Unit 1 Aggression and Resistance
Lesson 1 Opium War
1. Background:
<1>The evil opium trade : In order to open up the Chinese market, the British smuggled opium into China.
<2>Opium brought serious harm to China → (1) The outflow of silver caused the financial crisis of the Qing Dynasty. (2) The price of silver rises, resulting in "silver is expensive and money is cheap". (3) Ruling institutions become more corrupt. (4) Poisoning the physical and mental health of the Chinese people. (5) Severely weakening the combat effectiveness of the Chinese army.
<3>Lin Zexu banned smoking: In 1839, Lin destroyed more than 2 million kilograms of opium in public on Humen Beach
2. War history: Patriotic official: Guan Tianpei - the first sacrifice in modern China A Qing army general. See the portrait on page 4 of the textbook.
3. Result: Signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, China's first humiliating and humiliating Sino-British treaty,
Content → (1) ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain. (2) Compensation of 21 million yuan. (3) Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, Fuzhou and Shanghai as treaty ports. (4) China must negotiate with Britain on the taxes paid by British merchants on imported and exported goods.
4. Impact: (1) China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. (2) Fundamental changes in the nature of society. (3) The Opium War became the beginning of China’s modern history.
★Attention; For the geographical locations of the five (open) treaty ports, see the "Schematic Map of the Opium War Situation" and "Schematic Map of the Cession of Hong Kong Island" on page 5 of the textbook.
Lesson 2 The crimes of aggression against China by the great powers in the Second Opium War
1. The Second Opium War: (1) Fundamental reasons: Further opening the door to China and expanding the rights of aggression.
(2) Time: October 1856 - October 1860
(3) The main perpetrators are Britain and France
(4) The accomplices are Russia and the United States
2. The crimes of the great powers: (1) Britain and France - occupied Beijing and burned the Old Summer Palace. (October 1860)
(2) Tsarist Russia - took advantage of the situation and occupied more than 1.5 million square kilometers of northern China's territory.
3. The resistance struggle of the Chinese people: Hong Xiuquan launched the Jintian Uprising and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Taiping Army occupied Nanjing and changed it to Tianjing as the capital. Establish a regime that confronts the Qing Dynasty. Taiping Army general Li Xiucheng fought against the foreign gunmen and killed the leader of the foreign gunmen Hua Er in the Battle of Cixi. (See Wall’s photo on page 9 of the textbook.)
Lesson 3: Recovering Xinjiang
“The general’s border has not yet been returned, and the descendants of Hunan are all over the Tianshan Mountains. Three thousand willows have been planted. Here, the spring breeze comes to Yuguan." This poem praises the great achievements of the imperial envoy Zuo Zongtang who led the Hunan soldiers to regain Xinjiang and manage the border areas in the mid-1870s.
1. Xinjiang has been Chinese territory since ancient times and is the gateway to northwest my country.
2. Xinjiang Crisis: (1) In 1865, Aqubai led his troops to invade Xinjiang and established himself as Khan.
(2) Britain and Russia support the Aguba puppet regime in an attempt to split Xinjiang.
3. The dispute between "coastal defense" and "block defense".
Li Hongzhang advocated abandoning the northwest fortress defense and preserving the southeast coastal defense; Zuo Zongtang proposed that "we cannot support the east and defeat the west" and advocated giving equal emphasis to "coastal defense" and "fortress defense." He advocated the recovery of Xinjiang.
4. Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang.
(1) In 1875, the Qing government appointed Zuo Zongtang as the Imperial Envoy to supervise the military affairs of Xinjiang.
(2) The strategic policy is "first to the north and then to the south, and to proceed slowly and urgently"
(3) In 1878, the Xinjiang region except Ili was recovered. In the 1880s, through diplomatic efforts, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Ili. China took back Ili, but it lost a piece of land in western China and a large amount of compensation.
5. Historical significance: It consolidated the northwest defense of the motherland and defended the territory and sovereignty of the motherland.
6. Evaluate Zuo Zongtang. (See the free reading card on page 15 of the textbook, and the portrait on page 13 of the textbook.)
Zuo Zongtang was an important general of the Hunan Army, and later became a feudal official of the Qing Dynasty. He and Li Hongzhang were both Westernizationists An important figure, but Zuo and Li have very different attitudes towards foreign aggression. Zuo Zongtang advocates resistance to foreign aggression and is a famous general of the resistance faction. Zuo Zongtang believes that Xinjiang is a barrier to the northwest. Once Xinjiang is lost, The disaster would inevitably affect the mainland. Therefore, he firmly advocated sending troops to Xinjiang to expel foreign invaders, regain lost territory, and safeguard the unity of the motherland and territorial integrity.
