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1. Comparison between Soviet-American civilization and Egyptian civilization in the two river basins
Scientists are surprised to find that two civilizations can be produced at the same time. When Egyptian culture came into being, Mesopotamian culture also came into being.
Egypt's fertile land makes it independent.
Mesopotamia has a special geographical environment, surrounded by deserts and so on, so they all help each other. Unlike Egyptian culture, Mesopotamian culture did not leave much legacy. At the beginning, the residents of Mesopotamia seemed to have a good life, so no one put forward the idea of unification until a long time later, but it was quickly destroyed by the war and other large expenses.
Because of the environmental conditions at that time, people there built houses with mud/wood, so it was different from Egypt. Now we haven't found any remaining buildings. At present, we have dug up many pottery stone tablets engraved with words, and only through these can we infer history. Later, it became Sumerian, a nation that migrated from outside.
The Mesopotamian civilization in the two rivers region was first compared with the Egyptian civilization. The result of the comparison was that they (Mesopotamia) were invaded by foreign countries, and the civilization was not easy to preserve, and the materials used in the building were not easy to preserve. Archaeologists could only study from the unearthed cultural relics.
The second half is about the characteristics of civilization established by Sumerians in Lianghe area, especially the influence of their city-state religious gods system on their economic system. The big topic is classification, comparing Egyptian civilization with Sumerian civilization.
At first, it was surprising that ... two cultures were born in two places at the same time and communicated with each other.
(1) What does the word amazing mean? I chose amazing.
② In XXX, Nero culture and M culture developed at the same time. Agree to rewrite the original sentence M rarely has a unique ruler, and even if there is, the ruling time is very short. Geographically vulnerable to foreign invasion, unlike Egypt, there is a sole ruler. Egypt has a god king, and there are a lot of civil strife outside M. Civil strife and external chaos are substitutes.
(3) Civil strife invasion is its substitute. For reference, what is its substitute? I choose Devine King. Even if M is so chaotic, its cultural and artistic continuity is remarkable.
(4) The description of M culture is wrong? I chose: the development of culture and art is discontinuous. The writing in m has nothing to do with other cultures. M people don't have the concept of afterlife like the Egyptians. Their building materials are mud and wood, which are not durable, although some graves of rich people have been found in city of ur.
Where is your city? At the end of the last paragraph, it is said that the things in M are at the intersection of two rivers. This paragraph says that M people come from land P and are in land M in the south. Remember three options, Egypt, M in the north, where the two rivers meet. The last one I chose.
(6) Although some graves of rich people have been found in city of ur. What is the function of this sentence? The understanding of m land can only be realized through something called extraction, which has a huge XXX on it.
I choose "large number" to express the meaning of the word "vast".
(8) Insert a sentence: Although scholars have made such achievements in the study of M-land, our understanding of people's lives in M-land is very limited. There are different gods and human rulers in different areas of M. Human rulers guide people to worship God. God not only calls the wind and rain, but also owns land ownership, which can allocate human resources and XXX. The sacred XXX is not fiction, which can be seen from the God of M Earth. There is sacred socialism in M, and the temple fence is equipped with manpower and crops. Therefore, although writing is related to religion, we will find that temple records are related to economy and agriculture.
(9) What's wrong with the description of M Land God? I chose one god to fight another.
(10) Why is divineXXX not fiction? The answer corresponds to the original text, so I can't remember it clearly.
(1 1) ... What does it mean to be considered as part of the harvest? Choose meaningful words.
(12) Examine various options for the main content of the full text.
2. Darwin's theory of evolution
1.
Darwin's theory of evolution emphasizes that it takes a long time for animals and plants to evolve into new species due to environmental changes. But it has been suggested that species can evolve in a short time. There is a kind of fish, placed downstream, with many predators, so these fish breed faster, and their babies and fish are bigger than before, with poor quality and many deformities, so they will not be overloaded. Rapid growth. Upstream, there are few predators, their breeding speed is very slow, and the young fish are not big and grow slowly.
