General Requirements
1. Study the masterpieces of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign masters, understand the diversity and richness of culture, especially understand and inherit the excellent cultural traditions of the Chinese nation, and cultivate noble thoughts quality and moral sentiment, and improve humanistic quality.
2. Be able to accurately read and understand modern and contemporary works, be able to read classical Chinese texts of moderate difficulty, and be able to explain common words and language phenomena.
3. Be able to analyze the ideological content and writing techniques of articles more accurately, and have a certain level of literary appreciation and comprehensive analysis capabilities.
4. Master common stylistic writing knowledge and have high writing ability.
Review the test content
1. Basic knowledge of Chinese
"Requirements"
1. Identify words with different meanings in ancient and modern times; Understand the polysemy of classical Chinese words; pay attention to mastering classical Chinese words that are still used in modern Chinese. Identify the characters Tongjia and Gujin and understand their meanings.
2. Master the usage of commonly used classical Chinese function words zhi, qi, zhe, suo, zhu, yan, zhe, er, yu, yi, and, nai, etc., and identify the same classical Chinese function word in different language environments of different meanings.
3. Understand the grammatical phenomena and sentence patterns in classical Chinese that are different from modern Chinese, such as causative usage, ideational usage, nouns as adverbials, nouns as verbs, object prepositions, judgment sentences, and passive sentences etc., and can be translated correctly into modern Chinese.
4. Understand figures of speech such as metaphor, analogy, duality, parallelism, exaggeration, hierarchy, repetition, questioning, and cross-examination in ancient and modern works.
2. Knowledge of the works of writers
"Requirements"
Understand the names, countries, and eras of Chinese and foreign writers, as well as the genre and source of the selected texts. Understand its main ideological tendencies, literary propositions, achievements, representative works and contributions to literary history.
3. Stylistic knowledge
"Requirements"
1. Argumentative essays
Argumentative essays refer to articles that mainly focus on argumentation and reasoning. , including three elements: argument, argument, and demonstration. Argument is the author's point of view or claim; argument is the basis for proving the argument, which can be divided into factual argument and theoretical argument; argument is the process of using arguments to prove the argument, and is generally divided into two types: argumentation and refutation. Methods of argumentation include inductive argumentation (illustration argumentation), deductive argumentation, comparative argumentation (analogy argumentation, contrastive argumentation theory), metaphorical argumentation, etc. The methods of refuting include refuting points, refuting arguments, refuting arguments, etc.
2. Narratives
Narratives refer to articles that describe people, narratives, scenes, and objects. It is mainly narrative, often using description, lyricism, discussion and other techniques.
3. Poems, lyrics, music, and poems
Poetry, lyrics, and music all belong to the category of poetry. Poetry reflects life with rich emotions; makes a highly concentrated summary of life; the language is concise and full of imagery; it is full of rhythm and rhythmic beauty. Ancient Chinese poetry is divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry.
Words have word tags, and writing words must be limited by the tone of the word. The sentence structure is mainly long and short sentences, and the rhyme is relatively flexible.
Qu can be divided into Sanqu and drama. Sanqu can be divided into small orders and sets. Every sentence in Sanqu rhymes, and the rhyme goes to the end.
Fu is a special literary style formed in the Han Dynasty. It pays attention to narrative, literary style, antithesis and rhythm. It generally adopts the structure of subject and object question and answer, suppressing the guest and extending the subject.
4. Novel
Novel generally has three elements: characters, plot, and environment. The novel should create typical characters in typical environments. The plot of a novel generally includes beginning, development, climax and ending. The environment of the novel includes the natural environment, social environment, and the specific environment of the characters' activities.
4. Writing knowledge
"Requirements"
1. Theme and subject matter
The theme is the ideological point of view of the article, which must be correct and Profound, distinct and focused. The subject matter is the material used for writing, which must be true, typical and novel.
