Rou Shi (1902.9.28-1931.2.7) was originally named Zhao Pingfu, and his pseudonym was Shaoxiong. He was a native of Ninghai, Zhejiang. A member of the Communist Party of China, he went to Shanghai to engage in the revolutionary literary movement in 1928. He served as the editor of "Yu Si" and co-founded the "Chaohua Society" with Mr. Lu Xun. In early 1930, the Grand Alliance of the Freedom Movement was established, with Rou Shi as one of the founders. The Chinese Left-wing Writers Alliance was established in March 1930, and Rou Shi served as executive member and editorial director. In May of the same year, he participated in the National Soviet Regional Congress as a representative of the Left Federation. He was arrested in Shanghai in January 1931. On February 7 of the same year, he was secretly murdered by the Kuomintang reactionaries together with 23 comrades including Yin Fu and Ouyang Li'an. After his death, Lu Xun wrote the article "In Memory of Forgotten" to commemorate him and other comrades who died. His posthumous works include "Selected Works of Rou Shi".
Interactions with Lu Xun
Attending lectures
In the spring of 1925, Rou Shi went to Beijing and served as an auditor at Peking University. At that time, Mr. Lu Xun taught "History of Chinese Novels" in the Chinese Literature Department of Peking University once a week. Because there are many students from other departments who also come to listen to Mr. Lu Xun’s classes, they arrive late and often have to stand in the corridor outside the classroom to listen. Therefore, whenever Mr. Lu Xun lectures, Rou Shi will rush to the classroom early to listen to Lu Xun's lectures. Mr. Lu Xun's lectures were widely cited, his language was humorous and vivid, his tone was smooth and powerful, and his words were clear, which often caused laughter in the hall. Mr. Lu Xun's Mandarin with a strong Shaoxing accent had many similarities with the Ningbo dialect of Rou Shi's hometown. He felt particularly cordial to it and took detailed notes, not missing every word of Mr. Lu Xun's words. During more than a year in Beijing, Rou Shi broadened his horizons and made many friends. Due to financial difficulties and illness, Rou Shi had to leave Beijing the following year and return to his hometown to recuperate. Later, he taught at Ninghai Middle School and served as the dean. In 1927, Rou Shi was invited to return to Ninghai Middle School to teach. With the support of the Ninghai underground party and progressive forces, he became the director of the County Education Bureau. During this period, he worked hard to reform the county's education and actively raised funds to build the Ninghai Middle School building. In May 1928, after the peasant uprising in Tingpang (now part of Sanmen County) led by the party failed, Ninghai Middle School was regarded as the "stronghold of the Communist Party" and was disbanded and closed down. Under this circumstance, Rou Shi quietly left his hometown in June 1928 and came to Shanghai.
Neighbors
Rou Shi arrived in Shanghai and stayed with a friend in Jingyunli, Zhabei District. When I inquired about it, I found out that Mr. Lu Xun also lived in this alley, and it was only four or five houses away from the house where he lived. He couldn't wait to see Lu Xun, so he asked his friends to introduce him to Lu Xun. At that time, it had only been more than two years since he left Beijing and listened to Lu Xun's lectures. Mr. Lu Xun's voice and appearance made him unforgettable for a long time. The two hit it off immediately. Seeing this young man, Mr. Lu Xun thought of Fang Xiaoru and felt that this young friend in front of him was also a Taizhou-style tough guy. Mr. Lu Xun's wise and humorous words often make Rou Shi, who is 21 years younger than him, burst into knowing laughter. Rou Shi told Mr. Lu Xun that he had attended his classes at Peking University for nearly a year and not only learned a lot of literary knowledge, but also learned a lot about how to be a human being from his lectures. He also told Lu Xun that he was born Zhao and was originally called "Pingfu". However, there was a wealthy man in his hometown who thought his name was a good one and wanted to borrow his name to name his son. In a fit of anger, he changed "Pingfu" to "Pingfu". calm". Mr. Lu Xun understood the frankness of this young friend from his eloquent narrative. From then on, Rou Shi lived in a friend's house in Shanghai, engaged in creation and translation. When encountering business problems, especially if there are any unclear points in translation, go and consult Mr. Lu Xun. He became a frequent visitor to Lu Xun's house and visited very diligently, and their friendship grew day by day.
