Junior high school Chinese often tests poetry knowledge points.
1, trees
Liu: Farewell, nostalgia and sadness.
①? Liu? 、? Stay? The word homophonic is often a metaphor for parting.
②? Liu? Many kinds of plants are planted in front of eaves and behind houses, often as symbols of hometown.
③? Liu? Flocculation is erratic and often used as a way of worrying.
Pine tree: a model of resisting ice and snow, firm, proud, strong and vital. Poets often use it to warn themselves or express their noble character.
Indus River: a symbol of desolation and sadness.
Yellow leaves: wither, mature, wither and metabolize.
Green leaves: vitality, hope and vitality.
Bamboo: It symbolizes noble character and positive spirit.
Red leaves: it is called the thing that conveys feelings, and later refers to poetry to convey feelings.
2. Flowers and plants
Red bean: acacia bean refers to the token of love between men and women, which is a metaphor for love or friendship between men and women.
Chrysanthemum: quiet, noble and refined. Praise his strong character and noble temperament.
Plum blossom: proud of snow, strong and unyielding.
Lotus:
1 Due to? Lotus? With what? Poor? The sound is the same, so there are many poems about lotus flowers in ancient poetry to express love.
(2) used to express their excellent quality.
Flowers are blooming? Hope, youth, the brilliance of life.
Flowers fall? Fading, frustration, life and career frustration, cherish spring, nostalgia for beauty, nostalgia.
Peach blossom: a symbol of beauty.
Lan: Gao Jie.
Peony: Rich and beautiful.
Grass: Strong vitality, endless life and humble status.
Xiaomi: The sadness of leaving (the rise and fall of the country in the past).
Plum: It is a metaphor for a girl's desire for love as she matures, such as? Looking back at the door, but smelling qingmei? (Li Qingzhao's Little Crimson Lips).
Lilac: refers to melancholy or complexity.
3. Animals
Hongyan: Letters? Miss the person you love. Hongyan is a large migratory bird, which moves southward every autumn, often causing homesickness and wandering sorrow.
Partridge: Does the song of partridge make people sound like it? Can't you be my brother? It is very easy to evoke the hard journey and full of parting associations.
Cicada: Cicada will not live long after autumn. After some autumn rains, cicadas will make a few intermittent moans, and their lives are at stake. Therefore, chilling has become synonymous with sadness.
Yuanyang: refers to loving couples.
Swallow: migratory birds, like to go in pairs, enter and leave the house or under the eaves, favored by the ancients.
Take it as a symbol of spring, beautify it and praise it.
2 Swallows are known as male and female (xi? h？ Ng birds fly up and down), flying follows, thus becoming a symbol of love.
(3) show the changes of current events, and express the feelings and indignation over the ups and downs of the past, the metabolism of personnel, the extinction of the country and the destruction of the family.
(4) handed down books tell the pain of leaving love.
⑤ Express the feeling of wandering and describe the suffering of wandering.
Cuckoo: (Zigui) In ancient mythology, Du Yu, the king of Shu, was forced to give way to his courtiers and live in seclusion in the mountains. After his death, his soul became a cuckoo. Therefore, the cuckoo in ancient poetry has become a symbol of desolation and sadness.
Ape: Sorrow and biting.
Fish: Free.
Eagle: Perseverance, freedom, struggle in life and success in career.
Dogs and chickens: life breath, rural life.
Horse: Pentium, pursuit, vagrancy.
Crow: a villain, a vulgar person, a sad person.
Sha Ou: It's sad to leave.
Bird: It symbolizes freedom.
Hey (ch? N) Soup bass: refers to the hometown flavor.
4. Hidden rain
Water:
(1) Because water is soft and cold, it is often compared to something like moonlight, which is tangible but difficult to grasp.
(2) Because of the constant shearing and softness of water, water is often used as a metaphor for sadness.
Month: the perfection and regret of life, homesickness and homesickness. Also known as Moon, Jade Plate, Silver Hook, Chanjuan, Guigong, Jade Plate, Jade Wheel, Yuhuan, Jade Hook, Jade Bow, Jade Mirror, Sky Mirror, Jade Rabbit, Chang 'e and Toad.
(1) The bright moon contains the sadness of border people.
The bright moon contains emotional helplessness.
The bright moon contains the eternity of time and space.
Rain: Rain cleans the space world and the spiritual world of human beings. The poet realized rich philosophy of life in his meditation on the rain.
