In the Tang Dynasty, it was common for literati to be relegated. The relegated poet came to a distant and remote relegated place, and suffered from the loneliness of the soul in addition to the harsh natural environment and poor living conditions. Poets who grow up in the north, when they first arrive in the south, will often be alienated and estranged from the locals because of language barriers, which will deepen their sense of loneliness. Liu Zongyuan's so-called "different clothes and different sounds are not amiable" typically shows this mentality.
As relegated people, they are often discriminated by society, misunderstood by friends, ignored by others and oppressed by superiors. Apart from loneliness, they also feel deeply humiliated. Originally, they have a strong sense of enterprise and social responsibility and are eager to make a difference in politics. However, with the extension of their exile time, they can only watch their limited life time pass in vain in the hinterland, and their resentment of being abandoned by society and being detained in prison will continue to strengthen.
Therefore, these relegated literati turned the misfortune of official career into the sublimation of literary spirit, regarded literary creation as another form of existence of their own lives, and used it as a driving force to locate and rebuild their spiritual world.
Of course, different personalities and personalities show different resistance to the destruction of life. So, below, I will cite several important relegated poets in the Tang Dynasty to discuss the influence of political relegation on their spiritual thought and literary creation.
First, Li Bai: from wild romance to grief and indignation
Li Bai's lifelong fantasy of displaying his ambition and doing something great can be seen everywhere in his poems. He said in the poem Li Yong:
Dapeng rises with the wind one day and soars into Wan Li.
If the wind weakens, it can still lift away the turbulent current.
Others are laughing at my big talk when they see my unchanging tone.
Fu Xuan can still fear the afterlife, but her husband can't be young.
He compared himself to the Dapeng who stirred the sky and the sea in Zhuangzi. He was full of confidence in his political talents and was laughed at by the world. He also used Confucius' words "the afterlife is terrible" to defend himself.
Li Bai is good at describing the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. His poems are different from those of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. If Wang Wei and Meng Haoran's landscape poems are meticulous, then Li Bai's landscape poems are freehand brushwork. He tends not to describe every grass and tree, but to absorb the charm of nature from a macro perspective. The Yangtze River, cliff, Wan, secluded rock and ancient trees all flew as soon as they arrived at his pen, and they were all driven away by him, creating a mythical world with nature. For example, the scenery of Lushan Mountain is written in a Lushan song for the suggestion of Lu Xuzhou:
The Golden Gate leads to two mountains, and a silver stream hangs down to three stone bridges.
Xianglufeng Waterfall is separated from it by a distance, and it is a heavy cliff towering into the sky.
The morning glow is red in Cui Yun, and the birds fly and grow.
Between the sky above and the sky below, the river is gone forever.
The sky is grey and windy, and the river flows like a snow-capped mountain.
What a magnificent momentum this is! It can really open the reader's mind, make people feel scared and start to grow. Only Li Bai's mind can hold such momentum, and only Li Bai's magic pen can write such momentum!
However, since ancient times, all talented people have been arrogant, and so has Li Bai. At that time, the court was fatuous and powerful, and his political ambitions could not be realized at all. Li Bai was dissatisfied with such a situation, even dismissing and sneering at decadent dignitaries. Therefore, he was vilified by the decadent forces of the imperial court and was eventually excluded from Chang 'an. Although the ups and downs of his official career and the ups and downs of his official career failed to make Li Bai, who is pregnant with the idea of "being Julian Waghann above and being a friend below", realize his ambition of "contending for heaven and shaking the earth and dumping the sea", he reached the peak in his poetry creation. During this period, he wrote a series of shocking works that exposed the darkness of the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty, expressed the ideal of saving the world, opposed the dark reality and despised the powerful. Shu Dao Nan is one of the representative works of this period;
On the high flag, six dragons drive the sun, and far below, the river lashes its twisted channel. Such a height is difficult for a yellow crane, poor monkey, they only have claws to use. The Green Mud Mountain is made up of many circles. For every hundred steps, we have to turn nine times in the middle of its mound. Panting, we passed Orion, passed Jingxing, and then fell to the ground with our arms folded and groaned. We wonder if this road to the west will never end, and the terrible road ahead is getting darker and darker, even darker. Nothing can be heard except the cries of birds surrounded by ancient forests. The male bird rotates smoothly and follows the female bird. Under the lonely moon, the cuckoo on the empty mountain gives us a melancholy voice.
During the Anshi Rebellion, Li Bai was exiled to Yelang on the charge of "disobedience" because he was the adjutant of Wang Yong Lilin. Li Bai relegated Yelang, although he avoided being displaced from place to place in the war, but he also experienced the pain of trekking three thousand miles, running around tired and sleeping in the wind. It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get to the sky. However, the scenery of Yelang is silent, and only a deep sigh from the mountainside is submerged in a long gully. Wind and water, purple smoke. Since then, the wind of poetry teaching has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people in the mountains like clouds and the waves like the sea. A song "Yelang complains about the sky, and there is little news in Mingyue Building", and a song "Draw a sword and hit the front column, and the sad song is hard to recover"; A song "The Jade Emperor blows the Yellow Crane Tower, and plum blossoms fall in Jiangcheng in May". Since then, Li Bai has been completely isolated from politics.