2. Structure
Structure is the internal organizational structure of the article, including levels, paragraphs, transitions, anaphora, beginning, end, etc. The structure of the article requires completeness, clarity, and rigor.
3. Expression methods
(1) Narration
Narrative methods include narration, flashback, interlude, flat narration and supplementary narration. The narrative should have clear clues, appropriate details, changes, and waves.
(2) Description
Description can be roughly divided into two categories: character description and environment description. Character description includes portrait description, behavioral description, language description, psychological description and detailed description, etc. Environmental description includes description of natural scenery and description of social environment. The description should be targeted, prominent features, and full of emotions.
(3) Lyrical expression
There are two categories of lyrical expression: direct expression and indirect expression. Indirect expressions of emotion include expressing emotions through scenes, embedding emotions into things, and embedding emotions into reasons. Lyrics should be natural and sincere.
(4) Discussion
The discussion should have correct and clear arguments, true and typical arguments, and rigorous and sufficient arguments.
4. Language
Language is the first element of the article. The language of the article must be accurate, vivid, and concise.
5. Reading analysis of works
"Requirements"
Understand the main purpose of the text, grasp the structural characteristics, master the expression techniques, and appreciate the aesthetic taste and ideological sentiment of the work , improve humanistic quality and language expression ability.
Reading items:
Argumentative essays
1.* "Ji's General Defeats Ke Ke" and "The Analects of Confucius"
2.* "What a few people do to the country" "Mencius"
3.* "Autumn Waters" (excerpt) "Zhuangzi"
4.* "Book of Remonstrances and Expulsions" Li Si
5. "Chen Qing Biao" by Li Mi
6. "A Reply to Li Yi" by Han Yu
7.* "Preface to the Biography of Officials in the History of the Five Dynasties" by Ouyang Xiu
8. "Reply to Sima's Remonstrance" by Wang Anshi
9. "On Perseverance" by Liang Qichao
10.* "Comments under the Lamp" by Lu Xun
11. "On Integrity" Zhu Ziqing
12. "On Happiness" Qian Zhongshu
13. "Ashes of the Soul" Fu Lei
14. "Choice and Arrangement" Zhu Guangqian
15. "On Learning" Bacon
Narrative
16.* "Zheng Bo Duan Yu Yan" "Zuo Zhuan"
17. "Feng Xuan's Visit to Lord Mengchang" "Warring States Policy"
18.* "Biography of General Li" (selected books) "Historical Records"
19.* "Postscript to the Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng" Han Yu< /p>
20.* "The Biography of Planting Trees and Guo Lituo" by Liu Zongyuan
21. "A Letter to Liu Yizhang" by Zong Chen
22. "The Biography of Ma Ling" by Hou Fangyu
23. "Past Events" (——No. 14) Bing Xin
24. "Wild Vegetables from Hometown" Zhou Zuoren
25. "Autumn in the Old Capital" "Yu Dafu
26. "Footprints on the Beach" Mao Dun
27. "Elke's Light" Ba Jin
28. "Box Rock" Shen Congwen< /p>
Poetic Dictionary Fu
29.* "Meng" "The Book of Songs"
30. "National Tragedy" Qu Yuan
31.* "Mo "Shang Sang" Han Yuefu
32.* "Dan Ge Xing" (Part 1) Cao Cao
33.* "Drinking" (Part 5) Tao Yuanming
34 ."Joining the Army" (Part 4) Wang Changling
35. "Dwelling in the Mountains in the Dark Autumn" Wang Wei
36.* "The Journey is Difficult" (Part 1) Li Bai
< p>37.* "Prime Minister of Shu" Du Fu38. "Bai Xuege Sends Magistrate Wu Back to the Capital" Cen Shen
39. "Du Lingsou" Bai Juyi
40. "Untitled" (It's hard to say goodbye when we meet) Li Shangyin
41. (Port Qinhuai) Du Mu
42. Five years) Lu You
43. "Coal in the Furnace" Guo Moruo
44. "Farewell Cambridge" Xu Zhimo
45.* "North" Ai Qing< /p>
46. "Threshold" Turgenev
47.* "Poppy Beauty" (When Will Spring Flowers and Autumn Moon Come) Li Yu
48. "Eight Sounds of Sweetness" "State" (to the Xiaoxiao dusk rain sprinkled on the river sky) Liu Yong
