There is a Chu tune in Hehe Qu written by Yuefu in Han Dynasty, and there is a topic of "resentful poetry" in Chu tune. This is a poem written by Tao Yuanming to his friends in that style. The main book and the government are official names, and they were secretaries and assistants of the state secretariat at that time. Pang Zhushu refers to Pang Zun, and Deng Zhizhong is unknown. Because there is the word "69" in the poem, we know that this poem was written at the age of 54, which was the 14th year of Yi Xi, the Emperor of Jin 'an (4 18).
The work is divided into two paragraphs, the first paragraph is fourteen sentences. Starting from his half-life hardships, the poet questioned the existence of ghosts and gods that many people have said since ancient times. The first two sentences are conclusions and run through the whole paragraph. The following twelve sentences are the factual basis of this conclusion. He said, since I just came of age, I have been bent on doing good deeds and kowtowing to them. Now I'm 54 years old. What about your own experience? At the age of twenty (weak crown), the world was in chaos, and Fu Jian invaded the south; Thirty years old (first room), unfortunately his wife died. Then there were natural disasters and the climate was abnormal. First of all, there are droughts and swarms of moths. Then the storm came, and it was overwhelming, and the crops could not be harvested, so that they were frozen and hungry, and their economic life was now completely desperate. Look at this reality, can this explain what is "good fortune"? In the second half of the sentence, I wrote about his ideological activities in the face of this dilemma. He said indignantly, I am so miserable today, it is all my own fault, and I can't blame any other fate or man-made; The sages of past dynasties did not all teach people virtue, make contributions, make statements and go down in history, just like painting unicorns, but in my opinion, these are as insignificant as passing clouds. I'm here to lament generously, and I have no other desire. I feel gratified and proud to have you two bosom friends like Zhong Zi.
This is an extremely important work that shows Tao Yuanming's life situation and thoughts and feelings in his later years. Tao Yuanming is known as an "idyllic poet", and his works are the most widely circulated and well known, such as Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, Ci of Xi Gui Qu, Peach Blossom Garden, etc., as well as poems such as Returning to the Garden, Main Book of What Country and Drinking. Later, after being criticized and reminded by Lu Xun, people began to pay attention to a few so-called works such as Ode to Jing Ke and Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas, but few readers really understood Tao Yuanming's life and thoughts in his later years. Therefore, we feel it necessary to recommend the poem Deng Zhizhong to readers.
What does this poem tell us? First of all, it depicts the tragic life scene of the poet in his later years. He has reached a state of hunger and cold, which is unsustainable. He is "hungry in midsummer and sleepless in cold nights", so cold that he is "crowing at night" and looking forward to dawn at night; Hungry, "I can't wait to move out in the morning", looking forward to getting dark early during the day. What a difficult and unbearable time it is! Tao Yuanming's miserable life in his later years can be used as a reference for Deng Zhizhong, Pang's Master Book, and Miscellaneous Poems, in which he said: "It is not for Tian Sang to repair for others. If you don't take care of yourself, you will often be destroyed by the cold. Is it too full? I hope I have enough japonica rice. Winter feet are covered with cloth, thick enough to meet the sun. If it's true, you can't get it. Hey, it can also hurt! " There is also "Drinking", which says: "In fact, I am holding the Poverty Alleviation Festival. I am hungry and have a full meal. I hate it and the grass has no vestibule. The vigil is brown, and the morning chicken does not crow. " The words are similar. Looking back at the early days of Tao Yuanming's return to the field, at that time, although his family was not very rich, at least it maintained a well-off situation. His living condition is "10 square house with 89 cabins." Yin backyard, Locke tang qian ". His diet is "a garden full of vegetables, and the old valley still exists today", "Spring is a good wine, and I will pour it myself when it is ripe". It is naturally easier to be a hermit under such living conditions. But it didn't last long. At the age of forty-four, there was a fire in his house and everything was burned up. Since then, his life has become increasingly poor, and his participation in labor has gradually changed from the initial viewing and embellishment to the basic means of maintaining his life. Therefore, natural disasters have become an extremely close issue for Tao Yuanming. For example, at present, Tao Yuanming's predicament is because "the fire burns again and again, and moths breed nakata." "Wind and rain come and go, the folding of the useless. This kind of life is extremely rare in the experience of ancient writers in China, and we should pay full attention to it.