1 Happy Rain? Rainy night is coming, I wonder if spring grass will grow.
2 bitter rain? When you are sad for spring, sad for autumn, sad for parting, don't hate, lonely and helpless, the rain will float down and become the natural image most suitable for literati's frustration and sadness, with specific emotional connotation.
3 Yayu? The spring tide brought the rain late and urgent, and there was no boat on the wild crossing.
4 Zen rain? Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life.
Sea: vast, powerful, deep and magnificent.
Waves: the ups and downs of life.
Surging waves: the dangers of life and the treachery of rivers and lakes.
River water: the passage of time, short years, long sadness, historical development trend.
Smoke: the obscurity of emotion, the uncertainty of the future and the disillusionment of ideals.
Light rain: spring, hope, vitality, vigor and subtle education.
Rainstorm: cruelty, enthusiasm, political struggle, eliminating evils and cleansing power.
Spring breeze: open-minded, happy and hopeful.
Dongfeng: Spring is beautiful.
West wind: a lonely, melancholy, declining and wandering home.
Gail: The Power of Uprising and the Destruction of the Old World.
First frost: Life is easy to get old, the social environment is bad, evil forces are rampant, and the road of life is bumpy.
Xue: Pure, beautiful, harsh environment and rampant evil forces.
Lu: Life is short and fleeting.
Cloud: drifting, drifting, using floating clouds as a metaphor for drifting outside.
The gloomy sky: depression, sadness and loneliness.
Sunshine: Happy and bright.
Golden wind: autumn wind.
5. Objectives
Ship:
1 performance? Wandering? There are many emotional images, such as duckweed, erigeron, lonely goose and so on. A boat? Is the most common. A boat with a leaf, the sky is vast, and it is getting smaller and smaller than people; People who see many foreign scenery during their journey are more likely to cause infinite thinking.
2 and? Wandering? Relative feeling, in China's classical poetry? A boat? Another typical connotation of image is? Freedom? .
Jade: noble and elegant.
Pearl: Beautiful and flawless.
Sha Ying (Crown): Official position and reputation.
Inverted anvil: a woman's longing for her husband.
West building and small building: the eternal love in my heart.
Four books: music.
History: history.
Man: Man.
Woman: Woman.
Mulberry: hometown.
Xuanyuan: Motherland.
Three feet: law.
Inch tube: pen.
Jade Bird: Messenger.
Wu Gou: Nod and sword.
Problem-solving skills of Chinese poetry appreciation in junior high school
First, the understanding of poetry is investigated.
The investigation of poetry understanding generally involves the following aspects: understanding the meaning of poetry, understanding the scenery, images and emotions in poetry, understanding the deep meaning of the whole poem, and understanding the famous sentences of the whole poem.
Looking back on the ancient poems we learned in junior high school, we can roughly summarize the main contents, characters and feelings expressed in the poems as follows:
1. The main contents of the poem are:
(1) Write lyric poems about scenery, praise scenic spots and describe natural scenery.
(2) Ode to things and express feelings, and entrust the poet's quality or ideal through what he sings.
(3) Emotion is caused by one thing.
(4) Recalling the past and reciting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing feelings.
(5) Frontier poems, describing frontier fortress scenery and the military life of soldiers guarding the frontier.
2. The characters in poetry mainly include:
(1) bold and free and easy image, such as Li Bai's? Since God has given talents, let them be used! , spin one thousand silver, all back! ? .
(2) the image of worrying about the country and the people, such as Du Fu's? There are thousands of buildings in Ande, and all the poor people in the world are very happy. .
(3) An optimistic and open-minded image, such as Liu Yuxi's? Qian Fan is on the side of the sunken ship, and Wan Muchun is in front of the sick tree? .
4 generous and tragic image, such as Fan Zhongyan's? A glass of turbid wine is Wan Li's destination, but Ran Yan is not happy. .
(5) The image of loyalty to the country, such as Su Shi's? Can you bow like a full moon, look northwest and shoot Sirius? .
(6) The image of complacency, such as Xin Qiji's? In order to get rid of the affairs of the king before and after his death and win fame? .
3. The thoughts and feelings expressed in poetry mainly include: not afraid of difficulties, worrying about the country and the people, making achievements, missing hometown, missing relatives, lamenting the world, being ambitious, detached and refined, showing compassion for others, loving mountains and rivers, being open-minded, showing compassion for others, yearning for beauty, being indifferent, leaving sorrow and parting, being anxious and contradictory, being laughed at and cynical, lacking in talent, and being unhappy.
