Examination statement: (1) Appreciate the image, language and expression skills of literary works; (2) Evaluate the ideological content of the article and the author's views and attitudes.
The first step is to interpret the text accurately: on the basis of understanding the characteristics of "poet language", grasp the key points:
(1) On the whole, look at the title of the poem, circle the title (one word), and carefully study the title of ancient poetry. Some titles actually summarize the main content of the poem, or provide an emotional tone for you to understand the poem. Look at the author again and recall the dynasty and style of the author. Pay attention to the influence of the times on writers (such as patriotic thoughts in the Southern Song Dynasty);
(2) Look down: read the notes, understand the background of the poem, and look for clues about the content and emotion of the poem.
(3) Middle reading: Look at the main body of the poem, circle one or two words in each sentence as sentence eyes, and pay special attention to adjectives and adverbs (such as loneliness) that express emotions in the poem. In the second half, argumentation and lyricism are generally used, which is the theme of the poem.
The second step is to clarify the key points of the answer (that is, to give points). Answer small-caliber questions casually, and large-caliber questions generally include three points:
●( 1) Writing skills: Common writing skills (skills) are listed in the following four categories.
●(2) The content revealed by the technique: Combining with the poem, analyze what features of the image (people, things and scenery) are written by this technique, or what thoughts and feelings (philosophies) are expressed (highlighted).
●(3) Function: The function of this writing in content or form. The function of content: deepening artistic conception, deepening theme, profound artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, profound implication, thought-provoking and far-reaching form: front and back care, combination of reality and reality, sharing first and then dividing, question and answer)
(Note: The three main points of different questions have different emphases, and what you ask is what you answer; And the order of the three points should be organically combined according to the types of specific topics. )
Step 3: Short answer to poetry appreciation: Choose different answering methods according to different topic types.
◆ The first type: analytical images (images are people, scenery and things described in poems).
Routine Q: What images did this poem shape?
Variant question: What kind of picture does this poem show us? Or: What kind of scenery does this poem describe?
Pay attention to images with fixed meanings in poetry;
1. Parting categories: double carp, foot element (letter from afar), moon (homesickness or reunion), swan goose (homesickness of wanderers or sadness during the journey), cicada (sadness), willow (metaphorically leaving as a souvenir or representing hometown), fragrant grass (leaving sorrow without hatred), partridge bird (.
4. Love category: lotus (with "pity" for love), red bean (love or friendship between men and women) and red leaf (sentimental object).
3. Personality category: chrysanthemum (lofty), plum blossom (not afraid of destruction, dare to be the first or keep pure and clean), pine tree (standing proudly in frost and snow, sticking to moral integrity),
4. Sorrow: phoenix tree (symbolizing sadness), crow (declining and desolate), cuckoo or Zigui (symbolizing sadness or homesickness), game-writing protocol (dying or being loyal because of grievances), and ape (sadness).
5. Other categories: Kunshan jade (talent), Zhegui (imperial examination and), Cai Wei (seclusion), Nanguan (prisoner) and Liu Ying (military camp). Dongli (elegant, completely clean)
■ The second type: analyzing artistic conception (artistic conception = image+emotion)
Routine Q: What kind of artistic atmosphere does this poem create?
Variant question: What kind of picture does this poem show us? What kind of thoughts did the poet express?
What kind of scenery does this poem describe? What kind of feelings did the poet express?
A. The characteristic terms of artistic conception (atmosphere) are:
Lonely and cold, quiet and beautiful, majestic and magnificent, bleak and desolate, quiet and quiet, magnificent and beautiful, full of vitality, magnificent and majestic, illusory and ethereal, cold and depressed, prosperous and lively.
B. terms of thoughts and feelings:
Infatuation, sadness, melancholy, loneliness, sadness, loneliness, boredom, calmness, leisure, joy, admiration, anger, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and the people.
■ The third type: analysis of thematic type (including emotion and implication)
Poetry can be divided into the following 10 categories according to the theme (content), from which we can understand the theme of poetry:
(1) praising history and cherishing ancient poems: relying on ancient monuments to satirize modern people; Or feel that the past flourished and declined, and today is not as good as before; Or eager to make achievements like the ancients. (Write about historic sites and use allusions)
⑵ Expressing poetry with things: instead of directly expressing thoughts and feelings, we use metaphors, symbols, personification and other methods to integrate our ideals and personality into one thing. There are often images of pine, bamboo and plum.
