Introduction: There are some differences between antithesis and antithesis, mainly because they are used in different literary styles. Since different literary styles have different requirements for their respective expressions, they also have different requirements for expression forms. Let’s take a look at the following introduction to the rhetorical techniques of duality and repetition that I have compiled for you.
Introduction to the rhetorical technique of antithesis
Introduction
Antithesis: using two phrases or sentences with the same structure, equal number of words, and symmetrical meaning to express opposite, similar or related A figure of speech that means meaning is called duality.
Antithesis is commonly known as antithesis, and it is called antithesis in poems, songs, rhymes and other rhymes.
The duality has unique artistic features, looks neat and eye-catching, sounds sonorous and melodious, reads catchy, is easy to remember and recite, and is loved by people.
Parallelism usually refers to a rhetorical method consisting of two phrases or sentences that are opposite each other in a sentence, have the same number of words, have similar syntax, are relatively oblique, and have related meanings. In terms of antithesis, the two parts before and after are closely related, condensed and concentrated, and have strong generalization power; in terms of form, the two parts before and after are neat and even, the syllables are harmonious, and have a sense of commandment. Strict antithesis also pays attention to level and tones and makes full use of Chinese tones.
Classification
Formally
1. Single-sentence pairing
Using one sentence to match another is called a single-sentence pair. For example:
As high as the sky is, so high are the mountains.
No good deeds will be rewarded, no evil will be devalued. "The Biography of Zhuge Liang"
----Praise will be given to every kind deed and contribution no matter how small, no matter how trivial it is. All wrongdoings will be punished.
It is a privilege to bury loyal bones in the green mountains, and to cast innocent ministers into innocent white iron. (Couplet on Yue's Tomb)...
---- Qingshan feels honored that the tomb contains the loyal bones of Yue Fei, the famous anti-gold general. Batie feels ashamed that the one kneeling in front of the tomb is Qin Hui, who was cast with it. The image of others.
2. Couple sentence pairing. Using two sentences to pair two sentences is called a pairing sentence pairing. For example:
The six kings are complete, and the four seas are one. Shushan Wu, A Fang came out. "Afang Palace Fu"
----The Six Kingdoms ended and the four seas were unified. After all the trees in Shushan were cut down, Epang Palace was built. ("Six Kings Bi" is opposite to "Four Seas One", both are subject-predicate phrases. "Shushan Wu" is opposite to "A Fang Chu", both are subject-predicate phrases, and "Six Kings Bi, Four Seas One" and "Shushan Wu" are also subject-predicate phrases. , relative to "A Fangchu".)
3. For multi-sentence duality, use three sentences against three sentences, or use more sentences to oppose each other, which is called multi-sentence pairs. For example:
When you climb high and move, your arms are not lengthened, but the person who sees it is far away; when you call along the wind, the sound is not faster, but the person who hears it is louder. "Encouragement to Learn"
----Climb to a high place and wave to people, your arms are not lengthened, but people from far away can still see it; shouting along with the wind, your voice is not louder, but listen Those who arrived felt it very clear.
4. Sentence pairing: The upper and lower words in the same sentence are paired with each other.
For example: "Turns and twists", "Morning wind waning moon", "Feather fan scarf".
In terms of content
1. Positive duality
The meanings expressed by the upper and lower couplets are of the same type or similar, and they complement each other. For example:
There are close friends in the sea, and they are as close to each other as far away as the world. "Sending Du Shaofu to Shuzhou"
----As long as friends know each other well, they are like close neighbors even if they are separated at the end of the world. (The meanings of the upper and lower couplets are closely related. "Hai Nei" means within the four seas. In ancient times, it refers to the whole of China. "Bi Lin" means close neighbors.)
Or the long smoke clears the sky, the bright moon is thousands of miles away, and the floating light leaps into gold. , the silent shadow sinks into the jade. "The Story of Yueyang Tower"
----Sometimes the smoke in the sky dissipates all of a sudden, and the bright moonlight cascades down thousands of miles. The floating waves shine with golden brilliance. The reflection of the bright moon is like a piece of jade, quietly Quietly immersed in the water. ("The bright moon is thousands of miles away" versus "the long smoke is gone", "the still shadow sinks into the jade" versus "the floating light leaps into the gold". The meanings of the upper and lower couplets are related and complementary)
2. Opposing the upper and lower couplets express opposite meanings Or relative, mostly referring to two aspects of the same thing. For example:
If you persevere, the rotten wood will not be broken; if you persevere, the metal and stone can be carved. "Encouraging Learning"
----Use a knife to carve something, carve it for a while and then put it down. Even if it is rotten wood, you can continue to carve it; if you keep carving it with a knife, even if it is hard gold and stone, it can be carved. Engraved through. ("Perseverance" and "perseverance" are opposites.)