Lesson 4 Sino-Japanese War
1. Sino-Japanese War
(1) Cause: Japanese imperialism deliberately planned to annex North Korea and invade China provoked a war.
(2) Main battles: <1> Battle of the Yellow Sea: After this battle, the Japanese fleet controlled the dominance of the Yellow Sea. <2> Battle of Lushun: Lushun fell, and Japan carried out a brutal massacre of the peaceful residents of Lushun. <3> Battle of Weihaiwei: Weihaiwei was defeated, and Li Hongzhang-Beiyang Fleet was completely annihilated. (4) Famous patriotic general: national hero Deng Shichang. See the introduction box on page 16 of the textbook.
2. The signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki between China and Japan:
(1) Signing time; 1895.
(2) Representatives of both parties: Li Hongzhang and Ito Hirobumi
(3) Content: <1> The Qing government ceded the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan, and the Penghu Islands to Japan. <2> Compensate Japan's military expenditure with 200 million taels of silver; <3> Allow Japan to open factories in China. <4> Establish additional treaty ports, etc.
(4) Impact: <1> Greatly deepened China’s semi-colonialization. <2> Stimulated the imperialists to launch a frenzy to carve up China. Use historical facts to explain that after the Sino-Japanese War of 1898, the signing of the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" greatly deepened - a. The "Treaty of Shimonoseki" annexed a large amount of China's territory and seriously damaged the integrity of China's territorial sovereignty. B. The compensation of 200 million taels of silver has increased the economic burden on the people of the motherland and exacerbated China's poverty and backwardness. C. Allowing Japan to open factories in China has seriously hindered the development of China's national industry. D. Establish additional treaty ports to facilitate imperialism’s economic plunder of China.
Summary: After the "Treaty of Shimonoseki", Japan easily obtained so many benefits from China, which directly stimulated imperialism to initiate partition, China's mad dynasty, and China's semi-colonialization has greatly deepened.
Lesson 5: The Eight-Power Allied Forces' War of Invasion against China
1. The Boxer Rebellion
(1) Causes: The intensification of imperialist aggression against China and the unprecedented intensification of national conflicts .
(2) Object of struggle: imperialist aggressive forces.
(3) Sports center: Beijing-Tianjin area.
(4) Main battle: Battle of Langfang.
(5) It failed under the joint suppression of the Qing government and the Eight-Power Allied Forces.
(6) Nature and significance: It was an anti-imperialist and patriotic peasant movement that shattered the imperialist conspiracy to carve up China.
See page 21 of the textbook.
2. The Eight-Power Allied Forces War of Invasion of China:
(1) Outbreak: In 1900, Seymour led the Eight-Power Allied Forces of Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Austria to invade China. .
(2) Main crimes of aggression: a. Capture of Tianjin and Beijing (sacked for the second time) b. Suppression of the Boxer Rebellion
(3) Result: The Qing Dynasty signed the "Xin Chou" with 11 countries The main content of the treaty: a compensation of 4.5 taels of silver. b People are strictly prohibited from participating in anti-imperialist activities. C destroyed the Dagu fort and sent troops to garrison key areas. D delineates the boundaries of the embassy.
(4) Impact: China has completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
★Attention: Important issues
1. The "Xinchou Treaty" is the heaviest yoke imposed by imperialism on the Chinese people. Please combine the main contents of the "Xinchou Treaty", Let’s talk about the harm this treaty has brought to the Chinese nation.
Answer: 1. The huge indemnity was an unprecedented large-scale extortion by the great powers on China. In order to pay this huge indemnity, the Qing government plundered the people on the one hand, making the people's lives even poorer and the social economy more depressed; On the other hand, a large amount of foreign debt was borrowed to facilitate the great powers to control China's economic lifeline through loan control. 2 The Qing government severely suppressed the anti-imperialist struggle of the Chinese people, making the Qing government further a tool for imperialism to rule China. 3. Foreign invaders controlled the Beijing-Tianjin area, putting the Qing government completely under the control of foreign troops, making it easier for imperialism to directly send troops to suppress the Chinese people's anti-imperialist struggle. 4 The establishment of an "embassy community" in Beijing is actually a "state within a state" and the base camp for imperialism to plan its invasion of China.
Ministers from various countries became the "overlords" of the Qing government