49. Xunmimi) Li Qingzhao
51.* "Water Dragon Song" (Dengjian Kang Shangxin Pavilion) Xin Qiji
52.* "Tian Jingsha." "Autumn Thoughts" by Ma Zhiyuan
53. "Farewell at the Long Pavilion" by Wang Shifu
54.* "Ode to the Former Red Cliff" by Su Shi
Novel
55. *"Baoyu was Beaten" by Cao Xueqin
56.*"The Storm" by Lu Xun
57.*"The Soul-Breaking Gun" by Lao She
58.*"Lao Mi Long Father" Maupassant
59. "Trouble" Chekhov
60.* "The Gift of the Magi" Europe. Henry
(The articles marked with * in the above list are for intensive reading)
6. Key points of text knowledge
1.* "The Ji family will conquer Zhuanyu" 》
This article is selected from "The Analects of Confucius." "Ji's family". The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotation-style prose that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.
Explain the reasons why Confucius opposed Ji Kangzi's attack on Zhuan Yu; understand the political proposition of Confucius on governing the country with propriety and conducting government with virtue as reflected in this article.
Understand the refutational nature of this article, and master the discussion method of refuting this article in a conversational manner, breaking the neutral point and maintaining the neutral position.
Identify the three types of arguments used in this article: historical materials, real-life examples and famous quotes, and understand the diversity of arguments used in this article.
Understand the double metaphorical function and meaning in the key metaphorical sentence in the article: "The tiger comes out of the coffin, the tortoise and jade are destroyed by the coffin."
Understand the rhetorical sentences in this article and explain their role in expression.
(1) Asking, is it wrong to have no Naier?
(2) Why cut it?
(3) How can we use each other?
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) Those who have a state and a family do not worry about scarcity but about inequality, and do not worry about poverty but about insecurity.
(2) If people from afar are dissatisfied, then cultivate literary virtue and come here. Once it comes, make peace with it.
(3) I am afraid that Ji Sun’s worries are not in Zhuan Yu, but within Xiao Qiang.
Explain the underlined words in the following sentences:
(1) Ran You and Ji Lu met Confucius and said.
(2) In the past, the previous king was considered the Lord of Eastern Mongolia.
(3) He is the minister of the country.
(4) Is Wu Naier a fault?
(5) Who is at fault?
(6) A gentleman who is sick and a sick man says "he wants it" and must respond accordingly.
2.* "What a Few People Do to the Country"
This article is selected from "Mencius." King Hui of Liang (Part 1)". Mencius and Confucius, collectively known as Confucius and Mencius, both belong to the Confucian school.
Grasp the center of this article: discuss why "the people do not increase in number" and how to make "the people increase in number", focusing on expressing Yingke's thoughts on kingly and benevolent government.
Understand and master the chain reasoning sentence structure used in the two paragraphs from "Does not violate the farming season" to "The beginning of the king's way" and "Five acres of house" to "There is nothing yet": the previous few paragraphs Take the conclusion drawn from the sentence as the premise to derive a new conclusion; then take the new conclusion as the premise to derive an updated conclusion. This method of reasoning is advanced layer by layer, interlocking, closely connected, and full of momentum.
Understand and master the role of parallelism in enhancing the momentum of the article.
Understand the meaning of the famous metaphor "Fifty steps to laugh at a hundred steps" in this article.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) After filling the drum, the weapon is connected, abandoning the armor and dragging the soldiers away.
(2) If it is not straight for a hundred paces, it is also walking.