(3) frontier poems; Or rendered meritorious service to the country; Or the homesickness of the husband; Or satirize and exhort the militaristic rulers who expanded the frontier.
(4) Homesickness poems: writing the sadness of wandering wanderers; Or homesickness caused by what you see, hear and feel. There are often descriptions of the moon, willows, geese, letters and dreams.
5. Farewell poems: or express homesickness when leaving; Or express your thoughts after parting; Or express your ideals and beliefs; Or to encourage each other.
(6) Pastoral landscape poems: express dissatisfaction with secularism and reality, yearn for quiet and peaceful seclusion thoughts, or express one's feelings of being independent from the world and keeping moral integrity by writing about the leisure beauty of mountains and villages.
(7) poetry: or worrying about the country and the people; Or reflect disorder; Or eager to make contributions; Or career setbacks; Or eulogize the rivers and mountains.
Being always in my heart-sad poems: expressing my thoughts about my husband who is guarding the border, or writing about the sadness that spring (youth) is fleeting and time is no longer there, or expressing my disgust at war.
■ fourth: expression skills (focusing on the whole or part of the whole article)
Routine question: What kind of writing technique is used in this poem?
Variant question: What kind of artistic technique (skill) is used in this poem? Or: How do poets express their feelings?
Writing skill is a very broad concept, which roughly includes four categories:
The first one: the method of scenery writing.
From the direct and indirect point of view, there are: positive and side description, imaginary writing (imagination and association) and real writing;
4. Use rhetorical devices: metaphor, comparison, exaggeration, analogy) (College Entrance Examination) Metonymous pun, rhetorical question, intertextuality;
3. Write by means of expression: comparison and contrast, comparison and contrast, quoting allusions (often taken in the college entrance examination), symbolizing, unfolding and sketching.
4. Write from the dynamic and static point of view: a scene that combines dynamic and static, or write static with dynamic; (college entrance examination)
5. From the perspective of observation, write: the combination of distant view and close view, and the combination of looking up and looking down; Up and down in space, the combination of high and low.
Write from the perspective of arousing the senses: vision (color), hearing (sound), smell (smell), taste and touch; Or synaesthesia.
The second: the method of describing characters.
1. From the direct and indirect point of view, the methods are: front and side description, imaginary writing (imaginary association) and real writing;
2. Use specific description means: language description, action description, expression description, appearance description, psychological description and detail description.
3. Use rhetoric to describe people: metaphor, contrast, exaggeration, metonymy, pun, rhetorical question, irony;
4. Writing by expression: comparison, contrast, symbol, presentation and sketch.
The third way: lyric way.
1. Express your feelings directly: express your feelings directly by expressing your feelings and arguments.
2. Indirect lyricism: borrowing things to express feelings (makes sense), borrowing the ancient to satirize the present, borrowing classics to express feelings, and borrowing scenery to express feelings (often tested in the college entrance examination).
The fourth way: structure (composition)
Contrast, front and back care, question and answer, Zhang Xianzhi, total score, combination of reality and reality, transition, details, person, suspense, want to promote first,
■ Fifth: language refinement.
Routine Q: What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why?
Variant question: one sentence has always been praised. What do you think of it?
Refined words: verbs, words expressing colors, onomatopoeia words, overlapping words, adjectives and adverbs, and other modifiers (such as ego, loneliness, loneliness, indifference, etc. ). Turn motion into static, and turn static into motion. Refine function words: numerals, conjunctions, adverbs, etc. Rhyme: change the word order
Note: Generally speaking, five-character poems are in the third word, and seven-character poems are refined in the fifth word.
Please pay special attention to the following different issues:
Routine Q: What are the linguistic features of this poem? (Focus on the overall language style)
Variant question: What kind of language style does this poem have? Let's talk about the language art of this poem.
Correct answer: generally choose the answer from these words (language characteristic terms): implicit, humorous, witty, straightforward, simple, elegant, vulgar, natural, fresh, beautiful and simple.
