1. Noteworthy words
Many poems have some words that deserve special attention, which usually add a lot of color to the whole poem and even become the highlight of the poem. For example, the poet Qi Ji wrote a poem "Early Plum Blossoms". There is a sentence that goes: "In the deep snow in the front village, several branches bloomed last night." Zheng Gu changed "number" to "one" because the title was "Early Plum Blossoms". If there are several branches blooming, it means that the flowers have been blooming for a long time and cannot be regarded as "early plum blossoms". Qi Ji admired Zheng Gu so much that he respectfully called Zheng Gu "one-character master". Wang Jia wrote a poem "Rain and Clear": "Before the rain, I first saw the stamens among the flowers, but after the rain there were no flowers at the bottom of the leaves. Bees and butterflies flew over the wall, but they suspected that the spring beauty was in the neighbor's house." Wang Anshi changed "flying" to " "One after another", because only the busy and wonderful profiling can make people truly feel the unique beauty after the rain in late spring. In poetry appreciation, the following categories of words deserve attention.
1. Verbs: When appreciating poetry, we should focus on verbs, especially verbs with "multiple meanings".
Example 1: Why should the Qiang flute blame the willows? The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass.
The word "resentment" obviously uses personification, which is not only the emotion in the song, but also the heart of the flute player.
Example 2: I shed tears when I feel the flowers are blooming, and I hate the other birds.
The words "splash" and "surprise" are not only fresh in terms of use, but also add to the poet's inner pain of feeling like others.
Example 3: The clouds are steaming over Mengze, and the waves are shaking Yueyang City.
"Steam" and "Shake" are exaggerated.
Example 4: The rain leaves the flowers with light and dampness, and the wind returns with sparse shadows on the leaves. ("Jiao Xing")
When the sun rises after the rain, there is no rain on the flowers, and they are even more moist under the sunlight, so it is said that "the flowers are wet", and the word "sparse" means that the sunlight is shining through the leaves. The shadow shows through. Very poetic.
2. Modifiers: Most of them are adjectives, which are also the focus of attention in poetry appreciation.
Example 1: Far above the Yellow River, among the white clouds, there is an isolated city called Wanren Mountain.
The word "solitary" describes the loneliness of the environment.
Example 2: Sneak into the night with the wind, moisturizing things silently.
Thin and continuous, it describes the chance of natural creation.
Example 3: Suddenly seeing the color of willows on the street, I regretted teaching my husband to look for a title.
The first two sentences describe a young woman who, after dressing up, excitedly climbed up to the Cui Tower to enjoy the spring scenery. At this time, the author used the word "hu", which means casual but just right. Who she met: The color of willows that broke into her eyes reminded her of the scene when she and her husband broke willows to say goodbye. Thinking of her husband, she couldn't help but feel sad. This is a young woman with a childish face. The word "suddenly" describes this emotional change vividly.
3. Special words: In poetry, there are some words that are unique in themselves, and readers can quickly find them:
(1) Repeated words: Repeated words have no other function. Two types: to enhance the rhythm of the language or to emphasize.
The willows are green and the river is level, and I can hear the singing on the Langjiang River. (Liu Yuxi)
Thousands of households always replace old talismans with new peaches. (Wang Anshi)
(2) Color words: These words are sometimes used as predicates, sometimes as attributives, and sometimes as subjects or objects. But it has only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the sense of color and picture of description, and exaggerates the atmosphere. When appreciating, you may grasp the words that can express the combination of colors and appreciate the rich painting meaning and distinct rhythm of the poem: "Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascend to the blue sky." The four colors of yellow, emerald, white and green are embellished. It is well-proportioned and extends from point to line towards infinite space. The picture is still and moving, and is full of distinct three-dimensional rhythm. Or grasp the words that can express bright contrasting colors and experience the intensity of the emotional color of the poem: "The stream of light can easily throw people away, making cherries red and bananas green." Red and green express Jiang Jie's lament that time is in a hurry and spring is fleeting. This "colored thought".
(3) Quantifiers: Carefully selected and refined quantifiers can produce rich and meaningful poetry. There was a poem in the past: "One piece, two pieces, three or four pieces, five, six, seven, eight or ninety pieces, thousands of pieces, countless pieces, flying into the plum blossoms will never be seen." "One-inch-two-inch fish" in Yu Xin's "Ode to the Small Garden" , three poles and two poles of bamboo", the predecessors called it "reading with pleasure and pleasure". According to Sheng Ruzi's "Shu Zhai Lao Xue Cong Tan" in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Juxuan's poem said: "Half a pole of flowing water comes at night, and the spring comes when a tree has early plum blossoms." Yuan Yishan believes that since it specifies "a tree", it cannot be another one. To express the question "where", at the same time, a plum blossom tree is by no means an early plum blossom, so he changed "a tree" to "a few o'clock". There is nothing special about "a few o'clock" in itself, but it is used in The plum blossoms flowing by the water are depicted here, which is in line with the reality of life, and also makes the whole poem smooth and charming.
