Ci is a kind of poetry. Because it is the lyrics of music and harmony, it is also called tune, Yuefu, music movement, long and short sentences, poetry, piano music and so on. It began in the Sui Dynasty, took shape in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and flourished in the Song Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the national music imported from the western regions gradually merged with the old music of the Central Plains, and Hu music was the main music that produced Yan music. The original neat five-character seven-character poem is no longer suitable, so there are words with different words and more lively forms.
Ci originated from the folk, and later literati wrote new words according to the rhythm of music score, called "Ci" or "Yin". From then on, the word was separated from music, forming a kind of metrical poem with uneven sentence length. Fifth, the seven-character poem is symmetrical and dual, presenting the beauty of neatness; The characters are mainly long and short sentences, showing uneven aesthetic feeling.
Words have epigrams, that is, tunes Some intonations have different "styles" because of different words or sentence patterns. Common aphorisms are about 100. The structure of a word is divided into blocks or pieces, which are monotonous, two are disyllabic, and three are called triple. According to different music, there are differences in order, quotation, approach and slowness. "Ling" is generally short, and the words used by early literati are mostly filled in poems. For example, the sixteen-character order, the dream order, and the child's play order. "Yin" and "gold" are generally long, such as Jiang Mei Yin, Yangguan Yin, Zhu Yingtai Gold, Zhongqing Qingjin and so on. And "slow" is longer than "introduction" and "proximity", which prevailed after the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, and there is a saying that Liu Yong "began to preach slowly". Epigraph such as Magnolia Slow, Lin Yuling Slow, etc. According to the number of words, there are also "Xiao Ling", "alto" and "long tune". According to Mao's Ci Xie in Qing Dynasty, words below 58 are small notes, words between 59 and 90 are medium notes, and words below 90 are long notes. The longest inscription, Preface to Bird Singing, has 240 words.
A epigraph reflects a certain sound and emotion. Most of the origins of epigraph names have not been verified. Only a few capable words such as Bodhisattva Man and Qin Yi E ... The rhyme of words is where music stops. Generally do not change rhyme. Some words, some words, some words. Like five-character poems and seven-character poems, the words are all flush. And the sound should be divided into up, down and in. You can overlap words.
Because most of the ci poems in the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty were written for entertaining guests before the banquet, there is a saying that "ci is a path, colorful" and "poetry is charming". With the development of Ci, Liu Yong and Su Shi gradually expanded the theme of Ci until Xin Qiji reached the peak and became a literary genre with the same status as poetry.
First of all, there are a large number of harmonic forms with different rhythm sentences, and the author can choose the tone of words that meet the needs of creation in a very wide range. According to the Records of Ci Pu compiled by Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, there are 826 tones and 2306 styles, many of which have not been collected. There are many changes in the length, sentence patterns and sounds of various words and tones, which are suitable for expressing and depicting various emotional images, whether they are happy or sad, rigid or soft, or a mixture of sadness and joy, and there are corresponding words and tones that can be used as a window to vent.
Furthermore, there is no limit to the change and creation of timbre and style. Authors who know the melody can create their own tones and variations. Kangxi's Preface of Words said: "Only when the words are chosen with a fixed tone, the number of words is fixed, the sentence length is fixed, and the sound and rhyme are even, there is no difference, and harmony can be achieved." However, if we look at the sentence patterns, levels, rhymes and homophones contained in Ci Fu, we can see that the ancients had considerable freedom when filling in. The rhyme of words is often wider than that of poems, and sometimes even four tones can pass or pass, and there are dialects. For example, the intonation of "Man Jiang Hong" is generally sung in rhyme to express the feeling of magnanimity, while Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong" (rushing to the crown with anger) expresses intense feelings, which makes people generous, sad and angry, and sings with rhyme. However, the goddess on the lake in Jiang Kui's "The Red River" (when the virtuous mother comes) has changed her rhyme, and her voice and feelings have become relaxed, full of chic and fun. The preface of Jiang Kui's "Long Pavilion Complains Slow" says: "I like to have fun by myself, and I have long and short sentences at first, and then I coordinate with the law, so there are many differences before and after." There is a sentence in this word, such as: "There are many scholars, who can plant a pavilion tree?" If trees have feelings, they won't be so green! ""at dusk, looking at the high city, I saw countless mountains. Long Wei also went. How could he forget that Yuhuan paid extra? "Scenery lyrical, comfortable, muddy as prose. However, due to the author's deep understanding of the melody, although he freely uses long and short sentences, he naturally conforms to the rhythm and adapts to the singer's timbre. " Do whatever you want without overstepping the rules "is the product of a high degree of unity between freedom and law."
