(Law) 1. The method of breaking the whole into parts. Reading a classical Chinese as a whole is like "swallowing dates". We should analyze the whole into several meaningful paragraphs and read them in sections.
[Analysis] After analyzing the meaning paragraphs of a text, we can see the clues of the article and the author's ideas, and know the ins and outs of clearly written people and things, and then run through them according to the sequence of things, the logic of life and the explanation of the ins and outs according to the time and place. Once the level is clear, you can recite it quickly after reading it carefully. Reciting should be carried out in stages, and every breakthrough should be carried out until all the words are recited.
(French) Second, the copying method. This is a way to recite with eyes, mouth, hands and heart.
[Analysis] Look at the words, words and sentences of the article, read the words, words and sentences of the article, write the words, words and sentences of the article by hand, and think about the words, words and sentences of the article. Copy, copy, read, read, copy, not long, read part, copy part, back part. Then if you have read it all, you have copied it all, and you can recite it all. Familiar, familiar with the mantra, familiar with the hands, familiar with the heart, the full text will be easy to recite.
(Law) 3. Progressive method. Adopting this method is like snowballing, that is, reading the first sentence first, that is, reciting the first sentence; Reading the first sentence and the second sentence together means that the first sentence and the second sentence are recited together. And so on, scroll forward until the complete text is accumulated.
(French) Four or three grasping methods. It is natural to implement the "three stresses" by department.
[Example] Before reciting the "Warring States policy, Tang Ju will live up to his mission", we can use three grasping hands. For example, in the first paragraph, first grasp the first word of this paragraph-"Qin"; Then grasp the opening sentence of this paragraph ── "The king of Qin made people call an Ling Jun Yue"; Finally, grasping the author's thoughts reflected in this paragraph and the context of the article-the confrontation between the king of Qin and the king of Anling is the antecedent of the Tang drama's mission and the prelude to the struggle between the two sides. The beginning of the plot. These three grippers have promoted each other. It is easier to recite the text according to these tips.
(French) 5. Take care of translation and recitation. That is, from style to classical Chinese.
[Example] If you want to recite Ouyang Xiu's Zuiweng Pavilion, you can first translate it sentence by sentence into modern Chinese (that is, "modern translation"), then return to ancient Chinese according to the translated Chinese (that is, modern translation), and then from ancient to modern, that is, from translation back to the original classical Chinese, repeatedly. This not only practices the translation from modern times to ancient times, but also compares the vocabulary syntax between ancient times and modern times.
[Analysis] The above five methods are effective for reciting the original text. Of course, every method can be used, and it seems better to combine several methods. In short, there is no fixed method. One is to use whatever method everyone likes, which is subjective. The other depends on the objective reciting effect. If a method is fast (fast) and good (accurate), then that method is the best.
How to recite classical Chinese in high school (for high school friends)
Classical Chinese accounts for nearly one-third of the content in the textbook of senior one. Although the latest edition of the Chinese textbook for Senior One has deleted a unit and adjusted some articles, its importance has not decreased. However, the study of classical Chinese has always been a difficult point in teaching and learning. Students don't like learning, and even teachers who open public classes rarely attend classical Chinese. When it comes to reciting, students will have a headache. Not to mention the first year of senior high school, although the third book of senior high school has only one unit of classical Chinese, it needs a lot of recitation. I want to recite all famous articles and passages, but it is much more difficult for students to recite modern Chinese. Even if you barely recite it, it won't be long before you forget it. I always do what I ask students to recite in classical Chinese teaching, but my "demonstration" has not played much role. Needless to say, the importance of classical Chinese recitation. As the author himself, I am particularly good at classical Chinese. Many famous articles, such as Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower and Su Shi's Red Wall Poetry, can still be memorized after many years. Even articles that have never been recited before, such as Chen Qingbiao by Shi Mi, can be recited quickly after class. What is the reason? It is not that my memory is amazing. Careful analysis, in addition to the factors of interest, is also related to my mastery of some principles and methods of reciting.
Turn "long" into "short". In other words, a long article or paragraph should be divided into several short parts to recite. In this way, the content of each recitation is less, the speed is faster, and the "sense of success" comes, which is much easier than reciting the whole text and paragraph at one time. Of course, in the end, we have to connect several parts with heart.
Read the text. Many parents like to teach their children to recite Tang Poetry when they are very young, but children often have to go through repeated reinforcement by adults to remember it. Why? Because they know nothing about the meaning of poetry. From my own experience of reciting classical Chinese, I think the most important thing is to master the meaning of the text thoroughly first. One of the important reasons why I can recite an article quickly after writing is that when preparing lessons, I have a deep understanding of the usage and significance of every word, every word and every sentence in the article, as well as the writing ideas, structure and theme of the article. These things have been deeply imprinted in my mind, and then I can "put" them out of my mind quickly when I recite them. Consolidate many times. People are always lazy, especially when doing things they don't like. Therefore, after reciting the task clearly, you should limit yourself to reciting it in the shortest time and not delay it. The more you procrastinate, the more annoying you get. If you want to "fix" one paragraph at a time, you might as well try "three minutes to grab". Of course, the things memorized will soon be forgotten and need to be consolidated many times later. Regular recitation training is also an exercise in memory. | Let's talk about the methods of reciting classical Chinese based on our own reciting and teaching experience.