(4) Function words: In classical poetry, when the function words are tempered just right, aesthetic effects such as smoothing the literary style, echoing opening and closing, melodious and melodious, enlivening the charm, and turning rigidity into flow can be obtained. Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were good at using virtual characters. In Wang Bo's "Preface to Prince Teng's Pavilion", there is a famous sentence: "The falling clouds and solitary swans fly together, the autumn water is the same color as the sky." If the words "and" and "***" are removed, it will be greatly reduced. color.
2. Testing exercises
The dotted words in the following poems each have their own merits, please appreciate and analyze them
1. The lonely smoke is straight in the desert, and the sun is setting in the long river. ("Envoy to the Fortress")
2. The bright moon rises on the sea, and the end of the world is at this time ("Looking at the Moon and Huaiyuan")
3. The steaming clouds are dreaming, and the waves are shaking Yueyang City ("Prime Minister Zhang in the Dongting")
4. The wild sky is low and the trees are low, the river is clear and the moon is close to the people ("Su Jian Dejiang")
5. The cold mountains turn green , the autumn water is gurgling day by day ("Wangchuan Leisure Residence Presented to Pei Xiu Caidi")
6. All the birds are flying high, and the lonely cloud is alone. ("Sitting Alone on Jingting Mountain")
7. The stars hang down on the vast plains, and the moon surges into the river. ("Walking at Night")
8. The green grass reflects the spring color on the steps, and the oriole sounds good in the sky through the leaves. ("Phase of Shu")
1. "Straight" describes the strength and perseverance of the beacon smoke, while "round" gives people a warm, warm and vast feeling. These two words not only accurately depict the scene of the desert, It also expresses the poet's true feelings, subtly melting the lonely emotion into the vast natural scene. 2. The word "生" describes the scene of the bright moon rising from the sea, which is dynamic and accurate. 3. "Steam" describes the rich accumulation on the lake surface, as if the vast Yunmeng Lake is nourished by Dongting, and "shake" describes the surging momentum of Dongting Lake, which is extremely powerful. 4. "Low" describes the unique perspective of people looking up at the sky in the boat, which is very accurate. The word "near" when written about the moon seems to be gentle, considerate and considerate, to soothe the poet's lonely heart. 5. "Turn" means that the color of the mountain is getting darker and thicker. The mountain is stationary, but its dynamics are expressed by the gradient of color. "日" means "every day". Water is flowing. Using the word "日" makes people feel that it is always conserved. 6. "Exhaust" and "idle" lead readers into a silent world: it seems that they feel particularly quiet after the noise of a group of mountain birds disappears, and after the rolling thick clouds disappear, they feel particularly quiet and peaceful. The writing is full of tranquility. , using movement to contrast stillness, highlighting the poet's inner loneliness. 7. The stars "hang" low to describe the vastness of the plains. The moon "surges" with the river to describe the momentum of the rushing river. The scene is majestic and vast. 8. The spring grass is "naturally" green, and the orioles are "empty" singing. The scenery is beautiful but no one cares about it. The scene is desolate and miserable.
Common thoughts and emotions in ancient poetry
● Worry about the country
1. Expose the ruler's ignorance and decadence. For example: Du Mu's "Passing the Huaqing Palace". 2. Reflecting the pain of chaos, such as: Du Fu's "Spring Hope".
3. Sympathize with the sufferings of the people. For example: "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind" and "The Charcoal Seller" by Bai Juyi.
4. Concerns about the future and destiny of the nation, such as: Du Fu's "Climbing the Tower" "The flowers approaching the tall building hurt the hearts of the guests, and it is difficult to climb here. The spring scenery of Jinjiang comes to the sky and the earth, and the floating clouds of the jade barrier change the past and the present. The Arctic court If you don't change, the bandits and thieves in Xishan will not invade each other. The poor queen returns to the temple and sings for Liang's father in the evening. "This is a poem that touches the occasion. The author writes that when he climbed up the stairs and saw the boundless spring scenery, he could not help but feel sad and sigh when he thought of the difficulties in all directions and the changing clouds. Then I thought that the imperial court was like the North Pole constellation, unshakable. Even if Tibet invaded, it would be difficult to change people's orthodox ideas. Finally, he revealed his ambition to imitate Zhuge Liang and assist the imperial court, and he had the courage to clarify the world. The whole poem is lyrical and scene-like.