The land of the princes is limited, and the desire to violent Qin is insatiable, and the encroachment becomes more and more urgent. "On the Six Kingdoms"
The land of the princes of the various countries is limited, and the desire of the Qin State cannot be satisfied. The more you give to it, the more powerful it will attack you. ("The land of the princes is limited" and "the Qin's insatiable desire to tyrannize the Qin" are objections, "Fengzhi becomes more numerous" and "the invasion becomes more urgent" are objections.)
3. String couplet (liushui pair) That is, "stringing together to form a pair", just like running water flowing down, so it is also called flowing water pair.
Its starting sentences and couplets are based on the development process of things, so the meaning is closely coherent. For example:
That is, pass through Wu Gorge from Ba Gorge, then go down to Xiangyang to Luoyang. "Wen Guanjun took over Henan and Hebei"
----Immediately pass through Wu Gorge from Ba Gorge, then go down to Xiangyang, and then proceed to Luoyang. (Walking through Ba Gorge and Wu Gorge, then passing through Xiangyang, heading straight to Luoyang, one breath goes down, describing the joy of being eager to leave Shu.)
If you want to see a thousand miles away, go to the next level. "Climbing the Stork Tower"
----If you want to use your eyes to see the extremely far place, you have to go up to the next floor. (If you want to exhaust your sight, you must continue to climb higher.)
Structurally
1. Component duality.
For example: However, my disadvantage is that I don’t save face when discussing current affairs. I often use types of criticism, and the latter is especially inconsistent with the times.
Among them, "Discussing current affairs without saving face" and "Bianstone imprisonment often take the type" are both components in the sentence, so they are called component duality.
2. Sentence duality.
For example: the setting clouds and the solitary owl fly together, the autumn water and the long sky are the same color.
Among them, "The falling clouds and the solitary swans fly together" and "The autumn water and the long sky are the same color" are both independent sentences, so they are called sentence duals.
Dual sentences
1. I often think: the willows are graceful and charming, the peaches and plums are colorful and bright...
2. The danger was turned into safety, and the master and his disciples obtained the true Buddhist scriptures; in anger, Ruda uprooted the weeping willow trees.
3. I shed tears when I feel the time, and I hate the other birds.
4. Reading is good, farming is good, and learning is good; it is difficult to start a business, and it is difficult to keep a business, but it is not difficult to know the difficulty.
5. Pass five levels and kill six generals.
6. The bright moon is in the green window, and the ancients in history are empty.
7. Zhuge Liang quarrels with the Confucian scholars, while Lu Zijing rejects the opinions of others.
8. When people go to the hall, it is difficult to see the shadows in the morning rain and dusk clouds. The strings of the piano are extremely high in the mountains and flowing water, and there are few close friends.
9. Night drinkers swallow their cups at the end of the month, and spring tourists are drunk in the water.
10. The boats on the spring water are like sailing up the sky, and the people in the autumn colors are like the middle reaches of the painting.
11. A single thread cannot make a thread, and a single tree cannot make a forest.
12. The moon is melting in the pear blossom courtyard, and there is a gentle breeze in the catkin pond.
13. A three-foot podium welcomes winter and summer, and an inch of chalk paints spring and autumn.
14. The bamboo path is depressed, the dream of life is high, and the misty clouds and mountains are thousands of miles away, and the autumn wind is mourning.
15. Cut off the water with a knife and the water will flow more. Raise a cup to eliminate the sorrow and make it more sorrowful.
16. With a cold eyebrow and a thousand fingers, he bows his head and is willing to be a Ruzi Niu.
17. The spring silkworms will not run out of silk until they die, and the wax torch will not dry until it turns to ashes.
18. The east wind is evil and the joy is thin.
19. A big belly can tolerate things that are difficult to tolerate in the world; always smile when you open your mouth, and laugh at the ridiculous people in the world.
20. A piece of hard work cultivates peaches and plums, and ten years of fleeting years bring forth talents.
21. Hongmen Banquet Taoyuan League.
22. It is good to study well, to farm well, and to learn well. It is difficult to start a business, and it is difficult to keep a business, but it is not difficult to know the difficulty.
23. The moon shines on the cold maple in the empty valley and deep in the mountains, and the people weep in tears. The frost-covered cucumbers and the white horses in the chariot make it even more sad.
24. Revolutionaries are so loyal that they will live even if they die; careerists harm the country and the people, and life is worse than death.
25. In the past, I used to rely on willows; now I come to think about it, and the rain and snow are falling.
26. The world is like a chess game, if I give in, I won’t lose; my heart is like the sea, and it can accommodate others even if it accepts hundreds of rivers.
