Poetry of the Stone is a lyric poem praising fossils, and reading this poem can arouse people's infinite reverie. Yin is a name of classical poetry. Here is the meaning of praise.
The poem has seven sections, which can be divided into three layers. Sections 1 and 2 are the first layer, which arouse readers' imagination in the form of questions. The continuous questions show the author's strong scientific interest and thirst for knowledge, and also open the floodgates of readers' thinking, so that readers and the author can imagine the mysterious world hundreds of millions of years ago and listen to fossils telling the fantastic myths.
Verses 3, 4, 5 and 6 are the main parts of the poem, which specifically express the content of reverie. "You lead my thoughts to ancient times" is a sentence that expresses the author's thoughts, and then it is to write flying thoughts. Through the study of fossils, scientists have come to the scientific view of biological evolution, and the so-called statement that God created everything is not in line with objective facts. You see, isn't that cold skeleton proof? Although ancient creatures have died, their bodies have been wiped out for hundreds of millions of years, but they are real evidence of the body of life that once existed. The existence of these buried fossils is enough to prove that life on earth is endless and prolific. In these fossils, organic compounds, which are the basic substances of life, remain, providing necessary conditions for scientists to study biological evolution. Isn't the residue of these organic substances the information of life? Isn't it the research job of scientists to decipher these codes? The first two sentences of section 5 say "Time has carved wrinkles on your face", which naturally reminds readers of people. The wrinkles on a person's face are a portrait of the course of life, which is a truth that every reader understands. But the author is not writing about people, but also writing about fossils. The author's thoughts fly to the ancient flood, the seas are dry and the rocks are rotten, the sea changes, and the stars change. No matter how long it is, no matter how big it changes, it can't stop the ship of life from moving from ancient times to modern times, and the form of life has evolved from low to high. What is the relationship between wrinkles and fossils? Why does the author write wrinkles? If the fossil is a human face, aren't the wrinkles carved on this face the archives of the earth's paleontology? Section 6, the author turns to reality. When you visit the Museum of Paleontology, what do you think of the recovered dinosaurs and mammoths? You may imagine that it is screaming; Don't you admire the beauty of nature when you stand in the reappearance of ancient trees? "Admire nature" is the author's heartfelt admiration. Nature is a magician and a sculptor. At this point, the author's feelings reached a climax. After reading this, we will suddenly feel how the four questions in the first verse of the poem are caused. It may be a question that arose when I visited the museum.
The last verse responds to verses 1 and 2, which makes the whole poem complete in structure, with questions and answers.
this poem uses personification. The author regards the fossil as a person who can talk, and calls it "you" by the second person, which is natural and kind. Pay attention to the rhythm of poetry in teaching, and experience the musical beauty of poetry through repeated reading.
Second, research on problems
This poem is easy to understand and is a teaching material to guide students to expand their imagination and association. In the process of teaching, teachers should not be confined to the small circle of Chinese, but let students think, speak and read aloud. We should pay attention to the combination of Chinese knowledge and knowledge of nature, so that we can not only learn about poetry, but also learn about natural science. Of course, Chinese teachers may know little about fossils, so they might as well find some information when preparing lessons, or ask biology teachers for help.
You don't need to delve into the meaning of some words in the poem, just have a basic understanding.
Practice explaining
What kind of world is the lost world reappeared by a fossil? What did the stone that has been sleeping for hundreds of millions of years say? You can supplement it with the relevant knowledge gained in biology class or after class. )
The purpose of this topic is to inspire students' imagination and mobilize students' knowledge reserves. It is an open topic. Sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 are the "words" that fossils say.
second, this poem has a distinct rhythm, harmonious tone and strong musicality. Read aloud repeatedly and realize this feature. And talk about the relationship between the second section and the last section of the poem, so where to write it.
The purpose of this topic is to let students understand the rhythmic beauty of poetry and the structural characteristics of front and back care. "the world that has passed away for thousands of years reappears", taking care of "can the world that has passed away for thousands of years reappear"; "The stone that has been sleeping for hundreds of millions of years has spoken", taking care of "Can the stone that has been sleeping for hundreds of millions of years speak". The last two sentences of these two sections also take care of each other. It can be said that section 7 is an answer to section 2.
according to your own conditions, ask teachers and experts after class, or watch feature films and look for information, and write a short article about dinosaurs or other ancient creatures.
The purpose of this topic is to expand students' extracurricular reading, write down relevant knowledge and exercise their ability to collect and sort out materials.