● To serve the country through meritorious service
1. The desire to make meritorious deeds. Such as: Cao Cao's "The Turtle is Longevity", Lu You's "Book of Indignation"
2. The determination to protect the homeland and the country, such as: Wang Changling's "Joining the Army"
3. The sadness of having no way to serve the country For example: Xin Qiji's "Nostalgia for the Past at Guting in the North of Jingkou" and "Ugly Slave? A Young Man Doesn't Know the Feeling of Sorrow"
4. The pain of the loss of mountains and rivers, such as: Lu You's "Shi'er", Wen Tianxiang's "Crossing the Lingding Ocean"
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5. The lament that years are passing by and ambitions are hard to achieve is exemplified by Su Shi's "Niannujiao? Chibi Nostalgia"
6. Exposing the ruler's militarism: Du Fu's "Army Chariots"
< p>7. The sad mood of unknown ideals, such as: Qu Yuan's "Fording the River"● Homesickness and nostalgia for people
1. The sorrow of traveling in captivity, such as: Meng Haoran's "Staying on the Jiande River" Moving Boat Parking in Yanzhu, guests are worried about new things at dusk. The trees are low in the wild sky, and the clear moon on the river is close to people.
Wen Tingyun's "Morning Journey to Shangshan"
2. Missing relatives and friends, such as: Wang Wei's "Remembering Shandong Brothers on September 9th", Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi? Ten Years of Life and Death"
< p>3. Homesickness at the border, such as: Fan Zhongyan's "The Proud Fisherman? The Autumn Landscape Is Strange"4. Being homesick in the boudoir, such as: Wang Changling's "Grudge", Ouyang Xiu's "Traveling on the Shasha? Waiting for Plum Blossoms in the Pavilion" "Remnant, the willows on the creeks and bridges are thin", Li Bai's "Yuefu" (a moon in Chang'an, the sound of thousands of households pounding clothes)
● Miscellaneous feelings of life
1. Expressing my love for landscapes and pastoral leisure such as: Wang Wei's "Dwelling in the Mountains in the Dark Autumn", Meng Haoran's "Passing the Old Friend's Village"
2. Reflections on past success and present decline, such as: Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slowness", Liu Yuxi's "Black Clothes Alley"
3. Feelings that use the past to satirize the present, such as: Xin Qiji's "Nostalgia for the Past in Beigu Pavilion, Jingkou"
4. The sadness of perishable youth, such as: Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream Ling? Last Night Rained and Winded"
5. The anguish of frustrated career, such as: Bai Juyi's "Pipa Play", Su Shi's "Water Melody Songtou? When will the bright moon come out"
6. The joy of consoling one's life, such as: Du Fu's "Spring Night Rain" "Wen Guanjun Takes Henan and Hebei", Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Moon? The Bright Moon Farewell Branches Startle the Magpies"
● Farewell at Changting Pavilion
1. Reluctant souvenirs such as: Liu Yong's "Yu" "Lin Ling", Wang Wei's "Weicheng Song", Li Bai's "Farewell at the Jinling Wine Shop"
2. Deep and meaningful encouragement such as: Wang Bo's "Farewell to Du Shaofu for his appointment in Shuchuan" )
3. Confessions that express one's heart and mind, such as: Wang Changling's "Farewell to Xin Jian at the Furong Tower". It was cold and rainy at night, and I saw off my guest Chu Shangu in the morning. Relatives and friends in Luoyang ask each other like a heart filled with ice in a jade pot. Commentary This is a farewell poem. The conception of the poem is novel, downplaying the feelings of separation from friends, and rewriting one's own noble character. The first two sentences of the vast river rain and the lonely Chushan Mountain express the loneliness of the farewell; the last two sentences compare themselves to curling to express their cheerful mind and strong character. The whole poem is inspired by the scenery, embodies the feelings in the scenery, is implicit and has endless charm.
Issues that should be paid attention to when evaluating the ideological content of works
1. Understanding the writer’s life, thoughts, and creative style will help to understand and grasp the content of his works.
2. A proper understanding of the style of a certain era will also help to accurately grasp the literary works of that era. For example, the Tang Dynasty had a strong national power. Their poems, especially frontier fortress poems, although they contain the harsh environment outside the fortress and the deep longing for their hometown and relatives, they are more about the indignation against the same enemy and the determination to defend their home and country. Therefore, The style is high-pitched and the emotions are stirring. The Song Dynasty was quite different. The Song Dynasty, which was poor, weak and with declining national power, no longer had the atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty. In the writings of intellectuals, there was less heroism, more desolation, less majesty and family spirit. The country has many worries.
3. Many ancient poems are preceded by a short "preface", which is also crucial to understanding the ideological content of the work and cannot be ignored.
4. The thoughts and feelings of most works are not single, and may be intertwined with many very complex emotions. In addition, a writer's overall creative interests and style are generally fixed, but the existence of special cases in individual works does not rule out the existence. For example, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, etc. all have creations outside of their own inherent styles.