Second, Wang Changling: From majestic and sublime to elegant and beautiful.
Wang Changling wrote more frontier poems in his early years, which reflected his strong patriotic thought. Every chapter is a masterpiece, and the first chapter is a battle song. In particular, Wang's "Two Embankments" (the first embankment) said that "the bright moon of Qin Dynasty is the gateway to Han Dynasty, and the people of the Long March do not return. But make Longcheng fly, and don't teach Huma to cross Yinshan. " It is also called the masterpiece of the Tang Dynasty.
The main idea of the whole poem is the patriotic pride and tragic feelings expressed in the last sentence, which gives people a sense of grandeur. The poet began to write from the bright moon in Qin and Han dynasties, which is tragic for thousands of years. Wan Li is hiring, and he hasn't come back for a day. While meditating on history, he not only wrote his sympathy and national pride for those who have the courage to devote themselves to the frontier, but also implied irony for those who can't be human in reality. Such rich content and profound emotions are compressed in just four poems, with delicate and tortuous meanings and handsome feelings, which is remarkable.
Some people say that it depends on a person's personality and the friends he makes. Because Wang Changling, Li Bai and Meng Haoran are all good friends, birds of a feather flock together. Therefore, Wang Changling must be a maverick and maverick, and he was also slandering many tricks at that time.
In the long-term relegation, Wang Changling felt indignant. However, due to his faith in loyalty, his persistence in joining WTO, his understanding of the road of metaphysics and his yearning for the outside world, he constantly resolved the contradiction between reality and ideal, and his mentality became cheerful, open-minded, confident and transcendent, and affectionate and elegant. Such as "Two Partings of Lotus Inn and Xin Jian":
Misty rain enveloped Wu's day overnight; Send you in the morning, lonely and sad in Chushan!
Friends, if my friends in Luoyang invite me; Just say I'm still Bing Xin Okho, and stick to my faith!
By sending friends and relatives to write their own thoughts, I used "Bing Xin is in the jade pot" to describe myself as noble, with implicit meaning and distinct and firm style, but in the Tang Dynasty, it created a unique spiritual realm and stood out as a family.
Han Yu: From nervousness to loneliness and sadness.
Han Yu's career is not smooth. He passed four exams before he was qualified as an official. He has been asking for an official position for nearly ten years, but he has no official position. After that, his value rose, and he was appointed assistant minister of punishments after several ups and downs. It stands to reason that he should cherish, be careful and be less rebellious, but he devoted himself to "eliminating evil" for the country and the king. The article was written in a tit-for-tat manner, regardless of whether the black veil on the head could be saved or not, regardless of whether the head around the neck was dangerous. Finally, it was angry at the owner and was demoted as the secretariat of Chaozhou.
Han Yu devoted himself to the world all his life, with a strong sense of right and wrong, plain and straightforward personality and unyielding attitude. Being demoted to Chaozhou was a great blow to Han Yu. What's more, a daughter died on the way to leave. When he arrived in Lantian County, not far from the capital, his nephew Han Xiang traveled with him. At this time, Han Yu, in tears, wrote a famous article, "Moving to Lantong to Show Grandnephew":
A letter is typed in the sky, and eight thousand in Chaozhou Road in the evening.
If you want to eliminate disasters for the wise, you are willing to decline and cherish the old!
Where is the home where the clouds cross the ridge? The heavy snow hindered the horse's progress.
Knowing that you came all the way, you should have done it on purpose so that I could collect the bones by the river.
What kind of sadness does the words "where is home" and "the horse does not move forward" reveal? The last sentence "Let's take care of my bones by the river" is to explain the funeral to my grandnephew and further reveal unspeakable anger.
In addition, Han Yu also wrote a seven-character quatrain "Xiangzhong", which read "The ape is worried about the fish, and it has been Miluo since ancient times. Apple algae is full of nowhere to drink, and Kong Wen fishermen buckle boat songs. " Since Jia Yi was demoted to Changsha in Han Dynasty and wrote Mourning, mourning has become a common way to express frustration. Han Yu's poems are unique. Instead of mourning, he wrote that there was no place to pay homage. If you don't use allusions directly, such as the last sentence "fisherman", you can hardly see allusions. The whole poem sets off the confusion and melancholy in my heart with mysterious and ethereal artistic conception, and more profoundly shows the loneliness and sadness of this world without a confidant.
Fourth, Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi: lifelong relegation.