Initial prompt method. When checking students' recitation, I often find that students will suddenly "get stuck" when reciting a place, and can't think of the next sentence. However, as long as you remind him of the first word of the next sentence, he can remember it quickly and then recite it. In view of this, I put forward the "first word prompt method", that is, write down the first word of each sentence (if there are many consecutive short sentences, you can combine them appropriately) as a reminder when reciting. For example, in the first paragraph of The Red Wall Fu, when reciting, write the words "Ren, Qi, Su, Qing, Shui, Ju, Yong, ..." on a piece of paper to remind yourself when reciting "stuck neck". Repeat it several times, until finally you can recite these words without reading.
Of course, the premise of using this method is that you are already familiar with what you recite and are in a "sandwich" state. There is also the "annotation prompt method", which only uses the annotations below the book to remind yourself to recite. Its function is the same as the above method. Of course, every sentence like Li Sao is annotated under the book, so this method cannot be used.
\ Translation restore method. When learning classical Chinese, we usually translate them into modern Chinese to understand the meaning of words and facilitate the analysis of articles. When reciting classical Chinese, you can "reverse", that is, look at the translation and recall the original. With the translation and understanding of the first word and phrase, coupled with familiar reading, it is easier to restore the original text according to translation. This method is not only conducive to reciting, but also to mastering and consolidating the translation of words and sentences in the article.
Translate while reading. Many students just read over and over again when reciting, trying to strengthen their memory through repeated reading. Although this method is effective, it is not obvious. I advocate reading and translating, that is, reading a sentence and translating it into words. For example, in the first paragraph of Shi Mi's Chen Qingbiao, you can do this: read the sentence "I was in danger and I was killed" and then translate it: because; Danger, bumps and sins are all difficulties and sins; Rewelding, early; Suffer, encounter; Min, pass "min"; Fierce, unfortunate; "Because of difficulties and disasters, I suffered misfortune very early." In this way, reading and translating at the same time deepen the understanding of sentences, and understanding helps to remember and recite. This method is slow to recite, but it kills two birds with one stone. And it's not easy to forget after memorizing it.
Lift the outline and open your eyes.
For reciting, students and articles are contradictory. How a student recites an article is like how a fisherman digs a net buried in the sand. When explaining and analyzing the text, I guide the students to adopt the method of outlining their eyes.
The so-called "outline" means that when explaining the text, the method of divide and conquer is adopted and carried out paragraph by paragraph. According to the content of each text or question, find out the central word or summarize it into short sentences, and then connect them in sequence to grasp the "outline" of this article. According to this "outline", you can think of the whole article.
The so-called "reason" refers to which sentences are used in each paragraph to describe everything or every problem, and how each sentence is said. These details should also be cleaned up one by one. Emphasis is placed on sentences with complex grammatical structure and profound meaning, which is often an "obstacle" in recitation. Only when students understand thoroughly can they remember quickly.
To give an outline is to further study how the outline is related to the purpose and purpose on the basis of clarifying the outline of the article, that is, to clarify the relationship between sentences and paragraphs: is it causal? Is it a species? It is part and whole ... At this point, the thinking of the article has become the thinking of students, and the detailed memory of the text content can naturally be "outlined". If you need to recite three or four paragraphs of nature of the hongmen banquet, its thinking is very clear. (Liu Bang) Hong Men apologized ... (Xiang Yu) sat at the banquet because he stayed in the wine ... (Fan Zeng) gave Yu Pei a signal, (Wang Xiang) don't be silent ... (Yafu) called Xiangzhuang ... Xiang Zhuang sword dance is intended to repeat itself ... As long as students can clear their minds, reciting will be solved.
Read carefully and think carefully.
All reading must be familiar with it first, so that everything in it seems to come from my mouth. Think about it further and make its meaning seem to come from what I think in my heart, then I can learn something. As for those who have doubts about the meaning of the article, everyone's comments are confusing, so you should calm down and think carefully, and don't rush to choose. First, list one of them separately and state it, and follow the ideas of the article to verify the smoothness and blockage of its ideas. Then those who have no obvious meaning and reason will automatically give in before comparing with other theories. Then cross-examine and refute each other's remarks, and then seek the soundness of its truth to verify its correctness or error. What seems to be right or wrong will also be denied by the public and cannot be established. Generally speaking, stop and look at it slowly, deal with it statically and observe it dynamically. If you attack hardwood, attack its easy place first and then attack its key point; It's like unwinding a tangled rope. If something doesn't make sense, just leave it there for the time being and deal with it slowly. This is the way of reading.