(3) However, there is no such thing as a king.
(4) When the king is innocent, the people of the world are here.
Explain the underlined words in the following sentences:
(1) If there is bad luck in Hanoi, the people will be moved to the east of the river.
(2) The people of neighboring countries should not be reduced.
(3) Abandon the armor and follow the soldiers away.
(4) Grain cannot be eaten.
(5) Entering the forest in time.
(6) A five-acre house is planted with mulberry trees.
(7) Respect the teachings of Xiangxu.
(8) It expresses the meaning of filial piety and brotherhood.
(9) When the king is innocent, the people of the world are here.
(10) Dogs eat human food without knowing how to detect it, and they don’t know how to spread it if it is coated with urchin.
3.* "Autumn Waters" (excerpt)
This book is selected from "Zhuangzi." "Autumn Water". Zhuangzi and Laozi are collectively called Laozi and Zhuangzi, and they both belong to the Taoist school.
Understand the purpose of this paragraph: In the infinite and vast universe, personal knowledge and role are very limited; understand the objective enlightenment of this paragraph to today's people: there is no end to learning, there is no end to understanding, Therefore, if you cannot be satisfied, you should strive to make progress.
Master the writing technique of using allegory to illustrate the point of this article; master the argumentation method of using a large number of metaphors to illustrate abstract principles.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) Looking east.
(2) After hearing the Tao, I think that nothing is better than what I have learned.
(3) If I don’t reach the gate of Zi, I will be in danger.
(4) Isn’t it like Yan Mi is in Dacang?
Explain the highlighted words in the following sentences:
(1) Looking at the ocean and sighing.
(2) I have heard about Shao Zhongni and underestimated the meaning of Boyi.
(3) But I have never used this to make myself rich.
(4) Take the beauty of the world as your own.
(5) I always see laughter in a generous family.
(6) Constrained by emptiness.
4.* "Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests"
This article is selected from "Historical Records." "Biography of Li Si" is a memorial written by Li Si.
Master the central argument of this article; master the reasoning method of this article that always combines pros and cons and balance pros and cons; master the rhetorical techniques such as parallelism and parallelism and the characteristics of word selection and sentence construction.
Understand and translate the following key passages: from "I heard that the land is vast and there is a lot of grain" to "The people who borrowed the invaders and stole the grain are the same."
Explain the underlined words in the following sentences:
(1) Come to Pibao and Gongsun to join the Jin Dynasty.
(2) Then he dispersed the followers of the six kingdoms and made them face Qin in the west.
(3) Strengthen the public office and eliminate private households.
(4) He has traveled thousands of miles and managed the country till now.
(5) Therefore, those who decorate the harem, entertain the subordinates, entertain the mind, and speak to the ears and eyes must come from Qin.
(6) This is not the art of crossing the sea and controlling the princes.
(7) This is the so-called person who steals food by taking advantage of the invaders.
5. "Chen Qing Biao"
This article is a memorial written by Li Mi to Emperor Wu during the Western Jin Dynasty.
Understand the personal reason stated by the author for not being called to serve as an official, which is to serve his grandmother who has been dependent on her since childhood and is now old and sick; appreciate that under the social and historical conditions at that time, this "disobedience" "The positive connotation of action.
Master the argumentation method of this article "using Zi's spear and attacking Zi's shield".
Understand the artistic characteristics of this article's combination of narrative and discussion, and its emotional appeal.
Understand the stylistic characteristics of the combination of parallel and prose in this article.
Master idioms and phrases that are still in use today, and understand their meanings.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) The child was born in six months, and the loving father betrayed him.
(2) There are no close relatives outside the family, and no five-foot-tall child inside. They stand alone, looking at each other.
(3) Mother and grandson are dependent on each other, so they cannot be far apart.
Explain the following highlighted words:
(1) Alone and lonely, as for the establishment.
