to satirize the present, focusing on exposing the historical phenomenon of some subjugated kings who indulged in female sex and were extravagant and lustful, which led to the subjugation of the country and their lives. He gave varying degrees of satire to the famous gods, wine-loving emperors, and shameless and dissolute kings of the past dynasties, such as King Mu of Zhou, Empress Chen, Emperor Yang of Sui, and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, thereby expressing directly or indirectly His realist tendency plays a certain satirical role. For example, in "The Southern Dynasties", who said that Qiong Shu came to the court, but it was not as good as the golden lotus. In "Qi Gong Ci", the Liangtai singing and dancing stopped at the third watch, as if the wind was shaking the nine bells. In "Sui Palace", the spring breeze lifted the country to cut the palace brocade, half Use mud as a barrier and half as a sail. Poems with content and style like this account for the vast majority of his epic poems. This shows that from the observation of real life, the poet saw that some emperors of that era had already made the same mistakes as the previous dynasties and were inevitably heading towards the abyss of destruction. Just because I didn't dare to expose it head on, I used history to make fun of it.
However, in many of his epic poems, Li Shangyin overly regarded indulging in female sex as the biggest reason for the country's subjugation, while ignoring more important factors such as politics, economy, and class contradictions. This was due to the limitations of his class background and the history of the times. To. Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, the poet has experienced the separatist rule of vassal towns, the monopoly of eunuchs, the factional strife between Niu and Li, and the acceleration of the country's demise. Although he stands in the position of safeguarding the interests of the Tang Dynasty, he expresses his own opinions and opinions in a tortuous way in the epic poem. Anger at the current situation. "Han Stele" expresses the author's political attitude of insisting on unity and opposing the separatism of feudal towns through the praise of "Ping Huaixi Stele" written by Han Yu during the reign of Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty. Of course, Li Shangyin's epic poem has a realistic background and is close to the subject. Xianzong took the elixir to seek immortality, but he died violently and was buried in Jingling. He wrote a poem "Passing Jingling" to praise the event: Emperor Wu's soul has been ascending to immortality for a long time, the tent hall is desolate and smoke condenses, but the common people cannot stay, Dinghu is no different from Wei Xiling. Except for Xianzong, Li Shang was invisible in all dynasties. Mu Zong and Wuzong were also like gods. Wu Zong also became ill because of this, and he wrote a large number of epic poems to satirize the emperor's quest for immortality. Such as "The Temple of the Queen Mother of the West under Huayue" and so on. Jingzong succeeded to the throne at a young age and was licentious, so Li Shangyin often used the folk name for Gao Wei, the empress of the Northern Qi Dynasty, in his poems to remind him of his debauchery. For example, "The Empress of Chen" and "The Young Marquis of Fuping" coldly and satirically satirize the supreme ruler who does not care about the country and the people and spends his days drunkenly dreaming of life and death.
Thirdly, what is more valuable about Li Shangyin is that he realized that the root cause of all defeats lies in the fact that the supreme rulers and emperors do not distinguish between wise and foolish people, do not pay attention to talents, are arrogant, extravagant, lustful, lustful, and lustful. Fairy. Therefore, the emperors in his epic poems mainly fall into two types. In his poems such as "Yao Chi" and "Jia Sheng", he poignantly satirized the futility of the emperors seeking gods and the folly of their lovers who loved the people less than the good gods. The vain pursuit of gods by emperors was a common theme in poetry circles in the past. However, Li Shangyin wrote more profound thoughts than others.
Birdsong Stream
Wang Wei Birdsong Stream
People are busy, osmanthus flowers fall, the night is quiet and the spring sky is empty.
When the moon comes out, birds startle the mountains, and they sing in the spring stream.
Translation and Notes
1.
The spring night is very quiet, and the sound of falling osmanthus can be heard.
The moon came out, startling the perching birds, which sometimes chirped in the mountains.
2.
Spring is silent, and the sweet-scented osmanthus withers away unconsciously. The silence makes the mountains feel even more empty on a spring night. The moon came out, and the birds were startled by the moonlight. From time to time, crisp birdsong can be heard in the mountain stream.
1. Birdsong Stream: Birds are singing in the mountains.
2. Jian: a stream between two mountains.
3. Xian: quiet and leisurely, which means the silence of human voices.
4. Emptiness: empty, empty. emptiness. At this time, it is described as silent and soundless in the mountains, as if there is nothing.
