2. Rhyme: Poetry rhymes to make the tone harmonious and beautiful. For example, Li Bai's "Silent Night Thinking" uses rhyme.
3. The structure of metrical poems: * * eight sentences, with one or two sentences as the head couplet, three or four sentences as the parallel couplet, five or six sentences as the neck couplet and seven or eight sentences as the tail couplet.
4. The rhythm and rhythm of ancient poetry:
Judging from the sentence pattern, the four words of ancient poetry are generally two and two; Five words are two, two and one; These seven characters are two, two, two, one,
In a sense, sometimes there are special circumstances due to ideographic needs, such as: Shila | Wuyue | Gai | Chicheng, which becomes Type II, II, I and II.
Because there are no punctuation marks in ancient poems (punctuation marks were added by later generations), one line is one sentence.
6. Restore the inverted word order and grasp the poet's true intention and emotional focus.
A. the subject is postpositioned. Cui Hao's poem "Yellow Crane Tower": "Every tree in Hanyang is clear, and a nest of herbs in Nautilus Island." It means "Qingchuan (Shangqingyuanye) has vivid Hanyang trees (countable), and Parrot Island is thriving".
B. prepositional object. Du Fu's poem "Moonlight Night": "Clouds are fragrant and foggy, and jade shoulders are cold." In fact, it is "fragrant fog and wet clouds, cold and jade arms."
C. transposition of subject and object. Ye Mengde's "He Xinlang" words: "Autumn is getting late, and the frost letter reports yellow flowers." Obviously, it also means "returning yellow flowers to frost".
D. the location of the attribute.
(1) Attributive moves forward. Wang Changling's poem "Joining the Army" said: "There are dark snow mountains in Qinghai, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan." The "lonely city" in the next sentence refers to Yumenguan, which is an appositive of Yumenguan, but now it is moved to the verb "overlooking", which is easily misunderstood as standing on another lonely city overlooking Yumen.
(2) After the attributive is moved. Li Bai's poem "Tianmu Mountain dreams of climbing high": "My heart and dreams are in Wu and Yue, and I cross the mirror lake on a moonlit night." It means "flying over Mirror Lake on January night".
E. adverbial in object form. "People don't know where to go, but peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze." On the surface, "laughing at the spring breeze" is a verb-object phrase. In fact, "autumn wind" and "spring breeze" are not based on "moving" and "laughing", but mean "moving in the autumn wind" and "laughing in the spring breeze" respectively.
Secondly, there are some words worthy of special attention in many poems, which usually add a lot of color to the whole poem and even become the eyes of the poem.
The poet Miracle wrote a poem "Early Plum", and there is a saying: "In the former village of Zita Law, a few branches opened last night." Zheng Gu changed the word "number" to "one" because the title was "early plum blossom". If a few branches are opened, it means that the flowers have been blooming for a long time, so it can't be regarded as "early plum". Miracle admired Zheng Gu and called him a "word teacher". The word "green" in Wang Anshi's Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan, the word "see" in Tao Qian's "Seeing Nanshan leisurely", the word "de" in Zhang Xian's "Clouds breaking the moon to make a flower shadow" and the word "noisy" in Song Qi's "Red Apricot Branches Full of Spring" are all well known.
Verbs: When appreciating poetry, we should pay attention to verbs, especially those with "multiple meanings".
Example 1: You remember the Qingxi Banli Bridge, where there was no old red board and there were too few people in Qiushui. There is no one at sunset, leaving a weeping willow. The word "leftover" is prominent here, so the author doesn't have to "stay" or "see". Its beauty lies in that although the meaning of "leftover" is similar to that of "staying", the word "leftover" is generally passive and has the meaning of "residual" and "leftover"; In addition, the word "leftover" is time-sensitive and gives people a sense of helplessness. "Stay" is not that meaningful. "Seeing" is only temporary, and it can't give people a sense of change by comparing the past and the present.
Modifiers: mostly adjectives, but also the focus of poetry appreciation.
Example 1: Young boudoir women don't know how to worry, so they put on Cui Lou in spring. Suddenly I saw the green willows, and I felt uncomfortable; Oh, I regret that I shouldn't have asked my husband to find Hou Feng. ("in my heart forever" Wang Changling) The first two sentences are written by a young woman who has finished dressing and rushed to Cuilou to enjoy the spring scenery. At this time, the author used a word "suddenly", which means casual and just right. Encounter: The willow color that broke into her eyes reminded her of the scene of seeing her husband off, and she couldn't help but feel sad when she thought of him. This is a young woman with a childish face. A word "suddenly" vividly describes this emotional change, which is also the intriguing place of this poem.
③ Special words: In poetry, some words are unique in themselves, and readers can find them quickly:
A. Reduplicated words: Reduplicated words have two functions: enhancing the sense of rhythm of language or playing an emphasis role.
The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. (《lt； "Zhuzhi Ci" Part I, "Liu Yuxi")
Looking around, lonely and sad. ("Slow Whispering" Li Qingzhao)
B Onomatopoeic words: Some onomatopoeic words are overlapping words, so they are listed separately because of their high frequency. It has a function: to make poetry more vivid and make people feel immersive.
Outside the curtain, the rain is gurgling, spring is fading, and Luo Can can't stand the cold. ("Langtaosha" Li Wei)
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. ("Ascending the Mountain" Du Fu)
C. Words expressing colors: These words are sometimes used as predicates, sometimes as attributes, and sometimes as subjects or objects. But there is only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the color sense and picture sense of description, and renders the atmosphere. When you appreciate it, you can grasp the words that can express light colors, and realize the rich artistic meaning and distinctive rhythm of "two orioles singing green willows and a row of egrets rising to the sky" in the poem. The four colors of yellow, green, white and cyan are patchy, extending from points and lines to infinite space, and the picture is static and dynamic, with a distinct sense of three-dimensional rhythm. Or grasp the words in the poem that can show sharp contrast and appreciate the concentrated emotional color: "The fleeting people, cherry red, banana green." "Red" and "Greenway" show Jie Jiang's "colored thoughts" lamenting that time is in a hurry and spring is fleeting. Even if we grasp the words expressed by a single color, we can also appreciate the poet's deep affection: "Recalling the love in Tsing Yi, we pity the grass everywhere." "Whoever is drunk in the frost forest at dawn always makes people cry!" Pity and hurt feelings are both in "Young" and "Drunken Red".