(2) If the family is weak and the family is weak, there will be children late.
(3) Due to Liu Suying’s illness, he often gave birth in bed.
(4) As a humble person, he should serve in the East Palace.
(5) But the sun is thinning in the west, and the breath is dying.
6. "Reply to Li Xushu"
The author Han Yu was an advocate of the classical prose movement in the mid-Tang Dynasty and one of the eight great writers of the Tang and Song Dynasties. This article is an epistolary argumentative essay.
Understand the relationship between writer's moral character, academic accomplishment and article writing proposed in this article.
Understand the meaning of the following two metaphors:
(1) The one with strong roots is actually successful;
(2) The one with rich anointing is shining brightly .
Understand Han Yu’s writing idea of ??“only focusing on what is stated”.
Understand Han Yu's writing proposition that "when the energy is strong, the words are short or long, and the sound is high or low."
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) If you don’t know the ambition of life, why should Qi be better than others and take it from others? Will Qi be relegated to ancient times?
(2) Nourish its roots and wait for the truth, add its ointment and wait for its light.
(3) Even so, do you dare to claim that you have achieved success?
(4) Aspirations from the past must be left to the present.
Explain the following highlighted words:
(1) What you do in life and what you expect are very similar but not quite the same.
(2) A benevolent and righteous person speaks kindly.
(3) There is an urgent need to address the person, so I encourage him.
(4) The teachings of She Ze were passed on to his disciples, and his writings became the Dharma for future generations. 7. This article is "History of the Five Dynasties." The preface to "The Biography of Lingguan" is also a historical treatise.
Understand the central argument of this article: the rise and fall of a country mainly depends on personnel.
Master the method of proving the central argument of this article through the comparison of the rise and fall of Emperor Zhuangzong of the Tang Dynasty after the Five Dynasties.
Understand the historical facts and theoretical arguments used in this article.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) With your three arrows, it is the father's ambition that you will never forget!
(2) Fang Qixi was composed of Yan father and son, and wrote to the head of Liang Jun and his ministers.
(3) Worry and labor can rejuvenate a country, while leisure can lead to death.
(4) None of the heroes in the world can compete with him.
(5) When one dies and the country is destroyed, the world laughs.
(6) Disasters often accumulate in the slightest, while wisdom and courage are often trapped in drowning.
Explain the highlighted words in the following sentences:
(1) The reason why the original Zhuangzong won the world.
(2) Send the officials to sue the temple with a prison sentence.
(3) Invite the target and hold it in a bag.
(4) Fang Qixi was composed of Yan father and son, and wrote to the head of Liang Jun and his ministers.
(5) None of the heroes in the world can compete with him.
(6) Wisdom and bravery are often trapped in things.
8. "Reply to Sima's Remonstrance"
The author Wang Anshi is one of the Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties. This article is an epistolary refutation essay.
Understand the writing background and pertinence of this article.
Master the refutation methods of this article's refutation points.
Understand Wang Anshi’s reasoning steps to refute Sima Guang’s views.
Understand the language characteristics of this article: softness with strength, euphemistic and polite language, firm and decisive will.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) Remember that Meng Junshi will treat you as a favor, and you should not be rash in repeated situations.
(2) Now you are really seeing the teacher.
(3) As for the large number of complaints, I knew this beforehand.
(4) People are accustomed to living on their own terms for a day.
(5) Most scholar-bureaucrats do good deeds by being indifferent to state affairs, following the customs, and flattering others.
(6) Pan Geng did not complain, so he changed his attitude.
Explain the underlined words in the following sentences:
(1) Even if you try hard, you will not be noticed.
(2) Remembering Mengjun again and again, but seeing him as a favor.
(3) Therefore, now that I have the Tao, I hope you will forgive me.
(4) Pan Geng’s relocation caused resentment among the people.
(5) The theory of warding off evil spirits is that it is difficult for people to resist admonishment.
(6) As the saying goes, nothing should be done today.
