Bears, dragons, and storms on mountains and rivers have disturbed forests, made highlands tremble, darkened clouds by the darkness of rain, paled streams by the pallor of fog, the god of thunder and lightning, the collapse of hills, and the rocks in caves have vented in the deep pit of heaven, an impenetrable shadow, but now the sun and the moon illuminate a golden and silver platform. (Li Bai's Tianmu Sleepwalking and Farewell)
Bears are roaring, dragons are roaring, rocks are shaking, clear springs are jingling, deep forests are shaking, and mountains are shaking. Dark clouds are rolling and raindrops will fall. The water is foggy and smoky. Lightning and thunder, the peak cracked and the ground shook. The author tried his best to spread the hazy colors and earth-shattering sounds, and described a cold and dark picture before Tianmen was opened from two aspects of vision and hearing. But as soon as Tianmen was opened, the scenery changed, the sky was blue and transparent, the sun and the moon shone together, and the golden pagoda and silver platform hung in the air, which was really brilliant and dazzling. Warm and bright tones. Taking Tianmen as the boundary, the colder and darker the front, the warmer and brighter the back, and the cold and dark are in harmony with the warm and bright. In the contrast of hue, the poem forms a wave from low to high in momentum, which renders a magical background for the appearance of the fairy behind.
Second, dynamic and static phase contrast
The moonlight in the pine forest, the crystal stone in the stream, the whisper in the bamboo forest, the laundry girl went home, and the lotus leaf gave in before the fishing boat. (Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains)
The four verbs "Zhao", "Liu", "Noisy" and "Move" describe the dynamic mountain scenery that is fresh, natural and picturesque: the pine forest on the mountain is spotless, the bright moonlight leaves mottled shadows in the forest through the cracks in the leaves, and the white spring water slowly flows out from the cracks in the stone, like a beautiful sonata ringing around. Laughter and laughter in the bamboo forest. When the lotus leaf swayed on the water, the fishing boat went down the river. But this dynamic scene gives people the feeling of being quiet and extraordinary. The dynamic description of the scenery makes the static scenery have a reference and become quieter, which is the so-called "stillness in motion", which has the same effect as "the cicada forest is quieter and Tonamiyama is quieter", which depends on the role of foil.
Third, music contrasts with sadness.
Gou Jian, the king of Yue, defeated Wu Gui, and the soldiers all surrendered. Ladies-in-waiting are like flowers in Man Chun Hall, but only partridges are flying today. (Li Bai's "Yue revisits the ancient times")
In the first three sentences, the poet showed us two pictures: one is a soldier triumphing, wearing golden clothes and showing off his exploits to the people of China; The other is a maid-in-waiting as beautiful as flowers and jade, enjoying herself in the palace. The poet tried to render the victorious posture of the Vietnamese army and the prosperity and joy of the palace with thick ink. The last sentence, accompanied by a stroke, introduces the desolate scene in front of us. The first three sentences are full of sad scenes in the last sentence, with strong contrast and huge contrast, which contains the poet's deep historical thinking and makes people feel the sudden change of personnel and the ups and downs of ancient and modern times. This is exactly what A Qing Wang Fuzhi said.
Fourth, size comparison.
The breeze rippled on the grass bank, through the night, blowing to my motionless tall mast, the stars tilted down from the empty place, and the moon came from the upper reaches of the river. (Du Fu's Love Night)
In the distance, the starry sky is low and vilen is boundless. Not far away, under the bright moonlight, the river is surging and running. Far away, near, in the sky and underground, space expands infinitely. In such an environment, how small a boat is and how lonely a poet is inside! With the vast environment as the background, humble people are just a drop in the ocean, giving people a strong visual impact and infinite emotion and melancholy.
V. Contrast between sound and silence
There are no words in the ancient sunset road, and the autumn wind listens to Ma Si. (Wang Shifu's Farewell Pavilion)
Late autumn, dusk, green hills and sparse forests, light smoke dim, blocking Yingying's sight. Yingying said goodbye to Zhang Sheng who had left. The original whispering and whispering words on the ancient sunset road have now fallen into silence, but it happened that the neigh of horses came at this moment, breaking the silence on the ancient sunset road and tearing Yingying's already broken heart. Avaghoa is where Zhang Sheng is. Hearing the voice of Avaghoa. The sound and silence set each other off, highlighting the desolation of the environment and Yingying's sadness.