5. Moonrise: The moon comes out.
6. Shiming: sometimes, not from time to time. Crying from time to time.
7. Shi: sometimes, occasionally.
8. Osmanthus fragrans: the common name for mignonette. Some bloom in spring and some bloom in autumn.
9. Jing: startle, disturb.
10. Xian: quiet.
Appreciation
This poem describes the tranquility of spring mountains. Stillness was strongly felt by the poet. Why? It's because people are idle, that is, people are quiet. People's tranquility is due to the tranquility of their hearts, so they are aware of the fall of the sweet-scented osmanthus.
Flowers fall, the moon rises, and birds sing, these moving scenes set off the tranquility of the spring stream.
Birdsong Stream is a place with extremely beautiful scenery. Jian is a mountain stream, a flowing water sandwiched between two mountains. This poem describes the unusually quiet scene in Spring Mountain at night. The main idea of ??the poem is: In a quiet environment with no human voice, the sweet-scented osmanthus blossoms and falls by itself, as if you can feel the sound of the sweet-scented osmanthus falling to the ground. When the night is deeper and quieter, the spring mountains with many scenery seem to be empty. The moon had just risen, and as soon as the light appeared, it startled the birds in the trees, and they chirped from time to time in the spring stream.
This poem mainly writes about the quiet night in the spring mountains. The flowers fall, the moon rises, and the birds sing, they are all moving. The author uses the method of contrasting the stillness with movement to achieve the more secluded artistic effect of the Birdsong Mountain.
Leisure means that there are no human disturbances around, and it shows the quietness of the poet's heart. With this as a premise, the subtle sweet-scented osmanthus fell from the branches and was noticed. The poet can detect this kind of falling, or just by the touch caused by the flower falling on the skirt, or by the sound, or by the trace of fragrance emitted when the petals fall. In short, the factors that can affect people are very subtle. And when this subtle factor can be clearly felt from the surrounding world, the poet can't help but marvel at the silence of the night and the emptiness particularly revealed by the silence. Here, the poet's state of mind and the environmental atmosphere of Chunshan are consistent with each other and interact with each other.
Writing about an ethereal and quiet environment and state of mind, the protagonist uses all his heart and soul to listen carefully to the sounds of falling flowers and birds singing. His heart is peaceful and indifferent, but also full of elegance. The extremely quiet nature is vivid and full of life in the poet's writing. The moonrise is silent, while mountain birds fly in fright. This is an artistic scene that contrasts movement and stillness.
"Er'an Shuo Tang Poetry": Youcheng is proficient in Zen theory, and his poems are all in line with the holy teachings. "Notes on Tang Poems": It is wonderful to have leisurely people to enjoy leisurely things. "Book of Poetry": The song of birds refers to the motive; the stream refers to the narrow environment. First, I wrote about the quiet spring mountain sky at night, with five characters in front of it, and then pointed out the bird's song stream, and I felt that there was an empty and quiet scene, which became more obvious because of the birdsong, and was revealed outside the pen and ink. It's a piece of machinery that can't be reached without manpower.
This poem is one of the representative works of Wang Wei's landscape poetry. Appreciated from the perspective of literary creation, the subtlety of this poem lies in the poetic and picturesque contrast between movement and stillness. In the first sentence, osmanthus flowers fall while people are leisurely, and the spring mountains are empty at night. The scenery is described with sound, and the synesthetic technique is cleverly used to combine the dynamic scene of flowers falling with people's leisure. Flowers bloom and fall, all belong to the sound of nature. Only when the mind is truly free and let go of the obsession with worldly distractions can one's spirit be raised to a state of emptiness. The background was late at night, and the poet obviously could not see the scene of the falling osmanthus. However, because of the quiet night and the calmness of the people watching the scenery, he still felt the process of the blooming osmanthus falling off the branches, floating down, and landing on the ground. While we were reciting, we seemed to have entered the scenic scene of fragrant forest and flower rain. The Spring Mountain here also leaves a blank in our imagination. Because it is a Spring Mountain, we can imagine the noisy scene during the day: the beautiful spring sunshine, the singing of birds and the fragrance of flowers, and the laughter and laughter. At this time, in the dead of night, the tourists have left, the noise of the day has disappeared, and the mountains and forests are empty. In fact, what is empty still contains the poet's state of mind as a Zen practitioner. Only with his free and easy state of mind can he capture scenes that others cannot experience.