■ Sixth: analytical poetry (whether in the ideological content or the structural form of the whole article)
Q: Which word (sentence) in the poem plays a role in the whole poem?
Variant question: which word (sentence) in the poem is the key to the whole poem? Why?
Which word (sentence) in the poem has the function of controlling (summarizing) the whole poem? Why?
▲ Common wrong setting methods for multiple-choice questions in poetry appreciation:
1. Language genre error: or intentional translation of content words and function words; Or misjudged the language style of poetry.
2. Error of artistic conception image: misjudging the meaning of poetic image; Or the generalization error of artistic conception.
3. Skills and technical errors: misjudging the type or function of writing skills used in poetry.
4. Ideological and emotional errors: raising emotions (deliberately extending the emotions described in poetry and increasing some kind of aperture); Or transfer emotions.
5. Content-oriented error: expanding the scope (replacing a writer's overall work style with his specific work style).
(The wrong setting methods are: deployment, dislocation, elevation, rigid setting, dual use, etc.
10 problem-solving rules of ancient poetry appreciation questions
The examination of ancient poetry is not an isolated appreciation and evaluation, but an integration with reading, understanding and analysis ability. Examines the examinee's perception of the image of the work and the aesthetic grasp of emotion.
Poetry appreciation requires candidates to identify the theme, thoughts, feelings and social significance of poetry from the aspects of content, language, structure, writing skills and work style. Pay attention to these ten aspects, and candidates will become good "gardeners" in the poetry garden.
First, grasp the vision of poetry, grasp the image and understand the artistic conception.
1. Poetry with poetic eyes is the art of language, and the ancients paid special attention to "refining words" when writing poems. The most vivid words in a poem or a poem are usually verbs or adjectives. For example, the word "Jian" in "Seeing Nanshan leisurely" and the word "Noisy" in "The branches of red apricots are full of spring" make poetry vivid and full of realm.
2. Image poetry is the perfect combination of scenery and things written by the author, objective "image" and "emotion" and "ambition" expressed by the author through scenery.
Images in ancient poetry are often established and have rules to follow. For example, "plum blossom" is a symbol of noble morality; "Moon" stands for homesickness; "Hongyan" is a messenger who delivers books and the like. Poets sometimes create a group of images, such as Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si, and create 1 1 images, and use the central image of "heartbroken man" to express Qiu Si who misses the future.
3. Artistic conception is a harmonious and broad picture of nature and life in literary works, which permeates the author's implicit and rich feelings and forms an artistic realm that can induce readers' imagination and thinking. Excellent ancient poems create artistic conception and have broad artistic space. The relationship between poetic artistic conception (scene) is often felt, moved and blended in the scene. Artistic conception features are: generous and tragic, vigorous and powerful, calm and natural, majestic and spectacular, tragic and desolate, lonely and cold, and so on. It can be seen that by grasping these key points, we can cross the language barrier, quickly touch the poet's spiritual world, enter the artistic realm of poetry and solve problems.
Second, master the basic knowledge of ancient poetry.
Poetry is divided into classical poetry (also known as "ancient style") and modern poetry (also known as "metrical poetry").
Classical poetry: including all poems except Chu Ci before the appearance of modern poetry, and all poems except modern poetry after the appearance of modern poetry. "Song, line and tune" are respectively a genre of classical poetry. Such as "Bai Xuege Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home", Bai Juyi's "Pipa Trip" and Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream".
Modern poetry: divided into metrical poems and quatrains. Each poem has five laws (five characters) and seven laws (seven characters). First couplet (one or two sentences), parallel couplet (three or four sentences), neck couplet (five or six sentences) and tail couplet (seven or eight sentences), parallel couplet and neck couplet must be couplets. Each quatrain has five quatrains (five characters) and seven quatrains (seven characters), and two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme. The first sentence can be played or not, and it usually rhymes in the end.
Ci is a new poetic style, which was produced in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, popular in the middle Tang Dynasty, developed in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and achieved success in the Song Dynasty. Words are also called long and short sentences (the number and length of sentences vary) and poems (developed from poems). According to the length of words, words can be divided into monotonous (also called Xiao Ling, which is generally considered to be within 58 words), midrange (generally divided into upper and lower gaps, 58-96 words) and long tone (more than 96 words, more than three gaps). Words have epigrams, and the rhythm and rhyme of each word are strictly defined.