Establishment of "Chaohua Society"
In October 1928, with the help of Mr. Lu Xun, Rou Shi, Cui Zhenwu and other like-minded literary youths formed the "Chaohua Society" ", in addition to creation, he is committed to introducing foreign literature and art. Rou Shi is responsible for editing the magazine "Yu Si". In order to print and publish books, periodicals and picture albums such as "Chaohua Xunkan" and "Collection of Short Stories from the Modern World", Roushi had no money himself, so he had to borrow money to make copies. He also went to the printing factory from time to time to do chores such as proofreading and drawing. He regarded Lu Xun as a relative and an elder. When he encountered something unsatisfactory, he would talk to him. He believes that the world is beautiful and people are kind, but in reality this is not the case, and he is angry about this. Mr. Lu Xun pointed out to him that some people can lie, some can sell friends, and some can suck blood... At this time, Rou Shi widened his short-sighted eyes in surprise, his forehead was shining, and he listened to Mr. Lu Xun's words. An incisive analysis of society. Sometimes, he also asked Mr. Lu Xun: "Is it like this? Isn't it just like this?..." He was like a pure and flawless child, wanting to get further answers from Lu Xun. Soon, "Chaohua Society" collapsed, and Rou Shi was in debt for 100 yuan. While he sent the books in stock of "Chaohua Society" to Tomorrow Bookstore and Guanghua Bookstore, asking them to help sell them, he worked hard to translate the books. He never does anything to benefit himself at the expense of others. He would rather take less rest and work hard to pay off the debt owed to the collective through his own efforts. Sometimes I went out with Lu Xun or met Lu Xun on the road. Although he was highly short-sighted, I always supported Lu Xun to help him walk safely. Rou Shi is like this. Although he is thin and suffers from lung disease, he always thinks about others and gives convenience to others. During this period, he wrote the novella "February" and some chapters in the short story collection "Hope".
Lu Xun admired Rou Shi's literary talent and praised his "February" as an "excellent work".
"Left-wing Alliance"
In the autumn of 1929, the Party Central Committee decided to form a left-wing writers' alliance headed by Lu Xun. Rou Shi participated in the preparatory work of the "Left-Left Alliance". On March 2, 1930, the "Left-Left Union" was formally established. Rou Shi was elected as an executive member, and later became a standing member and director of the editorial department. He participated in the editing of the monthly "Grudge", the official publication of the "Left-Left Union". In May 1930, Rou Shi joined the Communist Party of China. Soon, Rou Shi, Hu Yepin, and Feng Keng participated in the National Soviet Regional Congress as representatives of the "Left-Left Alliance". For the first time in his life, Rou Shi walked into a revolutionary collective, and for the first time he experienced the warmth of a big revolutionary family that is more important than relatives. He saw with his own eyes how eager the Chinese people in dire straits are to stand up and seek liberation, and how much revolution needs culture and knowledge. How the elements were welcomed by the workers and peasants. This new home left an unforgettable impression on him, and he was willing to sacrifice everything for it, including his own life. As a revolutionary and litterateur, Rou Shi created the short story "Mother of a Slave", the newsletter "A Great Impression" and the poem "Blood is Boiling" during this period. The novel "Mother of a Slave" describes the tragic experience of a rural working woman, Chun Baoniang, and curses the evil habit of "contemplating wives". It has been translated into many languages ??and has had a great influence.
At that time, Tomorrow Bookstore wanted to publish a journal and asked Rou Shi to be its editor, and he agreed. The bookstore also wanted to print Lu Xun's translations and entrusted Rou Shi to go to Lu Xun to inquire about royalties. Lu Xun gave Rou Shi a copy of the contract between him and Beixin Bookstore. Rou Shi stuffed the contract into his pocket and left in a hurry - he did not expect that it was on this day, January 16, 1931, that night when he came to Lu Xun's house that he would say goodbye to Mr. Lu Xun forever.
On January 17, 1931, more than 30 Communist Party members including Rou Shi and Hu Yepin were unfortunately arrested while attending a secret party meeting at the Oriental Hotel on Hankou Road, Shanghai, and were imprisoned at the Longhua Security Commander's Office. department. In prison, Rou Shi was locked in a cell with Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions Youth Minister Yang Guohua (Ouyang Li'an) and Chai Yingtang, and was nailed to half-step iron shackles weighing more than 20 kilograms. In prison, Rou Shi went to Yin Fu to learn German every day. He said that he didn't have time at ordinary times, so being in prison was a good opportunity to study. He should seize the time to learn more so that he could do more work for the revolution after he was released from prison.
