Lyric technique 1. Express one's feelings directly: This is a kind of lyrical way to show the attitude of love and hate directly to the relevant people, events, scenery and environment. For example, Chen Yulan, a poetess in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Farewell to My Husband" with sincere feelings, which made people feel very excited: the husband guards the border and the concubine worries about her husband in the west wind. I sent a short letter, and every line of the letter soaked my tears. The cold came to you, and I sent warm clothes, but I don't know if I received them. The whole poem expresses the wife's thoughts and worries about her husband in the form of a first-person monologue. In the first sentence, she misses her husband who is far away from home. In the second sentence, she cares about her husband's border and bitter cold, sending clothes and tears to repair books again and again. Finally, she wants to send clothes. Four delicate and vivid psychological descriptions directly reveal the unforgettable and considerate love and affection between husband and wife. Second, indirect lyric is opposite to direct lyric. Indirect lyric refers to expressing one's feelings implicitly through narrating, describing and discussing certain things and problems. Types and examples of indirect lyric: 1. Scenery blending refers to blending feelings in a specific natural scene or life scene, and expressing feelings by describing natural scenes or scenes. It is an indirect and implicit lyric way. For example, Du Fu's "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night": Good rain knows the season, and it happens in spring. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. Here, the rainy scene on a spring night contains the poet's happy mood. 2. Lyricism by borrowing scenery refers to the poet expressing his feelings and thoughts in the scenery and expressing them by describing the scenery. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: Jiang Bi's bird is too white, and the mountain blue flowers are burning. This spring is coming to an end. When will I go home? The whole poem expresses the feeling of being stranded in a foreign land. The poet expresses his homesickness by describing the fresh and bright spring scenery, and expresses his sadness with music scenes, which is unique in charm. What's the difference between borrowing scenery and expressing emotion? "Love in the scenery" means writing the scenery clearly, that is, literally speaking the scenery; However, there must be something hidden, that is, all landscape words are emotional words. "Lyricism by scenery" is a kind of lyric way, that is, with the help of scenery, to achieve the purpose of lyric. The similarity between the two is that they both focus on lyricism. The difference is that the former describes the scenery on the surface and the feelings in essence; The latter's scenery writing and lyric writing are explicit, but the scenery is the reason and the emotion is the root. For example, Du Fu's "Spring Hope": "Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers last forever, and the vegetation is spring. Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate. The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold. I stroke my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins. " The first two sentences here are "borrowing scenery to express emotion" The poet used the broken scene of Chang 'an, the capital, to express his infinite sadness: the prosperity of the past is gone forever, which is the sin of the Anshi Rebellion. Here embodies the concept of "scenery is the reason, emotion is the root". The third and fourth sentences are "melting feelings into the scenery". In the disaster, spring flowers feel current affairs and dew turns into tears; Spring birds, trapped by war-torn tourism, are afraid to hear this voice. The words "flowers" and "birds" are clearly written here, but the words "love" and "hate" express the feelings of "people", that is, the author's feelings: the "scenery language" here is all "love language" The first two sections focus on lyricism, but the methods used are obviously different, which shows that Du Fu's brushwork is very clever. 3. Entrusting ambition with things means that the poet entrusts and conveys certain feelings, aspirations and interests with distinctive things, and the things in the poem are personalized. For example, Yu Qian's ode to lime: a thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, and the fire burned like a long time. Not afraid of broken bones, leaving innocence in the world. Through the process and results of mining stones and burning them into lime, the poet expressed his firm sentiment and upright and noble thoughts despite difficulties and hardships. There are the following differences between expressing ideas with objects and expressing ideas with scenery: (1) "Expressing ideas with objects" means expressing ideas with the help of certain characteristics of certain plants, animals and objects. These "things" are not "scenery", and chanting things is not writing about scenery. "borrowing scenery to express emotion" means writing scenery to express emotion, or expressing emotion in the scenery from time to time; Or feelings in the landscape, but not exposed. The "scenery" here refers to natural scenery, not something. (2) The meaning of "ambition" in "ambition" is very wide, which can refer to feelings, ambitions, interests, hobbies, wishes and requirements. The "emotion" in "borrowing scenery to express feelings" refers to feelings such as love, hate, praise, whipping, joy and sadness. (3) "Expressing one's will by supporting things" does not produce artistic conception in content, but conveys the author's feelings and wishes through related objects, that is, it can achieve the purpose of writing and can be described and discussed. "Lyricism by borrowing scenery" requires thinking and scenery, feeling and scenery, feeling in scenery and feeling in scenery, and the content forms a three-dimensional aesthetic artistic conception with both form and spirit. 4, lyrical with allusions, that is, quoting historical facts in poetry and expressing emotions with allusions. Quoting refers to quoting or intercepting the sentences of predecessors or using the deeds and stories of predecessors to express some meaning and express some thoughts and feelings. The use of allusions can expand the artistic conception, make the feelings of poetry appear implicit, and achieve the effect of brevity. Such as Xin Qiji's "Unfortunate Music". Gu Beiting in Jingkou remembers the past: Throughout the ages, heroes are nowhere to be found, and Sun Zhongmou is there. The dance floor was still there, but the heroes had already gone with the passage of time. The setting sun shines on the grassland covered with grass and trees. People say that this was once the place where Emperor Wu of Song lived. Think that year, Jin Ge iron horse, swallowing Wan Li like a tiger. However, Li Liu Yi Long, the son of Liu Wang Yilong, was a great success and made a swift northern expedition. Instead, he made the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tuoba fly south and returned to the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was