There is a development process between the metrical width and the metrical strictness of words. It was relatively loose from the Tang Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty, but it became more and more strict from the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty. Different writers in different periods have different requirements for the rules of audition. If someone thinks Su Shi's ci is out of tune, someone will defend it. Lu You's Notes on the Old Learning Temple says: Dongpo can't be sung in the world, so Yuefu is not harmonious. Chao Tao said, "At the beginning of Shao Shengchu, there was a cloud in the poem after the inscription of Dongpo's Tanabata Ci:' At the end of the Song Dynasty, Dongpo was on the other side of Dongpo, and Dongpo drunk and sang Yangguanqu'. Then you can't sing, but you are bold and don't like to cut and adjust your ears. " "After Dongpo's Tanabata Poem" says: "At the end of the song, people are scattered, and the wind and rain are pressing." It can also be seen from other records that Su Shi's representative works, such as Mink Head (when is the bright moon) and Nian Nujiao (no return to the river), are also sung or appreciated by "good people", which shows that the two are still harmonious, but in some places they have broken through the bondage of melody. Generally speaking, if you don't follow the rhythm, you may lose the charm of words. If you obey the law too strictly, it will become a shackle. It is important to use rhythm to serve feelings. For example, before Li Qingzhao, the author paid more attention to phonology, while Li Qingzhao chose phonology and used words with many teeth and many tongues to create a special artistic effect of blending scenes. It can be seen that her strict argument for lyrics is freely used to break through stereotypes and create, rather than tying herself up. Many wonderful words in the Song Dynasty, though scattered in length and rolling freely, are similar to spoken language and prose, but they are full of charm and rhythm when recited. This mystery is worth appreciating. Some examples are not necessarily desirable. For example, according to Zhang Yan's Etymology, his father Zhang Shu wrote "Flowers bloom in spring": "The window is deep". The pronunciation of the word' deep' is inconsistent, so change the word' deep'; If you don't agree, change it to' Ming', which is the beginning of the song. These three words are all flat, and Hu Weiwei is like this? Gaiwuyin has lips, teeth, throat, tongue and nose, so it can be divided into light, clear and heavy, so the word Pingsheng can go up and down. "The scenes of" deep ","deep "and" bright "are so different that they have changed. Even if it is completely adapted to singing and strictly abides by the law, it is not a literary creation attitude worth emulating.
The metrical pattern of Song Ci is similar to that of modern poetry, but its provisions are more strict. Every epigraph has it.
Its formula must be flat when it is used, and it must be flat when it is used. Even the rhyme of rhyme is stipulated.
In addition to leveling, some words can be divided into leveling and entering the level. In the following, the author divides it into two parts: word spectrum and rhyme.
Partial explanation:
1. word spectrum
Each epigraph has a fixed metrical form, where it is flat, where it is awkward, where it is right and where it is.
Repetition is regular, where to change rhyme and so on. Write down these rules and say
For the music. Due to the variety of epigrams, there are at least 300 or 400 kinds that can be found at present, each word.
There are even many changes in the word spectrum of cards, so I won't list them one by one. Readers who want to write Song Ci must
You must bring your own word spectrum, such as "White Elephant Word Spectrum" or "Practical Word Spectrum" written by Xiao Jizong.
Writing. Let me give you an example as follows:
Inscription: Ying Huan (also known as Yi Zhenfei, Shangxilou, Xilouzi, Autumn Night Moon, Night Crying, Moon Going to Guazhou)
Metric: 01021621602012216 ... 007v007 216020/kloc-0.
For example:
Empress nantang
Silently alone in the west wing, the moon is like a hook, and the solitary phoenix tree locks the autumn in the deep courtyard. Cutting and cutting are still messy,
It is sadness, especially the general taste in my heart.
Empress nantang
Hualin thanked Chunhong and hurried away, but the cold rain came early and the wind came late. Cochineal tears, drunken dreams,
When does it weigh? Naturally, people hate water when they grow up.
Word spectral code description:
0: Fairness and justice
1: lifetime
2: Kuosh
3: Shangsheng
4. De-vocalization
5: Rusheng
6: Yunping
7: Yi Yun
8: Shang Yun
9: Entering rhyme
V: rhyming changes
...: In the meantime.
Step 2 rhyme
The rhyme of Song Ci is wider than that of modern poetry, mainly because the rhyme feet of Song Ci allow rhyme, that is, several interchanges.
All rhymes in the rhyming department can be gambled. For example, Shang Ping, Yidong and Erdong can communicate with each other, and Shang Ping, Sanjiang and Qiyang can communicate with each other.
Wait a minute. But there are also some similarities, such as the nine good rhymes above, some with the ten gray rhymes above, and some with the ones below.
Ping, Liu, Ma and Yun are interlinked, and the two parts cannot be pledged at the same time. Because this part is not easy to explain clearly, it is the best
The method is to prepare a rhyming book, such as Linz Zheng Yun.