On the evening of February 7, during the usual roll call in the prison, an unusual situation occurred: the detention director came in person and brought a dozen military policemen. Each person held a flashlight and called a name. Shining a flashlight on his face, the air was tense. After the roll call, everyone went to bed. Not long after they fell asleep, there were sounds of footsteps in the prison, and the military police were picking up people one by one. After a while, they arrived at the prison cell where Rou Shi was located, and the guard called two names in succession: "Zhao Shaoxiong! Yang Guohua! Come out!" At this time, an atmosphere of terror enveloped the entire prison. Chai Pintang helped Rou Shi arrange the shackles, and then tore off the sheets and helped He was hung between two shackles so that he could be carried while walking to avoid wearing out his skin. At this time, Yang Guohua asked the guard: "Hey, why are you calling us up so late?" The guard said: "Nanjing has built a prison, and now we have to take the last bus to take you to Nanjing." After everyone listened, He was doubtful about the letter. When they parted, Chai Yingtang also said: "Comrades, when you get there, you must write!" Roushi did not say anything and handed Chai a bag of things and said, "Please keep these things for me in the future." Useful. "Chai Yingtang took a look and saw that it was an article Rou Shi wrote in prison, so he immediately put it away.
Rou Shi and other 23 comrades were escorted to the court upstairs. There was a row of high chairs with judges sitting above. , secretary and others, the two people next to them took the execution letter, looked at the photos, checked each person's face, and then asked them to stamp their fingerprints. At first, the first two comrades thought it was an official document to go to Nanjing, and they were confused. It was stamped. It was Rou Shi's turn for the third time. He looked at the document before stamping it and saw the words "Identified, immediately taken to the execution ground and executed". He pushed the execution document. , turned around and said to the people behind him: "Comrades, this is the execution document, we will not cover it! Yang Guohua was behind him and shouted when he heard it: "Don't cover it!" What law have we broken? The comrades behind also shouted angrily: "Why have we been here for more than a month and we haven't even asked?" "What court!" "Down with the Kuomintang reactionaries!" "... There was a chaos in the court. Some comrades broke the glass windows, and some picked up stools and threw them towards the court. Several judges hurriedly ordered the military police company commander: "Drag them out immediately for execution! "Then they hid in the back in panic. The military police came up to drag people, but 23 people stamped their feet on the floor with all their strength and refused to go downstairs. The military police used bayonets to force them, but it didn't work. The military police company commander ordered the military police to drag the people down one by one. They were dragged and beaten until they fell to the ground and could not stand up. They were dragged to the execution ground and shot 10 times in the head and chest. At that time, Rou Shi was only 29 years old.
"The Short Story of Rou Shi"
When the bad news came, Lu Xun was deeply shocked and saddened. He has never written a biography for anyone else.
In order to commemorate this passionate young man, he wrote "The Short Biography of Rou Shi" and "Chinese Proletarian Revolutionary Literature and the Blood of the Pioneers". He shouted loudly: "We now commemorate our death in war with great condolences and remembrance. This is the first page of the history of China's proletarian revolutionary literature, which is recorded with the blood of comrades and will always show the enemy's despicable ferocity and inspire our continuous struggle." Lu Xun could never forget this revolutionary young man. Two years later, he wrote "For the Memory of Forgotten", pouring out his deep feelings and longing for Rou Shi and other five revolutionary young writers: "I feel heavy that I have lost a very good friend, and China has lost a lot. Good young man." In his longing and grief, Lu Xun wrote a popular poem: "When I am used to spending the long night in the spring, my mother's hair is still wet in my dream, and the king's flag changes on the city wall. Friends became new ghosts, looking for poems in the sword bushes. After chanting, they lowered their eyebrows and found nothing to write. "
Being an official
September 10, 1926. On that day, Zhengxue Senior Primary School established a middle school. In September 1927, Rou Shi was invited by Wu Wenqin (the academic director of the middle school department) to serve as a Mandarin teacher, and also taught music and English in the primary school department. At the end of September, various urban and rural organizations held a meeting and agreed that the independent school for the middle school department would be based on the Dabeimen Civilian Art Club (formerly the Puhu Examination Institute) as the new school site. Rou Shi actively raised funds in his spare time. In early autumn, the underground party sent a letter to the Kuomintang government through Wu Wenqin, chairman of the Ninghai County Teachers' Federation, recommending Rou Shi as the director of education. On December 27, 1927, the construction of an eleven-room brick and wood structure teaching building was started, and the new school seal of "Ninghai County Middle School" was adopted. At the end of January 1928, the Ninghai County Government of the Kuomintang appointed Rou Shi as the director of education. In the spring of 1928, the newly built building was demolished by a typhoon, but the Zhengxue High School was still used for classes and continued to raise funds to rebuild the new school building. On May 26, the Tingpang Uprising broke out. At the end of the month, the uprising failed and Ninghai Middle School was ordered to be disbanded. In early June, Rou Shi went to Shanghai to make a living and later met Lu Xun. Rou Shi only served as the director of education for 4 months, but he is the most famous in history.