Six, phase contrast
Although people are thousands of miles away, a glass of wine before death. If they don't drink, they will get drunk first, their eyes will bleed and their hearts will turn to dust. (Wang Shifu's "Farewell to Changting" plays with children)
The first two sentences say that even if it is going to be a thousand miles away soon, another drink when we get together is a helpless relief from the extreme sadness above. Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er An Xi" means "advise you to make more wine, and people have no reason to go out of Xiyangguan". The last three sentences say, where do you want to drink farewell wine? If you don't drink wine, your heart is already infatuated, tears come with blood, but your heart is as white as ashes. From the temporary relief in front to the grief, we can see that the first two sentences are for the last three sentences, which is a way to put them first. The tighter you close, the more you open. In this way, you can express your feelings incisively and vividly, making people feel.
Seven, positive and negative phase contrast
On the high flag, six dragons drive the sun, while the river below lashes its twisted route. Even the yellow crane can hardly reach this height, so pity the poor monkeys who can only use their claws. (Li Bai's "Difficult Road")
It is difficult for a poet to write Shu Dao from the front. The abrupt mountain peak above blocked the operation of the sun god. The winding river below is choppy and choppy. Then, compare the yellow crane with the ape. Flying thousands of miles, yellow cranes are not allowed to fly, and agile apes are also worried about climbing. It goes without saying that it is more difficult for people to walk, and it is difficult to write Shu Dao in both positive and negative ways.
I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! . (Du Fu's "Night Express")
The poet said: I am a bit famous. Where is it because my article is good? The official stopped because he was old and ill. Is it true?/You don't say. Think about it carefully: although this poet is famous all over the world, his greatest regret in his life is that he failed to achieve his original purpose of "being a gentleman for the sake of a gentleman, and then making the vulgar pure." A negative sentence and an affirmative sentence actually mean the opposite, that is, "officials don't get sick because of writing." The "name" in the previous sentence is only a foil, and the "official" in the next sentence is a positive meaning.
Eight, contrast between light and shade
Although we all drank wine, we were not happy. We were separating from each other. When the river mysteriously widened and approached the full moon, we heard a sudden sound. A guitar crossed the water, the owner forgot to go home and the guests left. (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip)
The host and guest forget to return, why? -"Suddenly Smell the Pipa". The bleak scene of the autumn moon night, the sad atmosphere of the farewell banquet, and the sadness of the host and guest aggravated the "tragic parting". At this moment, I suddenly heard the pipa sound. No matter who is playing, what tune is played, one thing is certain, the pipa sound caused some kind of * * * sound from the host and guests, or it was revealed in the pipa girl's piano sound. These two points paved the way for the appearance and performance of the pipa girl, and also paved the way for revealing the theme. Therefore, writing the subject and object clearly, and secretly writing the pipa girl, alternating light and shade, set off each other seamlessly, this is a wonderful pen!
The east ship was silent, and the west ship was silent. We saw the white autumn moon entering the river. (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip)
The pipa has been finished, and there is "silence" all around. Why? Because the pipa girl conveyed her subtle and complicated inner feelings such as "frustration in life", "infinite things in her heart" and "dark sorrow and resentment" to the audience of "East Boat and West Boat" through the carrier of music, and deeply infected them, so that they are still immersed in the realm of "lingering sound" created by the pipa girl. It can be seen that the scenery is clearly written and the pipa girl is secretly written, which sets off the inner sadness of the pipa girl with the surrounding scenery.
Although the music was different from what she had played before, everyone who listened covered their faces, but who cried the most? , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet. (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip)
The room was full of tears, and the author's tears wet the blue. Why? -Deeply moved by the unfortunate experience of the pipa girl, I think of my life experience and feel sad from it. I hold a pair of frustrated tears for the pipa girl and myself. I wrote everyone's tears openly and secretly, which further deepened the theme of "We are both unhappy-to grow old forever".
Nine, the actual situation comparison.
Real, positive writing, direct writing, write what you see and hear; Virtual, lateral, indirect and imaginary ideas.