27. Honesty and trustworthiness establish the foundation, respect the old and love the young and cultivate new trends.
28. The wildfire never burns out, but the spring breeze blows it again.
29. If you are full, you will suffer losses, but if you are modest, you will benefit.
30. The soul of loyalty is not lost, and the blood turns into spring rain, and the righteousness is awe-inspiring and the ambitions weep for the ghosts and gods.
31. One star, two stars, countless bright sparks, one hammer shadow, two hammer shadows, countless fast and heavy iron shadows.
32. A flick of water and a flick of the moon, half into the river wind and half into the clouds.
33. The four strings of maple leaves in autumn touch the ends of the earth with regret, and the thousands of feet of water in Xunyang linger on the parting love on the river.
34. Wealth in the clouds, princes in the dirt.
35. Tears flow with the flowing water, and sorrow flies away with the wild clouds.
36. A good minister is a close friend, but a villain is far away.
37. If you want to see a thousand miles away, go to a higher level.
38. Appreciating beautiful articles is like drinking nectar, and reading elegant poems is like taking a shower in the spring breeze.
39. In the rain, the bamboo leaves are full of tears, and in the snow, the plum blossoms are full of flowers.
40. I am lonely in the water chestnut mirror, listening to the autumn wind blowing the fallen leaves, the sound of the brocade machine being silent, watching the night moon shining on the empty curtain.
41. There is no way out in the mountains and rivers, but there is another village with dark flowers and bright flowers.
42. The plum blossoms are sent by mail, and the ruler is passed down by fish.
43. The upper steps of the moss marks are green, and the grass color is green into the curtain.
44. I can’t bear to look at the tragic scenes; I can’t bear to hear the rumors.
45. Only drink water from the Yangtze River and eat Wuchang fish.
46. We stood at the head of Juzi Island and walked along both sides of the Xiangjiang River; we returned to Qingshui Pond and climbed Yuelu Mountain; we wandered along the Bancang Trail and fell in love with our hometown in Shaoshan.
47. Nine years of hard work will lead to good results, and one day of success will lead to great achievements.
48. Walking through the bustling city with a broken hat to hide your face, a leaky boat carrying wine overflowing.
Extension:
Duality and Confrontation
Duality and confrontation are two very similar language forms. The so-called similarity means that they have more similarities and fewer differences, so it is more difficult to distinguish them. Even some reference books explain the two concepts vaguely and unclearly. For example, the comment under the antithesis note in "Cihai" says: It refers to the antithesis of words and sentences in poetry. The "Self-Study Dictionary of Ancient Prose" published by Shaanxi Education Press explains that antithesis is a rhetorical method, which is called antithesis in poetry. Such repeated explanations of using antithesis to explain antithesis and using antithesis to explain antithesis have caused conceptual confusion. The result is that people mistakenly think that antithesis and antithesis are the same thing, and are two names for the same concept.
So, what exactly is antithesis? What is antithesis? What is the difference between the two?
Antithesis is a figure of speech. The two sentences used in a pair have the same number of words, roughly the same structure and part of speech, and related meanings. This symmetrical language form creates neat harmony in expression form and mutual contrast in content, which has a unique artistic effect.
Antithesis refers to a special form of expression and means used in poetry creation and couplet writing. It requires poetry couplets to be based on duality. The words in the same structural position in the upper and lower sentences must have the same part of speech and be relatively equal, and try to avoid repeated use of the same word in the same structural position in the upper and lower sentences. The counterpoint of metrical poetry makes the language harmonious, enhances the sense of rhythm and musical beauty, and achieves a high degree of perfection in expression. Therefore, the requirements for antithesis in metrical poetry are very strict. Poetry couplets that comply with the above principles are antithetical; otherwise, they are not antithetical or the antithesis is not stable, which is not allowed in poetry creation.
Understanding the characteristics of duality and antithesis, you can generally distinguish what is duality and what is antithesis. For example
Be worried about the world’s worries first, and be happy after the world’s happiness. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")
These two sentences meet the requirements of duality in all aspects, but because they are not relative, the rhythm is not harmonious, and the words Tianxia, ??Zhi, and Er are repeatedly used in the same structural position. Words like this do not meet the requirements for confrontation. Please look at the following example sentence again:
Thousands of sails pass by the side of the sunken boat, and thousands of trees spring in front of the diseased tree. (Liu Yuxi's "Reward for Bai Lotte")
This set of couplets is the neck couplet in the original poem. It completely conforms to the principle of antithesis in every aspect, and the pairing is extremely stable. It is the most typical antithesis couplet.