Teaching suggestions
Combining with the study of this poem, lead students to visit the Natural Museum, or find some picture books (there are many of them) that introduce paleontology. Teachers should cultivate students' interest in biological evolution by teaching this poem, and they can also introduce some latest research results in biology.
related information
1. Talking about the evolution of fish (bro)
As a group of the oldest vertebrates on the earth, fish's long evolutionary history has always been an issue of interest to many biologists. The appearance of fish marks a qualitative leap from low and primitive invertebrates to vertebrates. The development and evolution of fish also put forward the obvious pedigree of vertebrate evolution. All higher animals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and even ourselves have developed on this basis.
the study of paleontology is usually based on fossil materials. Scientists determine the absolute age of rocks by radioisotopes and divide them into different geological ages. The paleontology preserved in these geological ages recorded the environmental conditions and biological information at that time, and formed fossils after thousands of years of deposition, which became the basis for studying geological history and biological evolution history.
Fish fossils are not very rich, but they can still show the process of the occurrence and development of all kinds of fish in ancient and modern times. The earliest fish fossils were deposited in CAMBRIAN and Ordovician rocks, with a history of about 4 million years. Hey? Difficult to core? Invasion? Is le' an swollen and scratched? Hey? Fat? What a clever stool? What is the school? What's the matter? Storage? I lied? What's the matter with you? Are you jealous of scratching? Zhu buzhu? Why don't you take me to S? Knock-and-swing sequence ⅲ? Member Huai Wei? What's the matter, K? What about the strong-tip stool and the climbing system? Hirudo? ┝ thinking about editing? Send out the famine? Barren? Hey? Strong beam? 镘镘 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 靌 38 The scabbard and the locust are changing for the mirror. What do you mean, it's getting worse and worse? What's the point? Are you going to collapse? What are you doing? What's wrong with falling down? Lie?
A large number of complete jawless fossils were found in Devonian, which can be regarded as the primary age of fish. The Jurassic and Cretaceous of Mesozoic (about 13-16 million years ago) are the times of fish revival. In the Cenozoic era, all kinds of ancient and modern fish * * * existed in the ocean and other waters on the earth, and the fish family reached its peak.
on the basis of jawless fish, the earliest jawed fish also developed. The original jaw was transformed from several bony branchial arches. The branchial arch was originally buried in the muscle. In the process of evolution, the jaw and the head carapace merged into one, thus forming a stronger and more efficient feeding organ-the chewing device.
primitive jawed fishes, also known as shield fishes, flourished in Devonian, but most of them were extinct by the end of Devonian. It is generally believed that cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes evolved from shield fishes, and they developed in different directions, but no clear evidence has been found to prove this inference. Some shield fish still have flat bodies, like their ancestors; However, most of them have become streamlined and their armor has been reduced, which makes them gain strong swimming ability. Chondrichthyes also shed their heavy armor (but there are still traces of backboard) and developed stronger muscle tissue suitable for swimming. Some scientists believe that cartilaginous fish are "primitive" fish, but whether they are really more primitive than bony fish remains to be confirmed.
The research on the genesis and evolution of vertebrate jaws began with embryology in the 19th century, which revealed an important process in evolution. The appearance of jaw shows that the appearance of a new and important feature of animals can expand the life field of a group to areas that could not live in the past. Since then, fish have expanded rapidly and become the most common swimming organism group today.
teleost first lived in fresh water, then gradually extended to the ocean, and finally became the dominant group of marine fish. In the process of evolution, they produced internal hard bones, which turned stiff armor into thin scales, thus making their movements agile and flexible and improving their movement speed.
There are two groups of teleost fish, among which the number and species of radial fin fish greatly exceed that of the other fish-internal nostril fish. Internal nostril fish include some primitive species with special morphology and structure. They have internal nostril structure and can close their mouths without affecting their breathing. Today, only lungfish and spear fish can be seen by fish with internal nostrils. The pike fish belongs to the class echinodermata. Known as a living fossil, it was considered as an extinct species by scientists until 1938. The first pike was caught by a fisherman off the southeast coast of Africa in 1938, which caused a sensation in the world. Later, it was caught one after another, confirming that this ancient fish still lives in the modern ocean. The important feature of coelacanth is that its fins are leaflike, with muscles and connected spines, so that some fish can crawl on land. They are closely related to amphibians. People think that amphibians evolved from them.
(from Sea World, No.12, 1999)
Second, the mystery of the ancestors of birds
In the past, people always thought that birds were originally evolved from reptiles. Archaeopteryx, as the product of the middle stage of this evolutionary process, has always been regarded as the ancestor of birds. Although this evolutionary theory seems to have some truth, many paleontologists are still somewhat skeptical about the conclusion that reptiles like lizards will really become birds due to sudden mutation and natural selection. As a result, in academic circles, experts have launched a protracted debate on the problem of birds.