In Li Yu's Young Beauty, the real scene and the virtual scene complement each other, while writing the scene in front of him, "Spring flowers and autumn moon" and "the east wind blew in the small building last night"; On the one hand, I am immersed in the memories of the past, such as "The Old Country is Terrible", "Jade Carving" and "Zhu Yan". In contrast, people suddenly feel the desolation of the old country and the feeling that things have changed, and finally focus on one word "worry", which is true and profound!
In Liu Yong's Yu Lin Ling, the first part is about the real situation in front of us, which has vividly written that the poet and his beloved can't bear to be separated and have to be in other moods; The second film is a vision of future life, deliberately depicting the poet's lonely feelings. It's all empty words. After reading the second part and the last part, you will understand the profound connotation of the true facts. "Drinking without mercy" and "choking without words" are intended to show the poet's deep affection for his beloved when he leaves.
Su Shi, "Nian Nujiao? In Nostalgia for Red Cliff, the real scene and the virtual scene set off each other. The danger of Chibi is a real scene, which the poet saw with his own eyes. The camp that burned Cao Cao was an imaginary scene and the poet's imagination. The two set each other off and become interesting, implying the combination of reality and reality.
Among Jiang Kui's Slow Yangzhou, the first two novels, Huaizuo Mingdu, Zhuhai Xitian, and Chunfeng Shilipu, describe the prosperous scene of Yangzhou in the past as imagined by the poet, which is a virtual scene. "Try our best to make the wheat green" describes the bleak scene that the poet saw today, which is a real scene. The two contrasting scenes of reality and reality naturally put the poet's ups and downs in the past.
X. Set the scenery with the background as the background
The first paragraph of Li Bai's Difficult Shu Dao reached its acme. But the poet changed his pen and borrowed "We wonder if this path to the west will never end?" The sentence leads to the sadness of travel and brings the reader into a realm where ancient trees are desolate and flowers are fragrant. "We can't hear anything except the cries of birds surrounded by ancient forests. The male birds circled smoothly and followed the female birds. We heard the melancholy voices of cuckoo, jathyapple and Kongshan." The cuckoo's cry spread in the empty valley, full of sadness and making people feel pale. Here, the poet used natural landscapes with strong feelings such as "sad birds, ancient trees" and "Zigui crying" to render the sadness and emptiness of traveling on the Shu Road.
Xi。 Contrast the scene with the situation
Blue sky and yellow flowers, the west wind is tight, and geese fly north and south. Who got drunk in the frost forest in the morning? Always leave people's tears. (Wang Shifu's "Farewell Pavilion" is correct and good)
One sentence and one scene, with the scenery with the characteristics of late autumn, create a bleak and sad artistic conception: blue sky and white clouds, yellow flowers piled up, the west wind tightened, Peking University geese flew south, and the frost forest was drunk. But a word "tears" makes them all emotional objects, reflecting Yingying's pain and depressed mood for parting.
Surrounded by Sise Mountain, a whip is still shining. (At the end of Wang Shifu's Farewell to the Pavilion)
Zhang Sheng left, staring at Yingying with emotion, occasionally seeing a horse in the sunset, and then disappearing, leaving only silence, setting off Yingying's sense of loss.
Twelve. Side foil
The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
In fact, the first sentence describes Liu Bei's concern for the unification of the world, which highlights Zhuge Liang's intelligence and ambition from the side, while the next sentence brilliantly summarizes Zhuge Liang's achievements in his life.
Short paper is raked in the grass, and the window is cleared to play fine milk and tea. (Lu You's Spring Rain in Lin 'an)
When the poet arrived in Beijing, he didn't make friends with the powerful aristocrats, but stayed alone in the official residence, killing time by "doing idle grass" and "playing with tea", as if laughing at his boredom. In fact, he exposed the political corruption and darkness at that time and the poet's boredom with officialdom.
The above comparison methods are classified from 12 respectively. It can be seen that contrast, as a means of expression of poetry, occupies a considerable proportion in the selection of poetry in new textbooks. In view of this, it is very necessary to understand and master the application of contrast in ancient poetry, and teachers should teach it to students as a basic method and skill to guide them to appreciate poetry better.