9.* "On Perseverance"
This article is selected from the "Special Collection" in Liang Qichao's "The Collected Works of Drinking Ice Room". "New People's Theory". Understand the relevance of this article.
Understand the metaphorical sentences and hierarchical sentences in each paragraph of this article, and master the argumentation method of positive and negative contrast in the article.
Master the central argument of this article.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) The world is a forest of success and failure in ancient and modern times, if there is no one way.
(2) How to succeed and why to fail?
(3) Although the resistance may be great or small, it is inevitable to avoid it.
(4) The two situations of prosperity and adversity are often alternated and multiplied.
(5) It means that things in the world are easy to change, and when resistance suddenly comes, you will be dejected.
(6) Use the power of perseverance and endurance to brave the opponent and overcome it.
Explain the following highlighted words;
(1) Bystanders only admire their achievements.
(2) The tangled roots of the classics will be solved in one day.
(3) During this period, the trends may go with or against them, and they often go hand in hand.
(4) That is the judgment of success and failure.
(5) The number of success or failure is nothing more than this.
10* "Comments under the Lamp"
The author is Lu Xun, the founder of modern Chinese literature. This article is a literary essay written by Lu Xun.
Summarize the central arguments of the first and second parts of this article and explain the internal connection between the two parts.
Understand the author's analysis of history in the first part and the meaning of the "third era" referred to by Lu Xun.
Understand the author's analysis of the "inherent spiritual civilization" praised by retroists and the reality of warlord rule in the second part.
Understand the expression technique that combines the high degree of theoretical summary with literary and visual explanation in the writing of this article.
Master the rhetorical methods such as metaphor, parallelism, and irony used in this article.
11. "On Integrity"
The author Zhu Ziqing is a famous modern essayist and scholar.
Summary the central argument of the article.
Combined with relevant paragraphs, explain the inductive argumentation method used in this article.
Master the corresponding words in the text and explain their corresponding meanings.
12.* "On Happiness"
The author Qian Zhongshu is a famous modern Chinese scholar and writer.
Grasp the life philosophy of "happiness is determined by the spirit" revealed in this article, and understand the angle chosen by the author to elucidate this philosophy.
Understand the writing characteristics of this essay, which include profound insights, rich references, rich associations, wit and wit, and exquisite words.
Understand the metaphors and warnings used in this article.
13. "Ashes of the Soul"
The author Fu Lei is a famous modern translator. This is an epistolary prose.
Understand the meaning of "ashes of the soul".
Understand the author’s attitude towards life reflected in this article.
Understand the role of metaphors such as the sun, rain, and ancient battlefields in the article in strengthening the philosophy of this article.
14. "Selection and Arrangement"
The author Zhu Guangqian is a famous modern and contemporary esthetician and literary theorist.
Understand the main points of this article about how to select and arrange materials when writing an article.
Understand the characteristics of this article's extensive citations and accurate use.
Master the analogical reasoning method used in this article.
15. "On Learning"
The author was Francis Bacon, a 16th-century British philosopher and essayist.
Understand the two issues discussed in this article: one is the purpose of scholarship, and the other is the method of scholarship.
Understand the impact and role of various knowledge on human spirit.
Understand the characteristics of this article's use of metaphors and incisive language to explain profound truths.
16. "Zheng Burke Duan Yu Yan"
This article is selected from "Zuo Zhuan." Yin AD Year". "Zuo Zhuan" is a chronological historical work, said to be written by Zuo Qiuming.
Clear the main plot development of this article.
Understand the character traits of Zheng Zhuanggong, Uncle Duan and Jiang.
Understand and translate the following paragraph: From "The uncle ordered Xi and Bei to despise himself" to "If there is no righteousness and no intimacy, the thick will collapse."
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) Zhi, Yanyi, Uncle Guo died, and Tuoyi was only ordered.
(2) Why does Mr. Jiang hate it?