Second, examine the taste of language.
The creation of images and the expression of feelings in poetry are often realized through the language of poetry. It is very important to appreciate poetry and grasp the essence of language. Therefore, the accuracy, vividness and image of the language of ancient poetry is an important aspect of investigating the taste of ancient poetry in recent years.
The examination of language taste generally involves the following aspects:
(1) Examine the subtlety of keywords. Try to figure out, scrutinize and understand the meaning of keywords and poems in poems and songs from the aspects of diction, sentence making and rhetorical methods.
(2) Investigate the profound meaning contained in the poem. From the language style and application skills of writers' works, we can taste the profound meaning of poetry and songs in the language. Read and taste the beauty of music, rhythm and rhythm of poetry and music from the aspects of phonology, rhythm and tone.
(3) Examine the famous sayings and sentences in poems and songs. Appreciate it from the perspectives of rhetorical methods, expressive techniques, thoughts and feelings, philosophical implications and language use.
In the review, we should not only recite ancient poems and songs, but also combine some poems to try to figure out the following characteristics of poetic language:
(1) fresh and natural, such as? Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan? .
(2) vivid image, such as? Like the spring wind, it blows at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees? .
(3) Implicit and meaningful, such as? Running water is gone, is it heaven and earth? .
(4) concise and meaningful, such as? ... night gives way to the ocean of the sun, and the old year melts in freshness? .
(5) simple and simple, such as? Gushan Temple is in the north of Jiating West, and the water level is low at first. .
(6) concise and lively, such as? Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky. ? .
Third, investigate and analyze writing skills.
The examination of analytical skills generally involves the following aspects:
(1) Analyze the meaning and function of rhetorical devices in poetry.
(2) Analyze the ways of expression of poetry, such as scenery description, lyricism, lyricism by borrowing things, feeling in scenery, etc.
(3) Analyze the structural forms of poetry, such as the deepening of different levels, the feeling of scene blending, and expressing ambition by death.
(4) Analyze the expressive techniques of poetry, such as allusions, bedding, symbolism, contrast and contrast.
(5) Analyze the artistic style of poetry, such as simplicity, naturalness, boldness and elegance.
Here is a brief summary of the expression and artistic style of poetry, hoping to use it flexibly when analyzing the writing skills of poetry.
1. Poetry expression skills
(1) borrow scenery to express emotion, such as? Helpless flowers fall, deja vu Yan returns? .
(2) feel in the scenery, such as? Although a country is divided, mountains and rivers still exist, and the spring of trees and grasslands is back? .
(3) express your will, such as? One day, I will ride the wind and waves, sail straight up and cross the deep sea? Is this river calculated in Japanese yen? .
(4) the combination of static and dynamic, such as? Moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stone in the stream? .
(5) virtual and real, such as? Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. .
(6) see the big from the small, such as? If Dongfeng doesn't go with Zhou Lang, why should Broncos lock Er Qiao in spring? .
(7) Write sad feelings with happy scenes, such as? Dead vines, old trees, faint crows, small bridges and flowing water? .
(8) Poetry, such as? The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen? .
(9) Use allusions, such as? Nostalgia sings Defoe, and going to hometown looks like a rotten ke? .
(10) Use rhetoric and metaphor? Check Peng out and return the goose to Hu Tian? , anthropomorphic? I am worried about the bright moon, and I will stay with the wind until the night goes down. , double? A few early warblers compete for warm trees, whose new swallow pecks at spring mud? Wait a minute.
2. Artistic style
Understanding the artistic style of poets is conducive to grasping their thoughts and feelings expressed in poems.
Poets have formed different artistic styles in their own creative practice, such as: Tao Yuanming's simplicity and naturalness, Du Fu's depression and frustration, Li Bai's heroic and elegant, Bai Juyi's easy to understand, Wang Wei's poetry and painting fusion, Wang Changling's lofty and lofty, high-quality sadness and desolation, Li Shangyin's hazy and hazy, Wang Changling's vigorous and vigorous, vigorous and extraordinary, Wei's fresh and elegant, Han Yu's strange and novel, Li. Liu Yuxi is sober and clear, Li Shangyin is beautiful and elegant, Du Mu is subtle and graceful, Li Yu is affectionate and delicate, Ouyang Xiu is sad and bright, Fan Zhongyan is desolate and tragic, Yan Shuqing is sparse, Su Shi is broad-minded and heroic, Liu Yong is sentimental, Huang Tingjian is natural and smooth, Qin Guan is sincere and sincere, and Li Qingzhao is graceful and sad.