severely hit by his opponent. I have been back to the south for forty-three years, and I still remember the war scenes in Yangzhou. Looking back, there was a crow club drum under the beaver temple. Who can ask, Lian Po is too old to eat? The following allusions are used in this poem: (1) Sun Zhongmou's allusions express the poet's nostalgia for heroes and his ideal of recovering lost land. (2) The story of Emperor Wudi of the Southern Song Dynasty expressed the poet's determination to explore the north. (3) Tuoba Tao was the nickname Beaver of Wu Tai, the Emperor of Wei. He once built a palace in Guabu Mountain on the north bank of the Yangtze River and became a beaver temple. The poet compares the past and the present, deep down. The first three allusions express the poet's expectation of the main war faction, and also satirize and condemn the peace-seekers in the Southern Song Dynasty. (4) Liu Yilong was overjoyed, rushed to the northern expedition, and even suffered a fiasco. This allusion, borrowing from the past to satirize the present, advised Han Biaozhou to take history as a mirror and not to rush into it. (5) Compared with Lian Po, he expressed the poet's strong desire to serve the country and lamented that Songshi could not use talents. 5. It is a common way to satirize the present by borrowing from the past, that is, poets often take historical events, historical figures and historical traces as their themes and rely on historical relics to express their feelings and satirize the present. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Taicheng": Taicheng's six generations compete for luxury and have the most luxury. Thousands of families have become weeds because of a flower in the backyard. The whole poem takes Taicheng, the place where the emperors of the Six Dynasties lived in politics, as the title, and describes the dissolute life of the Six Dynasties, which is in sharp contrast with the desolate scene of overgrown weeds. It turns serious historical lessons into concrete images that shock the soul and endows them with infinite feelings of mourning for the past and hurting the present. What's the difference between lyricism with allusions and satirizing the present with antiquity? Lyricism with allusions: allusions refer to quoting or intercepting sentences of predecessors or using deeds and stories of predecessors to express a certain meaning. Borrowing the ancient to satirize the present is to quote allusions for comparison and expression. If it is not convenient to say it directly in a poem, you can express the author's voice diplomatically through allusions. It is a way to express feelings with allusions and quote predecessors' antecedents to comment on the current situation and politics. Lyricism with allusion focuses on one's own feelings, citing the statements or deeds of predecessors to express it. What kind of emotion? Friendship Li Bai's A Gift to Wang Lun, Love Yuan Zhen, Five Poems of Leaving Thoughts, Affection Meng Jiao's The Prodigal Son, Natural Love Du Mu's Mountain Walk ... There are too many ways to express it: arousing, associating, comparing, symbolizing, comparing, combining reality with reality, using allusions and being straightforward. Chinese expression? There are three levels of expression skills in literary works: rhetorical methods: metaphor, personification, rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, metonymy, antithesis, exaggeration, setting off, allusion, translation, intertextuality and repetition. Means of expression: narration, discussion, description and lyricism. Performance: the imagery and lyricism of poetry should be expressed by various artistic techniques, and some common artistic techniques should be known. Poetry mainly uses narration, description, discussion and lyric, among which description and lyric are the key points. Lyrics can be divided into direct lyricism (direct expression of mind); Indirect lyricism (borrowing scenery to express feelings, supporting things to express feelings, and blending scenes). Description: Dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination, point and surface combination, light and shade combination, front side combination, sound and emotion combination, rough drawing, meticulous painting, etc. (1) narrative. Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. Widely used in writing articles. (2) description. Description is an expression that describes the appearance and form of an object and reproduces it to readers. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation. It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. If the description is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get a strong artistic infection from it. (3) lyric. Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives. (4) discussion. Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works. (5) description. Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc. As the formal elements of an article, five expressions must serve the content expression. Writing something in different ways can produce different effects. This is the so-called expression function. According to their functions, these five expressions can be divided into two categories, namely, objective category and subjective category. Reproduce objective categories, including narration, description and explanation; The similarity lies in reflecting the objective image, that is, what happens in one place is written down and then conveyed to people in another place, and the achievements created by one industry are passed on to other industries. When observing, thinking and expressing, the author adopts an objective attitude and strives to truly express objective things. Express subjective categories, including discussion and lyricism. Characterized by expressing subjective spirit. Discussion expresses the author's views on objective things, and lyrically expresses the author's subjective feelings. Generally, argumentative writing is written after the author observes life and finds problems of social significance. In the process of experiencing life, the author has a unique understanding and feeling, and after feeling, he wrote a lyric article. In a word, subjective things are transformed and transmitted outward, which is called performance. The difference between expression and expression: ① Expression is divided into narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion; (2) An article can be based on one expression and use other expressions; (3) There are also related expressions in the composition requirements of hot topics-you can choose one expression and use other expressions comprehensively. Taken together, "expression" should be the method and form used to express thoughts and feelings with language, art, music and action. In terms of expression techniques: lyrical scenery writing, lyrical narration, lyrical expression, straightforward narration, flashback, narrative contrast, setting off Zhang Xianzhi's symbol, setting off imagination, associating with the scenery, and caring for feelings (1) express feelings through the scenery-1express feelings directly through the scenery, empathize with the scenery, build the scenery with feelings, and 3) act.