Secondly, it shows the poet's great indignation and injustice towards social reality in his later years. He is full of complaints, and even hates heaven and ghosts. He said: "Heaven is far away, ghosts and gods are obscure", which can be proved to be deceptive by his own personal experience. Similarly, he also said in the poem "Drinking": "Fu Bao, Yi Shu is in Xishan. What to say if good and evil should not! " The mood is very intense. Here, on the surface, he refers to the god in heaven, but in fact his criticism is aimed at the dark society at that time and at the decadent ruling group that holds the destiny of mankind. Tao Yuanming's thoughts and feelings at this time are very different from those at the beginning of his return to the field. At the beginning of his return to the field, he always liked to sing high-profile words of "Happy know life" and "Peace for the poor". In Tian She, he said: "Teachers have an inheritance, but they are not poor"; In "Going Home", he said: "Talking about riding to the end, the fate of love is ridiculous!" At that time, Tao Yuanming was famous for his peace and tranquility. It's different now, with more and more complaints and growing emotions. Has his level of accomplishment decreased? No. Mr. Lu Xun said: "elegance should be considered as enough." Leah wants status and money. "No matter who wants to say' living in poverty', he must first maintain an economic condition that is at least not too poor. Otherwise, it is difficult to make people "safe" and "happy". Tao Yuanming used to say, "Take a break and play the piano"; Pleasing loved ones, playing the piano to eliminate worries "is quite a bit like reading and playing the piano." However, when he wrote Ode to the Poor in his later years, when he had "poured the pot and couldn't see the smoke in the kitchen", he would "put poems and books under his seat, so he couldn't study hard. "The poorer and more bitter, the more ideological contradictions, the more intense emotions. This is human nature, it's true. Tao Yuanming's poems are famous for their truthfulness. However, if it is difficult to write pain and anger in later works, it is easier to write happiness and indifference than in earlier works. Obviously, the ideas expressed in later works are more real and realistic. We should also pay full attention to this.
Thirdly, the work shows Tao Yuanming's determination to die rather than move in this extremely painful life. He has made up his mind that no matter how poor he is, he will never go out to be an official, and he will never go along with the dark upper class again. He said, "Why complain about others and leave your worries to the present?". The name behind me is like smoke to me. " What does this mean? Hans Zhang, who was more than 100 years earlier than Tao Yuanming, once said, "A glass of wine before death is better than a name after death." Does Tao Yuanming, like Hans Zhang, blatantly despise the ancient teachings of the previous generation of sages? No, what he despised was something that was chased by the officialdom at that time like a fly chasing blood. He said that it was all his own fault that he got into such a predicament today, and it was no wonder that heaven, ghosts and gods or other personnel were involved. Is this a fact? No, a complaint. It is a mutual expression of his political injustice at that time, and it also contains a kind of pride and pride in sticking to moral integrity and winning spiritually and morally. In the feudal society of more than two thousand years in China, many people did not cooperate with the dark officialdom, despised fame and fortune, and lived in seclusion in the countryside as leisure landlords. However, I can tolerate cold and hunger. As for "hunger drives me away, I don't know why." During my trip to Sri Lanka, I knocked on the door and said, "I would rather go to someone else to beg for food than look back. I will go on until I die of old age. Except Tao Yuanming, I can't find the second one." Tao Yuanming's integrity is touching, and his bones are really harder than others. This is particularly worthy of our attention.
The artistic style of Tao Yuanming's poems is famous for its simplicity and truthfulness, so Liang Qichao once said, "Only Ruan Infantry and Tao Yuanming were the only poets before the Tang Dynasty who really linked his personality with us, and Tao was particularly crisp and distinctive" ("Tao Yuanming's Literature and Art and His Character"). Today, what we are going to read is this poem written by him in his later years, "Complaining Poetry is Chu Tune, Pang Zhizhong's Main Book". Isn't it like listening to an old friend tell us a series of misfortunes face to face, complaining there, complaining bitterly there, and expressing his dissatisfaction with the real society? This poem is obviously more lively and frank than the quiet scenes in his early works, but the outstanding expression of true feelings in Tao Yuanming's works is consistent He has fun, he has bitterness, and he never deliberately hides his grievances. His language is so simple, concise, vivid and accurate, such as "Hungry in midsummer, sleepless in cold nights". Thinking about the crow at night, I can't wait to move away in the morning. "This kind of frozen people look forward to the dawn in the long winter night and the early arrival of the sunrise; The description of hungry people looking forward to the dark in the long summer days, thinking that they might feel better lying in bed, can't be written by people who have no actual feelings, even if they want to, I'm afraid it's hard to think of it.
Secondly, this poem shows the author's psychological contradiction when he is in extreme hardship, and shows that he is full of unusual voice and tone when he confides to his old friends, which is also extremely realistic. Sometimes he said it, sometimes he said it backwards; Sometimes excited, sometimes depressed; Sometimes it's tight, sometimes it swings open, and it goes on and on, stirring and moving. Huang Wenhuan, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, said: "There is nothing to complain about from' mourning room' to' moving to Wu'; Suddenly, he said, "Why do you complain about yourself?" There is nothing to complain about. After' what's to complain about', I said' I'm worried about the present', and I don't care. "("Shi Taoyi ") is quite good.
The last two sentences of the poem are "generosity, elegance, loyalty and virtue". On the one hand, this is to show his close friendship with Master Pang Dengzhi, so that the whole poem echoes the theme of "Master Pang Dengzhi" and has more positive significance. The poet said, I met you two bosom friends like Zhong Zi today, so I said these words to you. If it was anyone else, I wouldn't tell them! This shows the poet's extreme contempt for the secular society, and his incomparable detachment from "the world is cloudy and I am alone, and everyone is drunk and I am alone", and his attitude of sticking to moral integrity and never looking back is self-evident. Decisive, decisive, strict, righteous, and imposing manner, leaving people with the taste of infinite thinking space.