Fourthly, the mastery of poetic style and poet's life is investigated.
The knowledge of poetic style and the examination of the life of important poets are never put forward separately in the Chinese test questions of the senior high school entrance examination, nor are they purely rote learning, but are flexibly interspersed in the poetry appreciation questions.
Poetic expression method of junior middle school Chinese general examination
1, direct lyric
In other words, the author directly narrates the strong feelings in the article, without covering them up, and lets them pour out directly.
For example, before me, where were those lost times? Behind me, where are the future generations? . Only the boundless universe, boundless, can't stop the tears full of sadness. (Chen Ziang's "Youzhou Tower") The whole poem expresses the poet's grief and frustration in waiting for Youzhou Taiwan in a generous and sad style.
2, borrow scenery lyric
(Du Mu's "Bo Qinhuai") is an indirect lyric, which expresses the author's feelings through the description of real scenes.
Such as: smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. Businessmen don't know how to hate their country, but they still sing "backyard flowers" across the river.
The first two sentences of this poem are about scenery, while the last two sentences are lyrical. The scenery written is not a clear moonlit night in Wan Li and a cloudless blue sky in Wan Li, but a foggy moon, shrouded in cold sea water and white sand. The scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which adds atmosphere and color to the writer's anxiety in the last two sentences, and the two scenes blend into one.
3. Take something and express your wishes.
It is an indirect lyric, expressing one's will by holding something, and expressing one's feelings and thoughts by describing something or something.
Such as: hanging down to drink clear dew, flowing out of sparse tung. Cicada is far away from cicada because cicada is on a tall tree, not relying on autumn wind. The image of cicada described in the poem (in Yu Shinan's "Chanting Cicada") is that cicada hangs down its tentacles, sucks clean dew on the branches, and bursts of cicada singing come from the sparse phoenix tree. Living in a high place, crying naturally travels far, not relying on the power of the wind. In poetry, what the author really wants to express is his feelings about life: all people with noble morality are always strict with themselves and constantly improve their self-cultivation, so their good reputation can spread far and far without relying on others' boasting. It can be seen that writing cicadas is the foundation, and expressing your feelings and ambitions is the real purpose.
4. Scene fusion
In the description of the scenery, the author's supervisor's feelings are integrated, so that the poem can be achieved? The unity of things and me? I can't tell which one is. Scene? Which one is it? Love? Field.
Such as: picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely see Nanshan. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. This makes sense. I forgot to say it if I wanted to defend myself.
On the surface, this poem depicts the scenery, but in fact it implies the poet's emotional realm of transcending the world, loving nature and staying away from officialdom.
5, dynamic and static combination
Refers to the description of dynamic or relatively static people, events and scenes.
For example, if you see a fishing lamp in a dark and windy place, you will see a small firefly alone. Slight wind and waves, scattered like river stars. The whole poem depicts the scenery the poet saw on the boat at night in a simple way. The first two sentences are static, and the last two sentences are dynamic, which combine dynamic and static and complement each other.
6, with dynamic lining static
It is a contrast technique, that is, through the description of the dynamic, rendering and comparing the static, that is, expressing the static in the dynamic description.
Such as: people idle osmanthus, the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, the birds are startled, and the sound enters the spring stream. (Wang Wei's Bird Watching Creek)
The scenery written in the poem, such as falling flowers, rising moon and singing birds, are all moving scenes, and at the same time, through these moving scenes, the silence of the spring stream is more prominent. ? Tonamiyama is secluded? The quieter you look when you move, the quieter you look. Here bread contains dialectics.
7. Happy scenery writes sadness
This is a contrast technique. On the surface, it is a happy scene, but in fact it is used to express a sad mood.
Such as: jade bird boat, four-cornered dragon, graceful wind. Jade wheel, green horse, tassel, golden saddle. Money of 3 million, all wearing blue silk, 300 horses mixed color, is the treasure of Jiaoguang City.
8, knot feelings with scenery
Poetry comes to an abrupt end in the process of discussion or lyricism, and instead of writing about scenery, it ends with scenery instead of emotion, which makes poetry? At this time, ruthlessness is better than affection? Seems to want more.