Qu: Sanqu, which is divided into "Xiao Ling" and "Ji Shu". It is a new poetic style gradually formed in the Song and Jin Dynasties. The biggest difference between Qu and Ci is that Qu can add lines to the specified number of words, thus increasing the vividness of language and expressing thoughts and feelings more freely and flexibly.
Third, grasp the poems with different themes.
According to the different themes of poems, ancient poems can be divided into scenery (lyric) poems, chronicle (nostalgia) poems, history (nostalgia) poems, pastoral (landscape) poems, frontier (battle) poems and so on.
Writing landscape poems: students have been exposed to it since high school, needless to say.
Poems about nostalgia: Narrating and expressing feelings, expressing personal feelings such as farewell, nostalgia, sadness and feelings about time through the narration of specific events. Such as "Farewell to Du Fu in Shu" and "Wang Chun" by Du Fu.
Poetry recitation: The poet's recitation of a historical event or historical figure has generally been integrated into the poet's unique knowledge, which is to recite with history, to recite with history, to govern history with history, and to compare history with today. For example, Tao Yuanming, Liu Yuxi and Du Mu are all poets.
Poetry about things: the main feature is to express one's ambition by supporting things. The "things" in this kind of ancient poems are mostly images with specific meanings. For example, peach blossom symbolizes beauty, peony symbolizes wealth, Huayang means autumn and so on. Different images have different connotations.
Pastoral poetry: Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry, and Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasties is the originator of landscape poetry. The school of pastoral poetry was formed in the Tang Dynasty, mainly including Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Chang Jian.
Frontier Poems: Describing frontier life and ethnic contradictions, and a series of things related to frontier fortress, which were formed in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan as the highest achievers.
Fourth, distinguish between various styles and genres.
"Style" refers to the poet's creative characteristics in choosing themes, shaping images and using language. For example, Tao Yuanming's poems are quiet and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are paintings, Li Bai's poems are bold and elegant, and Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated.
Genre mainly refers to the genre of poetry and the genre of writing.
1. Poetry schools: realism and romanticism.
Realism: advocate objective observation of real life, describe reality accurately and delicately, and truly represent typical people in typical environments. Source: The Book of Songs; Representative writers: Du Fu, Bai Juyi and Lu You.
Romanticism: Good at expressing passionate pursuit of ideals, using passionate language, strange imagination, exaggeration and fairy tales to shape images. Source: Chu Ci; Representative writers: Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Gong Zizhen, etc.
2. Genre of words: bold and graceful; Bold and graceful: magnificent, high style, bold artistic conception and full of emotion. Representative figures: Su Shi and Xin Qiji.
Graceful school: soft style, delicate feelings, euphemistic lingering, and far-reaching charm. Representative figures: Liu Yong, Jiang Kui, Qin Guan and Li Qingzhao.
Five, pay attention to the analysis of various expression skills
◆ For example, in terms of deliberation, refine words, sentences and meanings.
◆ Combination of reality and reality in material selection (real scene is the realistic and objective scenery described by the poet, that is, the immediate scenery and considerable scenery; Virtual scene is the scene created by the poet through feeling, association or imagination, that is, the scene in his heart and the scene that can be imagined. The combination of reality and fiction is often the basic method of artistic conception of ancient poetry.
Contrast in material selection: Contrast in the expression skills of ancient poetry is an expression skill relative to "positive contrast". In order to make the description of something more clear and prominent in the works, opposites and opposites are used to complement each other. It is different from "contrast", in which the relationship between two things is juxtaposed, and the result is to highlight both sides; Contrast, however, can clearly distinguish what is set off from what is set off, and highlight the one that is set off.
◆ Dynamic and static combination in content: sometimes it can be understood as "dynamic and static combination" and "dynamic and static combination".
Structural foreshadowing and care: the author's casual hints make the poem rigorous in structure, echoing from beginning to end and echoing the title.