(3) It is better to take action early.
(4) Those who do many injustices will surely die.
(5) What will your general do?
(6) Eat the food given by the public and give up the meat.
(7) Is this what it means?
Explain the following highlighted words:
(1) Urgently request Yu Gong.
(2) There are hundreds of pheasants in the capital.
(3) Now the uncle ordered Xi and Bei to despise him.
(4) There is nothing wrong with it.
(5) The uncles have gathered together to repair the armor and soldiers, and equip them with soldiers and riding horses.
(6) Public attack on Zhu Yan.
(7) Please leave it behind.
(8) If the ground and the spring meet each other through a tunnel, who would say this is not the case.
(9) Love his mother and give to Duke Zhuang.
17. "Feng Xuan Ke Mengchangjun"
This article is selected from "Warring States Policy." "Qi Ce".
"Warring States Policy" is a country-style history book, which was compiled and compiled by Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty.
Understand that Lord Mengchang is one of the famous "Four Young Masters of the Warring States Period".
Understand the "people-oriented" thoughts and positive significance contained in Feng Xuan's "market justice" behavior for Meng Changjun.
Analyze Feng Chen’s character traits and master the main methods of characterizing in this article.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) Being poor and unable to survive by oneself makes people belong to Mengchangjun.
(2) The people on the left and right regard the ruler as inferior, and eat only grass utensils.
(3) The left and right people said: "This is the return of the singer's long hair."
(4) I thought that the king and the city were righteous.
Explain the following highlighted words:
(1) Mengchang Jun said: "The food is better than the guests."
(2) So he took his car, He uncovered his sword, passed his friend, and said, "Mr. Mengchang has come to visit me."
(3) Mr. Mengchang was surprised.
(4) After accepting the responsibility, why should the market turn against it?
(5) Drive away Xue.
(6) The righteousness of the gentleman is what we see today.
18.* "Biography of General Li" (Excerpt)
This article is excerpted from "Historical Records." Biography of General Li. Learn about Sima Qian, the author of "Historical Records". "Historical Records" is my country's first general history in the form of biographies, including 12 chronicles, 30 families, 70 biographies, 8 books, 10 tables, and 130 chapters.
Grasp the main characteristics of Li Guang’s character; explain the author’s thoughts and feelings expressed through Li Guang’s image.
Master the appropriate tailoring method of detailed description in this article; understand the role of detailed description and contrasting techniques in characterizing characters.
Understand and translate the following key passages:
(1) From "The Huns came to the county" to "The army did not know where to go, so it could not follow."
(2) From "general soldiers are everywhere; there are few places" to "scholars use this as a hobby."
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) The soldiers also followed Li Guang happily but did not know the hard journey.
(2) Officials under the Han Dynasty. Officials should be killed a lot in Guangzhou, and those born by captives should be killed and redeemed as common people.
(3) Today’s generals are not allowed to travel at night. Why?
(4) There is no greater disaster than killing someone who has already surrendered. This is the reason why the general cannot become a leader.
(5) There are many captives and they are close, which means you are in a hurry. What can you do?
(6) (Cheng Bushi) is honest and careful about grammar.
(7) Hulu Yi Yuer!
(8) Shouldn’t I be Hou Xie? And it’s also a matter of fate?
(9) When the general thinks about himself, is there any hatred?
Explain the following highlighted words:
(1) A man who is good at riding and shooting and kills many prisoners is called Han Zhonglang.
(2) Li Guang's talent was unparalleled in the world. He was proud of his ability and fought countless battles with the enemy, fearing his death.
(3) Kill two of them and get one alive.
(4) Seeing a wide range of views, they thought they were luring the riders, but they were all frightened and went up the mountain to show off.
(5) We stopped before we reached the Xiongnu formation two miles away.
(6) There are many captives and they are close, which means there is an emergency. What can you do?