For example, when the pipa dances with new sounds, it always closes the mountain to keep old feelings. I can't listen to endless worries, and the high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall.
(Wang Changling's Seven Poems of Joining the Army) The first three sentences of the poem are all lyrical about music, and at the end of the sentence, the poet makes love with the scenery with a gentle stroke. It seems that after buying wine and drinking music in the army, the vast and desolate scene of the Great Wall suddenly appeared for a month: the ancient and majestic Great Wall was undulating, the autumn moon was shining high, and the scene was magnificent and sad. Is the defender deeply homesick or eager to make achievements at this time? Whether it is anxiety about reality or deep love for the motherland's rivers and mountains is unknown, leaving readers with unlimited imagination.
9, borrow the ancient irony today
This is a common expression in epics, satirizing the present dynasty with historical events.
For example, the six generations of Taicheng compete for beauty, and making love in spring is the most extravagant. Thousands of families have become weeds because of a flower in the backyard. ("Taicheng" by Liu Yuxi) The whole poem takes Taicheng, the place where the emperors of the Six Dynasties lived in politics, as the title, and describes the dissolute life of the Six Dynasties, which is in sharp contrast with the desolate scene of overgrown weeds, and turns the serious historical lessons into shocking concrete images, and entrusts them with infinite feelings of mourning for the past and drawing lessons from mistakes.
10, rendering
China, one of the traditional painting techniques, was later borrowed to refer to the brushwork of emphasizing and repeating in many aspects in literary and artistic creation to highlight people and environment.
For example, the phoenix tree in Jinjing is yellow in autumn leaves, and the bead curtain does not roll frost at night. Jade pillow jade pillow looks like a withered face, lying on your back and worrying about listening to the south temple-style leaking face. (Wang Changling's "Autumn Ci") The first sentence breaks the topic, describing autumn scenery's rendering of the atmosphere of the cold night in the palace.
1 1, comparison
Contrast in foil is one of the original techniques of China's traditional painting. Also called? Dry clouds holding the moon? . Post-borrowing refers to a writing technique, which highlights a certain emotion or image of a character through the description of a specific environment and atmosphere. This technique is usually used in combination with rendering.
For example, when the Monkey King saw Luo Fu, he shouldered a moustache. When the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and lowered his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe; In spite of resentment, he sat watching Luo Fu. ("Shang Mo Sang")
12, allusions
Quoting refers to a rhetorical way of quoting words from historical stories or ancient books to illustrate one's point of view. The use of allusions is both explicit and implicit.
For example, who can ask: Is Lian Po too old to eat? The poet compared himself to Lian Po, expressing his loyalty in spite of his old age.
13, combination of excess and deficiency
Realistic writing refers to the direct and positive narration and description of people or things. Fictional writing refers to narrative and description with marginal notes or contrast. The combination of reality and fiction, that is, the two techniques are used simultaneously in narrative and description.
Such as: Bai Shu roosting crow in the atrium, Coody Leng silent wet osmanthus. (Wang Jian's "Looking at the Moon on Fifteen Nights") Visible and Habitat Crow, although the poet did not write clearly? Yueming? But we can feel it everywhere? Bright moonlight? . Real writing? Dubai? Habitat crow? , virtual writing? Yueming? , dark buckle? The title of the poem looking at the moon.
14, Cadence
There are two kinds of suppression: first, suppression; The method of restraining first and then promoting.
For example, you have to pity your dog's teeth and print your hair, but Chai Fei can't leave for a long time. But this spring spring, after all, can't be caged. Look, there is a pink apricot sticking out of the wall. (Ye Shaoweng's "Garden Worthless") The first two sentences of the poem were written by the poet who took the opportunity to visit the garden and was rejected; In the last two sentences, the poet got something else. Seeing all love, there is a gap between the feelings before and after, with regret in front and happiness behind. What is adopted here is the method of promoting first and restraining first.
15, compare
By contrast, we can distinguish different characters, different life phenomena and different thoughts and feelings more clearly, making beauty more beautiful and uglier.
Pottery has dried all the dirt in front of the door, and there are no tiles on the house. A rich man lives in a tile-roofed building without touching mud. (Mei's Pottery) Through the sharp contrast between pottery and the rich, the whole poem profoundly exposes the extreme irrationality of the feudal social system and expresses the poet's deep sympathy for the working people.
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