At the time when Darwin's On the Origin of Species was just published, people could not understand that birds first evolved from reptiles. Later, in 1861, in a limestone quarry in Germany, archaeologists found a strange biological fossil. This fossil has wings, teeth in the mouth, claws at the front of the wings, and a long tail composed of multiple coccygeal vertebrae like a lizard. The discovery of this fossil, called Archaeopteryx, has excited many archaeologists and paleontologists. Because many people insist that "birds evolved from lizards", the basis is found here.
However, today, this widely accepted view suddenly loses its authority. Because in 1986, American archaeologists discovered a bird fossil 75 million years older than Archaeopteryx in Texas, and named it "Primitive Bird", so the "throne" of the ancestors of birds will be taken away by Primitive Birds. Paleontologists point out that if this is the case, the view that birds evolved from reptiles will also be denied.
in order to understand the significance of the discovery of primitive birds, it is necessary for us to look at the evolution of birds based on the fossils of archaeopteryx. On the origin of Archaeopteryx, Pomfret of the British Museum pointed out that a reptile group that people used to think was the ancestor of birds was actually not a lizard. Archaeopteryx evolved from a member of the dinosaur family. Archaeopteryx and dinosaur are both "distant relatives" and "close neighbors", both of which originated from the odontoid. Undeniably, Archaeopteryx is very similar to a small dinosaur called Osteosaurus, so as early as the 19th century, some paleontologists believed that the ancestors of birds were dinosaurs of this group.
Although it is hard to accept that birds are descendants of dinosaurs, if we can compare birds with dinosaurs, we will gain more confidence.
From the appearance, many birds are somewhat similar to dinosaurs now. Among dinosaurs, there is a kind of parrot-billed dragon, whose mouth is very similar to that of parrots who talk to others. Ostrich dragon's feet, like ostrich's feet, have three toes and are good at walking. Ostrich dragon had no teeth, and neither did ostrich. The mouth of the hadrosaur is like a duck's mouth, and the hadrosaur swims like a duck. Birds have hair and live in 1? 8 million years ago, Lianlong also had long hair all over his body. Birds' bones are hollow, so that they can lose weight and fly easily. The bones of some early dinosaurs were also hollow, and scientists called this kind of dinosaur a kind of empty-boned dragon. The empty-boned dragon was light and clever, and its appearance and body structure were very similar to birds.
in the process of exploring the origin of birds, one of the focuses of debate is the clavicle. The left and right clavicles of birds adhere to each other, which is a V-shaped healing clavicle and is very developed. The collarbone of dinosaurs disappeared completely because of degradation. In this regard, those who hold the view that "birds originated from dinosaurs" believe that both dinosaurs and birds originated from odontoid, and only in the later evolution did their collarbones change differently, so it cannot be said that dinosaurs were not the ancestors of birds.
However, after the above viewpoint was put forward, some scientists discovered some bones with clavicle. Fossil analysis showed that the bones of Archaeopteryx and bones of bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones with bones. In this way, it overthrew the previous view that dinosaurs and birds all originated from odontoids.
Later, when the fossils of primitive birds were discovered, experts and scholars with different views turned their attention and tried to find new theoretical breakthroughs from primitive birds. After analyzing the fossils of primitive birds, paleontologists were surprised to find that primitive birds had many characteristics closer to birds than archaeopteryx.
First of all, primitive birds have the characteristics of sternum and keel processes that archaeopteryx can't match, and they are very large. More importantly, it also has a strange shoulder bone, which is because the muscles supporting feathers pass along the shoulder bone, so the shoulder bone of ordinary birds is very large. In this feature, primitive birds are very similar to modern birds. Secondly, the bones of primitive birds are also hollow and have skeletal characteristics related to flight.
In addition, primitive birds still have some characteristics of reptiles besides those of ordinary birds. For example, its tail is very long, with a sciatic bone firmly connected to the spine, like a reptile, and so on.
from the above facts, it is not difficult to find that the origin time of birds should be explored before the primitive birds. The discovery of primitive birds will probably deny the previous view that birds originated from dinosaurs. The discovery of primitive bird fossils undoubtedly provides new information for exploring the origin of birds, but scientists still can't agree on who the ancestors of birds really are, and they can only make a final conclusion after discovering older bird fossils.
Third, the ancestors of amphibians
In December p>1938,