In the last sentence, the moonrise frightens the mountain birds, and they sing in the spring stream. It uses movement to describe the stillness. Every startle and cry seem to break the tranquility of the night, but in fact, the description of the sound is used to set off the tranquility in the mountains. And leisurely: The moon emerged from the clouds, and the quiet moonlight streamed down. A few birds woke up from their sleep, murmuring from time to time, and the sound of the thin water of the mountain stream in spring was even more... The overall artistic conception of this silent mountain forest is highlighted in front of the reader's eyes, which is similar to Wang Ji's "The noisy forest is more quiet and the bird singing mountain is more secluded" ("Entering Ruoye Creek").
Articles are created by nature, and skillful hands accidentally acquire them. This is an old saying. Good poems from ancient times are composed of beautiful scenes that are created by nature, and are narrated by skillful hands. While we were chanting and drinking, our minds seemed to follow the poet's words into that quiet and unconventional picture.
In this spring mountain, Wan Lai is intoxicated with the color of the night and the tranquility of the night. Therefore, when the moon rises and brings a bright silver glow to the empty valley shrouded in night, the mountain birds are startled. The birds were frightened, of course, because they were accustomed to the silence of the valley, and it seemed that even the moonrise brought new excitement. But the brightness of the moonlight caused the scenery before and after the valley to change suddenly, as you can imagine. The so-called moon and stars are sparse, and the black magpie flies south (Cao Cao's "Dan Ge Xing") can be associated with it. But Wang Wei lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which was different from the war and chaos in the Jian'an era. Even birds and beasts could not help but feel panic. Wang Wei's "Moonrise Startles the Bird" is set in the stable and unified society of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Although the bird is startled, it is by no means circling the tree three times without a branch to rely on. They did not fly away from the spring stream, or even took off at all. They only made occasional calls among the trees. In the spring stream, they are not so much surprised as they are fresh about the moonrise. Therefore, if we compare it with Cao Cao's "Dan Ge Xing", in Wang Wei's poem, we can not only see the charming environment of the spring mountain decorated with the bright moon, falling flowers and birdsong, but also feel the prosperous Tang Dynasty. A peaceful and stable social atmosphere.
Wang Wei likes to create a quiet artistic conception in his landscape poems, and this poem is also the same. But what is written in the poem is the falling flowers, the moonrise, and the singing of birds. These moving scenes make the poem appear full of vitality and not dull, and at the same time, through movement, they more prominently show the tranquility of the spring stream. Moving scenery can achieve a static effect instead. This is because the contradictory sides of things are always interdependent. Under certain conditions, the reason why movement can occur or be noticed by people is precisely based on stillness. Birdsong Mountain is more secluded, which contains the dialectics of art.
Articles are created by nature, and skillful hands accidentally acquire them. This is an old saying. Good poems from ancient times are composed of beautiful scenes that are created by nature, and are narrated by skillful hands. While he was chanting and drinking, his mind seemed to follow the poet's words into that quiet and unconventional picture.
This poem is currently selected as a weekly poem in the fourth unit of the second semester of sixth grade in the 20xx version of the nine-year compulsory education textbook. Rafting in the North Stream
Meng Haoran Rafting in the North Stream
The current in the North Stream is always full, and the floating boat can reach everywhere.
It is interesting to wander along the river, why bother to visit the five lakes?
Appreciation
Meng Haoran (689～740), a poet in the Tang Dynasty. His real name is Hao, and his courtesy name is Haoran. He was born in Xiangyang, Xiangzhou, and was known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. Because he had never been an official, he was also called a Mengshan man. In his early years, he had ambitions to serve the world. After being embattled and disappointed in his official career, he was still able to respect himself and did not flatter the world, so he lived his whole life as a hermit. He once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. When he was forty years old, he traveled to Chang'an, but he failed to win the imperial examination. He once wrote poems in Taixue, and became famous among the officials. He was so impressed that he wrote for him. Later he worked in Jingzhou and died of gangrene. Traveled throughout the Southeast. Shi and Wang Wei are both called Wang Meng. His poems are light and good at describing scenery. They mostly reflect the landscape, pastoral, seclusion, travel and other content. Most of them are five-character short stories, and he has unique attainments in art. There are three volumes of "Collected Works of Meng Haoran" and two volumes of compiled poems.