The main reason why there are such differences between duality and antithesis is that they are used in different literary styles. Since different literary styles have different requirements for their respective expressions, they also have different requirements for expression forms. As a rhetorical method, it is often widely used in various literary styles, among which ancient prose and ancient poetry are particularly frequently used. It tidies up the language and enhances the momentum, and the two couplets complement and set off each other, making the language quite formal and expressive. Antithesis is a special creative technique unique to metrical poetry. The metrical poetry that emerged in the Sui and Tang Dynasties strictly required that the jaw couplets and neck couplets in the verses must be in opposition. This method was also used in songwriting and later on in couplet writing. Since the creation of rhythmic poetry, lyrics and music itself has high artistic requirements for the use of language and pays attention to the refinement of words and sentences, antithesis can greatly improve the expression skills and aesthetic taste of poetry to a considerable extent, and has high artistry and expressiveness. These special functions of confrontation are obviously beyond the reach of duality. It can be said that antithesis is one of the important criteria for the creation and appreciation of metrical poetry, and naturally it has become a special term for non-poetry. Because of this, although the antitheses in metrical poetry also meet the standard requirements of antithesis, due to the characteristics of the antitheses themselves and in order to be different from the antitheses in general literary styles, we usually do not call them antitheses, but call them specifically. Said confrontation.
Introduction to the rhetorical technique of repetition
The role of repetition
Emphasize, enhance the tone or momentum.
It plays the role of repeated chanting and expressing strong emotions. At the same time, repeated rhetorical techniques can also make the format of the poem neat and orderly, full of undulations and the beauty of language.
Types of repetition
1. Words repeated.
In order to highlight a certain emotion or behavior, the same word is used more than twice in a row to achieve the purpose of emphasis.
For example: Silence, silence! If you don’t break out in silence, you will perish in silence. (Lu Xun's "In Memory of Mr. Liu Hezhen") Mr. Lu Xun used the word "silence" many times here to express his anger towards Duan Qirui's government and his expectation for the people to awaken.
2. Phrases or sentences are repeated.
Sometimes, in order to express content or structural arrangements, the same phrase or sentence must be used more than twice in a row.
For example: "The mountains turned out to be like this! The moon turned out to be like this! The walnut trees turned out to be like this! When Xiangxue walked, it was like recognizing the valley that raised her for the first time." (Tie Ning) "Oh, Xiangxue") The repeated use of "So that's how it is" three times in a row shows Xiangxue's happy mood at this time.
Another example: In "The Man in the Box", Chekhov asked Belikov to say "Don't make any trouble" four times. This kind of mantra-like repetition The repetition highlights Belikov's stubborn and conservative character, creating a vivid image of Tsarist Russia's minions and accomplices.
3. Paragraphs are repeated.
Most common in poetry and novels.
In the novel "Blessings", Lu Xun spared no effort in writing and repeated a large paragraph starting with "I'm so stupid, really" twice in a row. On the one hand, he expressed Xianglin's pain after losing her husband and her son. The mood also reflects the indifference of people in Lu town towards her, and effectively criticizes the feudal ethics that destroy Chinese working women.
Repeated application
——Master its rules. Regardless of whether it is practical or exam-oriented, one should not be satisfied with memorizing concepts, but should pay attention to practical abilities. Here are a few examples for reference.
1. Please summarize the content of the following paragraph in concise language. (No more than 20 words)
With this belief, we will be able to carve out a stone of hope from the mountain of despair. With this faith, we will be able to transform the cacophony of bickering in this country into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.
Reference answer With this belief, our country has hope for unity.
Instructions for problem-solving ideas: The key to solving this problem is to extract key points from the results of the sentence "Have this belief" that has been used twice, integrate and classify it.
2. Please expand the following sentence to make it more vivid and touching. (About 60 words)
If I want to own an oasis, I will cultivate, transform and sow it.
Reference answer: If I want to own an oasis, I will use my sweat to cultivate it; if I want to own an oasis, I will use my sincerity to transform it; if I own an oasis, I will Just use my wisdom to sow it.
Problem-solving ideas: The key to solving this problem is to decompose the key sentence "If I want to own an oasis", enrich the specific and vivid content, and refine it one by one.
3. Write another two sets of sentences based on the expressions below. It is required to reflect repeated techniques, and the sentence pattern and word count are basically consistent with the example sentences.
The red beans from the South are as red as coagulated blood, making people solemn.
Reference answer: Red beans from southern China are so lively and refreshing, like the tinkling of spring water. The red beans from the South are so gorgeously red. Like the rising sun, it is fascinating.
Tips for solving the problem: The key to solving this problem is to put the topic "Red Bean in the South" in a prominent position, chant it repeatedly, and express your deep love for it. In short, repeated rhetorical techniques can not only emphasize the author's emotions and fully express the author's thoughts, but also enhance the momentum of the article and are widely used in writing and life.