Structural contrast: contrast refers to the method of juxtaposing two contradictory things or two contradictory aspects of the same thing in a work. This method is suitable for highlighting the image characteristics and revealing the image meaning, and it is also easy to have a sharp and profound effect on the expression of the theme.
◆ Questions and suspense about the structure.
◆ In terms of meaning, you can borrow scenery to express your feelings, borrow ancient times to satirize the present, borrow ancient times to express your feelings, read between the lines, and so on.
In more cases, the artistic techniques of ancient poetry are not all single, but often comprehensive and complex. When appreciating, we should pay attention to analyzing the artistic features in the specific context and the overall poetic context, and don't simply fall into the strange circle of terms and concepts. Sometimes, according to different questions and different requirements, we should make a correct judgment from the specified angle.
Sixth, pay attention to taste various language styles.
The examination of words in ancient poetry is often from literal interpretation to connotation interpretation, so it is very important to understand different language styles. The language style of ancient poetry is generally solemn, serious, humorous and humorous; Image, vividness and conciseness; Concise and meticulous; Implicit and clear; Sharp and peaceful; Delicate, euphemistic, generous and warm. The level of language sense largely determines the level of poetry appreciation.
Taste the words in the artistic conception: The words in poetry are in a unified artistic conception, and only by analyzing them in the artistic conception can we get a correct understanding. If we pay attention to the overall artistic conception of Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night, we can correctly understand "Moonlight how bright at home!" The moon in my hometown is brighter because I miss my hometown.
Special grammatical phenomena should be grasped: in order to conform to the laws of poetry, sentences with variant characters often appear. For example, "the bamboo language laundry woman returns, and the lotus leaf bends before the fishing boat." In poetry, we should also pay attention to the flexible use of parts of speech, such as "green" in "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan".
Seven, pay attention to distinguish between various rhetorical devices.
In ancient poetry, the author often uses various rhetorical devices to enrich images.
◆ Metaphor: the most commonly used skill. You can also write the same thing with different metaphors. For example, Li Yu's "Like water flowing eastward" is written as "like water flowing eastward" and "with many worries and endless sources".
◆ Synaesthesia: Communicate vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch, such as Lin Bu's "Dark Fragrance Drifting with the Moon at Dusk", which uses the visual "darkness" to describe the smell "fragrance" and highlight the characteristics of plum fragrance.
Metonymy: sails are used for boats, and Zhumen is used for the house of dignitaries.
Intertextuality: in a coherent text, words that should be included together are arranged in the upper and lower sentences or the upper and lower paragraphs of a sentence, which saves words and expresses meaning. For example, Bai Juyi's "My master has dismounted and my guest has boarded the boat" actually said: "The master disembarked and the guest disembarked".
◆ Question: For example, Li Yu's "How many worries can there be, just like a river flowing eastward".
◆ Exaggeration: For example, Xin Qiji's "Thousands of trees bloom in the east wind night, and the sky is full of stars and rain".
Rhetoric commonly used in ancient poetry also includes personification, questioning and repetition, which need our attention.
Eight, pay attention to the topic of poetry
The title of a poem is very important and often reveals important clues. For example, in the 2000 Shanghai Paper, the question was "Appointment", and the author made an appointment, but the other party didn't come for a long time. In the environment, the rendering of "it rains at home and frogs everywhere" invited guests. Why didn't you come? It highlights the author's anxiety about waiting.
Nine, pay attention to the examination.
After appreciating ancient poems, there are often some notes, and the existing content in the title of filling in the form is actually an example. For example, in the autumn exam in 2000, before or after filling in the blanks. The implication of "An Shi Rebellion" in 200 1 Spring Test 18 gives humanistic care to the candidates' answers. Paying attention to these aspects will help solve the problem.
Ten, pay attention to the use of association and imagination.
Poetry appreciation is a kind of re-creation. The main ways of re-creation are association and imagination. For example, in Wang Jia's "After Rain Clears Up", the author did not describe the scenery of the courtyard next door, but wrote the real scene of "bees and butterflies climbing over the wall". If candidates hold on to this poem, they will think of the beautiful spring scenery next door through the fog of meaning, so that passers-by can stop and watch it, not to mention bees and butterflies who like flowers!