The political experiences of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi are very similar. They spent most of their lives in poverty and seclusion, but their thoughts and personalities were obviously different. Although both of them suffered the same hardships, Liu Yuxi still maintained a stubborn and fierce spirit, sneered at the shortcomings of the times, sneered at the nouveau riche and swaggered. Despite repeated blows, his depression was vented and surpassed. Liu Zongyuan is gloomy, and his deep thinking and quick understanding of social personnel have deepened his character temperament. He can only pin his anger at current events, anxiety and sorrow of self-injury on his lofty and noble arms, but he is always obsessed with the political tragedy that led to his lifelong sinking, and it is difficult to get out.
(A) Liu Zongyuan's resentment and anger
Liu's poems describe his pain of relegation, which is shocking to read, such as "From Liuzhou Tower to my four colleagues Zhang, Ding, Feng and Lian: At the end of this tower, the wilderness began, and our thoughts were as far away as the sea."
Frightened winds and chaotic lotus waters, dense rain obliquely invaded the walls of the State of Guo.
We can't see anything beyond 300 miles, except vague Woods and mountains, and there are nine rivers winding in our stomachs.
* * * Come to Baiyue tattoo, don't even want a letter, let's keep in touch with home.
In the poem, it is very vivid to use "shocking wind" and "dense rain" to describe difficulties and urgency. These two sentences can not only symbolize the sinister political environment, but also profoundly convey the poet's fear, while the couplet "Mountain Tree" depicts the desolation and loneliness of the wilderness. The whole poem is shrouded by the biting wind and rain and the restless atmosphere of Xiao Sao, conveying the "boundless sadness" in the heart. Indeed, as Shen Deqian said, "Liu is good at mourning and has a sense of coquetry."
(B) Liu Yuxi's open-minded and lively.
Bai Juyi gave Liu Yuxi a poem, which said, "The scenery is long and lonely, and the official position of Manchu Dynasty is abolished." He thought that most of his colleagues had been promoted, and only Liu Yuxi wasted his time in a bleak state. Obviously, he is unfair to Liu Yuxi, as he said in his poem: "I also know that the names of quilts will be folded, and most of them will be folded in 23 years." In this regard, Liu Yuxi himself is much more enlightened. He wrote optimistically in his poems:
The mountains were desolate and silent for twenty-three years.
People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed.
On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower.
Today, listen to you sing a song, drink a glass of wine and cheer up.
"Shipwreck" and "sick tree" are two images summarized in his life, but there is no resentment in his poems. It is to comfort Bai Juyi not to care about his life frustration and career frustration, which is manifested as an open-minded and cheerful attitude towards world changes and career promotion. As he said in his poem, on the other side of the sunken ship, Qian Fan is competing, and the sick tree is ahead. After living in exile for more than 20 years, he didn't feel depressed or hurt. That's because he has experienced the honor and disgrace of the world and witnessed the ups and downs of others.
Yong Zhen's demotion is a fatal blow to Liu Yuxi. He had a hundred reasons to resent, sink or live in seclusion, but the poet was not defeated. He didn't have Lacrimosa, lost his heart, lived in seclusion in the Jianghu, wandered proudly in the nymphs, and even lingered in poetry and wine, making love with the moon. He didn't even stop complaining and venting his anger, but treated life with heroic optimism, with no sorrow, no regrets, no sinking and no decadence. In his relegated poems, the scenery of his feelings is bright and fresh. Looking at Dongting from afar, I saw "the lake is full of moonlight, and there is no wind mirror on the pool surface." Looking at Dongting Lake, there is a green snail in the silver plate. "
Liu Yuxi not only created a new record of China literati's 23-year exile, but also created a brand-new exile poetry style with heroic and optimistic spirit, which broke the number of exiled literature indulging in bitterness and loneliness and opened up a new path for exile poetry creation. Demotion is definitely a political tragedy for literati, and their hearts are inevitably shrouded in inexplicable sadness. Shangguan Yi, Li Qiao, Su Weidao, Song, Liu Zongyuan and Li Deyu. Famous literati, unable to withstand the double hardships of life and soul, died in the south. Even Li Bai, who is proud and heroic in daily life, once has a long history, has become a low-spirited "willing to knot Jiujiang River and add a thousand tears". As for Han Yu, as soon as he was demoted, he was ready to die. It was just a kind of sadness to ask his nephew to "collect my bones by the river". Bai Juyi, who criticized the most powerful people in his early years, once relegated, has "eliminated his worries and joys, eliminated his right and wrong", hid in Lushan and became attached to monks, making a living by poetry and wine.
It can be seen that relegating to the literati of the Tang Dynasty is tantamount to extinction. It is very difficult to withstand the hardships of life and soul in such a huge gap in life and maintain a balanced and optimistic attitude and a positive spirit. Therefore, the vast majority of exiled literary works in the Tang Dynasty are mainly based on "resentment", mostly for sad talk or angry struggle.