Lessing believes that there are similarities and differences between plastic arts and poetry, that is, both should imitate nature; There are similarities and differences, mainly in four aspects: 1 As far as the form of existence is concerned, poetry is a kind of time art, painting is a kind of space art, and poetry has a wider range of expression than painting, and painting is suitable for expressing beauty, while poetry can also express ugliness, strangeness, sadness, joy and absurdity besides beauty. 2. As far as the medium of imitation is concerned, poetry uses artificial symbols, that is, the sounds made by actions in time; Painting uses natural symbols, that is, the shapes and colors of objects in space. 3. As far as the object of imitation is concerned, poetry describes something continuous in time, that is, action; Painting depicts the juxtaposition of things in space, that is, objects. 4. As far as the pursuit of effect is concerned, poetry pursues truth and reproduces the complex conflicts of human actions; Seeking beauty in painting is silence or silence greatness in posture and expression. The above-mentioned special laws of poetry and painting cannot be surpassed each other, otherwise it will lead to failure, but these laws are not absolute.
2. Three unifications
The so-called "three unifications" refers to the unity of action, time and space. It is an iron law that writers must abide by in French classical tragedies in the17th century, which comes from the annotator of Italian Poetics in the16th century. Castel Vikulo believes that only a single space can adapt to a single time and action and convince the audience. These three reunifications had a great influence on the development of drama after this.
3. Baumgarden's concept of "rational analogy"
"Rational analogy" is a concept put forward by Baumgarden, the "father of aesthetics", in his book Metaphysics 1739. He affirmed perceptual things with "rational analogy", including: perceptual insight, that is, the ability to distinguish similarities; Perceptual acuity, that is, the ability to perceive differences; Perceptual memory; Imagination; Perceptual judgment; Observation of similar situations; Special sensory ability. "Rational analogy" reflects Baumgarden's transformation from pure epistemological aesthetics to artistic aesthetics and artistic theory.
4. Hegel's situation, plot and emotion
In order to realize the ideal of artistic beauty, Hegel discussed the specific problems of literary and artistic creation such as characters, environment and conflict, and put forward and discussed some important concepts such as situation, plot and emotion. Introduce the scene, plot and emotion respectively.
5. Nietzsche's theory of Apollo and Dionysus
Nietzsche believes that tragedy is caused by the binary conflict between Apollo and Dionysus, and Apollo and Dionysus are binary opposites of two impulses or spirits. Apollo represents the affirmation of individual life, and Dionysus represents the affirmation of the origin of life; Apollo represents the imaginary world of dreams, and Dionysus represents the drunken real world; The arts that embody Apollo spirit are plastic arts and epics, and the arts that embody Dionysian spirit are music and lyric poetry.
6. Barth's code theory
When analyzing Balzac's novel Sarrasin in His S/Z, Barthes put forward a theory about code, in which S and Z respectively represent the two main characters in the book. He believes that this novel has a self-sufficient structure and signifier nature, and the characters, readers and authors in the novel are just various codes, which are not substantive. He mainly discussed the meaning of lexical combination, and analyzed the signifier of the text with five codes, namely, explanation code, suggestion code, choice code, symbol code and cultural code.
7. Chernyshevski's "Beauty is Life"
Chernyshevski is the successor of Russian revolutionary democratic aesthetics. His great contribution to aesthetics lies in his materialistic proposition that "beauty is life". He put forward this proposition in the process of criticizing contemporary aesthetic thoughts, especially German idealistic aesthetic thoughts. He explained that "beauty is life": anything in which we can see such a life according to our understanding is beauty; Anything that shows life or reminds us of life is beautiful. The great significance of this proposition lies in that it restores the right of reality; Secondly, it reveals the dependence of beauty on life; Thirdly, the overflow of idealistic aesthetic thoughts has opened a breakthrough for aesthetic research.
8. The theoretical proposition of symbolism
Symbolism is characterized by revealing the inner nature of things and phenomena implied by language differences and ambiguities. The purpose of symbolism is to form his works with subjective deformation; What connects the subjective and objective world is Baudelaire's thought of "universal similarity"; The manifestations of symbolism are mainly symbols; Language becomes the center of symbolism; Symbolism also needs the musicality and painting of poetry.
9. Nietzsche's theory of Apollo and Dionysus
Nietzsche believes that tragedy is caused by the binary conflict between Apollo and Dionysus, and Apollo and Dionysus are binary opposites of two impulses or spirits. Apollo represents the affirmation of individual life, and Dionysus represents the affirmation of the origin of life; Apollo represents the imaginary world of dreams, and Dionysus represents the drunken real world; The arts that embody Apollo spirit are plastic arts and epics, and the arts that embody Dionysian spirit are music and lyric poetry.
10. Mukalov's "Subject Centralization"
The traditional artistic subject only refers to the writer, and Mukarov-sky advocates the theory of multifunctional artistic subject. Besides writers, protectors, businessmen, prosecutors, publishers and critics of works of art can all assume the function of subject, which is called "transfer of subject". Because the subject is not a unit, but is connected with the environment, Mukalov emphasized that dialogue is a way to connect with reality.
1 1. On the sublimity of Lang Girnus
On Sublime pays attention to the cultivation of inner soul and the writer's mind. List five noble sources; The relationship between these five sources; On Sublime also puts forward the category of beauty. Ron Girnus's On Sublime marks the birth of a new aesthetic category.
12. Bergson's funny theory
Bergson, the main representative of French irrationalism, included three articles in The Funny Meaning in Laughter published in 1900. His funny theory includes funny forms, funny gestures and actions, funny scenes, funny language and funny personality.
13. Adorno's negative aesthetics
Adorno is the most unique person in Frankfurt School and one of the founders of social critical theory. His aesthetic thought can be summarized by "negative aesthetics", which mainly includes three aspects: 1. Anti-art; 2. Cultural industry; 3. Sociology of Music.
14. Mukalov's "Subject Centralization"
The traditional artistic subject only refers to the writer, and Mukarov-sky advocates the theory of multifunctional artistic subject. Besides writers, protectors, businessmen, prosecutors, publishers and critics of works of art can all assume the function of subject, which is called "transfer of subject". Because the subject is not a unit, but is connected with the environment, Mukalov emphasized that dialogue is a way to connect with reality.