(7) It will be dusk, and the barbarian soldiers will eventually be surprised and dare not attack.
(8) The army does not know where to go, so it cannot follow.
(9) When the generals in Guangzhou see water in a depleted place, the soldiers will not drink all the water, and the soldiers will not be near the water; the soldiers will not eat all the food, and the soldiers will not taste the food in Guangzhou.
(10) He was also injured when he shot fierce beasts.
(11) Born as a captive.
(12) Jiyibu, like a book.
(13) At the southern end of the scene, I met the former general and the right general.
(14) When I saw General Li, he was as confused as I am. 19.* "Postscript of Zhang Zhongcheng's Biography"
Understand the meaning of "Postscript". The main writing characteristics of this article are to pay equal attention to narrative and argument, and to organically combine the argument in the first half of the article with the narrative in the second half.
Master the argumentative method used in the first half of this article to defend Xu Yuan's false accusation; master the writing method used by the author to supplement Nan Jiyun's deeds.
Understand and translate the following paragraphs:
(1) From "defending a city to defend the world" to "setting up obscene words to help attack."
(2) From "the more I tried to work in Bian and Xu Fu" to "I dare not die if I have public opinion."
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) It is clear that you are not afraid of death even if you are far away.
(2) Lead the rope to eliminate it, and there will be a place to eliminate it.
(3) The wise men of Ergong are excellent in speaking.
(4) Draw an arrow and shoot at the pagoda of the Buddhist temple, hitting half of the bricks above it.
(5) If I return to break the bandits, I will destroy Helan! This arrow is the reason for the ambition.
Explain the following highlighted words:
(1) Erfuzhi cannot be notified.
(2) Suspicious and afraid of death and surrender to the thief.
(3) Use this to criticize people far away.
(4) The wise men of Ergong are very good at speaking.
(5) Use obscene words to aid the attack.
(6) When he first defended Suiyang, there were only ten thousand soldiers.
(7) Abandon the city and flee.
(8) Fight with a thousand soldiers who can defeat a million soldiers.
20.* "The Biography of Planting Trees and Guo Laituo"
The author Liu Zongyuan is a famous writer in the mid-Tang Dynasty, an advocate of the classical prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, and one of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. This article is an allegorical biographical essay.
Understand the main theme of the whole article: transfer the method of planting trees to the method of governing the people, revealing the social ills of "elderly people are troubled by their orders" and the suffering it brings to the people. .
Understand the characteristics of this article’s use of analogies and contrasts to illustrate principles.
Understand and translate the following key sentences:
(1) The camel heard it and said: "It is very good, and I am worthy of being named."
(2) Or Migrating, all are alive, and they are luxuriant and luxuriant, and they have been harvested early.
(3) Lifting the camel will not make the wood live longer and will breed more.
(4) It is as if it is a child, and it is as if it is abandoned.
(5) Therefore, I am not like myself.
(6) However, I live in my hometown, and when I see elders, I like to annoy their orders.
(7) Is it possible to use the way of the son and transfer it to the official principles?
Explain the following highlighted words:
(1) And it is rich and prosperous, and it has been realized as early as possible.
(2) The camel can not only make the tree live longer and breed, but can also help the tree grow younger...
(3) It can grow like a child.
(4) Official orders promote plowing and planting.
(5) If you are very compassionate, you will die as a result of disaster.
(6) The word is a child, so it is a chicken or a pig.
(7) My little man stops eating to work for the officials.
(8) Sick and lazy.
21. "A Letter to Liu Yizhang"
The author is Zongchen, one of the "Later Seven Sons" of the Ming Dynasty. This is an epistolary narrative.
Understand the purpose of writing this article to expose the corruption in the officialdom of the Ming Dynasty.
Understand the image characteristics of "Qianye", "power" and "door" in this article.
Understand the detailed description method used in this article to expose the servile and ugly appearance of the "Qianye" and the hypocritical and greedy face of the "powerful".