When reading, we should first tidy up the desk for reading, make it clean and stable, put the books neatly on the desk, let the body sit up straight, face the books, read the words on the books carefully and calmly, and read the articles carefully and clearly. Every word you want to read is loud and clear. You can't mispronounce a word, read one less word, read one more word, read one word backwards, or just memorize it. Read it a few times and it will come out naturally, even if it takes a long time. The ancients said, "When a book is read many times, its meaning naturally emerges." In other words, if you read the book well, you will naturally understand its meaning without relying on others to explain it. I once said: there are three kinds of reading, called heart to heart, eye to eye and mouth to mouth. If the heart is not in the book, then the eyes will not read it carefully. Since the heart and eyes are not absorbed wholeheartedly, they just look at it casually, which is definitely unforgettable, even if they remember it, it will not last long. Of the three, the heart is the most important. The heart is here, can't the eyes be there?
Clear purpose, concentrate on reciting a text or a sentence that must be mastered, and avoid looking around, being careless and distracting. If it is a very simple text, it must be because of carelessness if you keep making mistakes after reciting it for a few days. As for the phenomenon of "remembering first and then forgetting", it is normal. At this time, don't give in to this temporary difficulty and shrink back.
2. Repeat reading and retelling to recite a short passage. It is not feasible to watch it only a few times. You must read it through. Simple repeated reading is ineffective. Learners should actively try to reproduce the article before memorizing it completely, and then read it when they can't remember it. This is easy to remember and lasts for a long time. Especially unfamiliar sentences, pay attention to repeat them as many times as possible. Because trying to reproduce is a more active intellectual activity than reading, and it is also a process of self-examination, which can make people pay more attention, grasp the key points and difficulties of memory content, and correct mistakes in memory in time. It can be shorter and easier at first, and then make some adjustments.
In the process of reciting, if you get stuck, you must remember. Memory is a form of intentional and indirect reproduction, which requires great willpower, overcoming certain difficulties, looking for clues in many ways and thinking actively and flexibly. Therefore, you can't just get stuck and stop carrying it. Through understanding and digestion, the article has been incorporated into its own knowledge system, and sentences have become catchy through familiar reading and reciting. If you read them repeatedly, you can recite them fluently.
The more time you spend reviewing and reciting, the better your memory will be. Recite the texts or knowledge in the morning before going to bed at night and getting up the next day, review and recite them properly every Saturday or Sunday, and recite them again one month later. Only in this way can we ensure that we will not forget for a long time. What needs to be reminded here is that you can refine the original text into an outline when reviewing, and review and recite while reading the outline, so that your memory and proficiency will be more obvious.
3. Strengthen dictation and training. As the saying goes, "it's better to read it a thousand times than to copy it by hand." This is also a form of reciting the internal language, which can be used by both brain and hand to deepen the memory of the article. Because writing itself is a kind of figure and symbol, regular dictation can help us promote the development of the right brain. Dictation can effectively consolidate the texts and knowledge that have been memorized, which is of great benefit to deepening memory. An article is "eaten" paragraph by paragraph. Finally, follow the principle of "whole → part → whole" and recite the whole article in series according to the method of reciting paragraphs. If we can practice dictation step by step and for a long time, it will certainly contribute to the quality and effect of recitation.
Recitation is "the gymnastics of memory"
Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? Recitation is not only an effective memory method, but also can cultivate and exercise people's memory ability through recitation. Russia in Wenhaolev? 6? 1 Tolstoy's encyclopedic knowledge is not because he has any "special functions", but because he insists on doing "memory gymnastics" every day. He once said: "Recitation is the gymnastics of memory." He practices like this, and every morning he gets up and recites some knowledge that must be remembered, just like working as a warehouse, which makes him so knowledgeable and writes things like War and Peace, Anna? 6? Immortal works like 1 Karenina. Therefore, repeated stimulation is helpful to the establishment and strengthening of conditioned reflex. Practice has proved that human memory is the same as human muscle, and only exercise can enhance it. People who are lazy and never recite will not have a good memory.
Good at reciting, amazing memory.
Reciting can enable us to master some important knowledge accurately and firmly. Why do you see it? For example. Imagine that an engineer encounters an emergency at work and has to look up books to find basic formulas; When the teacher taught the students to recite ancient poems, they forgot the original sentence and had to turn over the textbooks. How embarrassing this situation will be, and sometimes even make a big mistake. All this shows that it is futile to extract the most basic and important knowledge at a critical moment.
Dong taught his daughter in a letter: "Chinese should be read at least ten times in each class, and some texts should be memorized." Many great and learned people throughout the ages are mostly related to their good recitation and amazing memory. Marx, Engels and Lenin are all proficient in many foreign languages. Marx can recite many poems of Goethe and Heine, and often quote their poems in conversation, which makes the conversation more subtle, philosophical and interesting. If he is not good at reciting, he will never do it. Being good at reciting can enrich our knowledge reserves day by day. In ancient China, there was a saying that "if you don't know how to write, you can recite poems".
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