It is said that there is a kind of bird, some with big mouths and some with small mouths. The youngest can only eat small seeds/nuts. There was a drought for a while, and the seeds were big, and many birds died, but the investigation found that the dead birds were regular. Most of them are birds with small mouths. Later, when the weather returned to normal, I found that the mouths of those descendants were bigger than before. If there is enough rain, the bird's mouth will be smaller than before.
Darwin's theory of evolution takes a long time to see the characteristics of evolution. This paper gives two examples of short-term evolutionary experiments:
1。 The experiment of artificial intervention, a kind of fish, has many natural enemies in the deep sea and few in the shallow sea. Let them live in an environment with many natural enemies. After several years, these fish began to shorten their life cycle and lay eggs early, and the mother fish did not raise young fish. After they were put back into the shallow sea, after several years of observation, their spawning rate initially decreased, but their volume increased.
2。 Natural experiment: There is a kind of bird on an island. In a drought, many birds with small beaks became extinct, because birds with big beaks could eat food better. Later, natural conditions recovered and it was found that the beaks of those birds gradually became smaller.
2.
The theory that animals have evolved to large volume: large-volume creatures are inflexible and tend to the end of evolution. Two examples are given:
1。 The physical characteristics of elephants, such as limbs, are closely related to their huge size.
2。 Whales supported by water originated from rodents like elephants. Its ancestors were small, lived in shallows, had hind legs, and later became whales.
At first, Darwin thought that natural selection was too slow for people to witness.
(1) What do you mean by witness? Choose to observe.
(2) Why did Darwin think so? Natural selection takes a long time. Scientist Guppy did this experiment.
(3) The experiment describes that guppy always grows as fast as possible to mate, thus producing as many offspring as possible. The price of precocity is shortened life span, and each offspring can't get much energy from the female guppy. The risk of premature death is offset by other risks. What is the function of this paragraph? At the end of the previous paragraph, R tested these predictions. This paragraph is a description of the test, a test guess.
(4) What does the word 4)offset mean? Balanced. R has also been tested, putting guppies from places with many predators into pools with few predators. They are relatively late-maturing, live longer, lay fewer eggs per nest, and have a higher egg size ratio.
The control group is very big.
(5) Which statement is wrong about the above? Yes, each nest lays more eggs. Some natural selection does not require human intervention.
It can happen in a short time.
(6) Insertion means that in this case, biologists can observe changes as long as they live for a long time. In a drought, several scholars observed a bird there. Birds with small beans only ate small seeds. Birds with long beans can eat big seeds because their birds are strong enough to break big seeds. During the drought, birds with short mouths died, and birds with long mouths died.
Survival. The surviving birds mate with the birds of the second year, and the beaks of the offspring become longer as a whole. When the rainfall is sufficient and the seeds are small enough, at this time, the beak of the newborn bird becomes shorter again.
(7) What are the advantages of beaked birds? Break the seeds.
(8) What are the similarities between beak test and guppy test? It seems that all choices occur in a relatively short period of time, and natural selection can be observed by human beings.
(9) On rainy days, the bird's beak became shorter again, and I forgot what to test.
(10) The main contents of the full text are multiple choices.
aural comprehension
1. Dialogue 1
Subject: The schoolgirl lost her purse.
Content abstract: A girl has her student ID card in her purse &; Meal cards, keys and other things can't go back to the dormitory. So I went to the student office to get an ID card. When I met the staff (black accent), I said that I couldn't get in without an ID card, or I had to show my driver's license or a passport with a picture, such as a passport. But the girl said I lost my wallet, my ID card and my passport in the dormitory. Without an ID card, the dormitory won't let me in (there was a question asking her why she couldn't get her passport). Later, the woman said that she had told the person in charge of the dormitory about this problem, and here is an email explanation. The staff checked it, and sure enough, then the staff said, if you can correctly say $ number of your passport, let her in. The female student calmly said $ number, and he said yes, you can go in, but you will be monitored. The girl said who cares! The girl added: She dropped her meal card, too. The administrator said: you can also apply for a meal card if you apply for an ID card inside. The girl said: You really helped me a lot! Librarian: If you have any other questions, I'll be happy to help you. Girls say you help! The tone of this sentence is falling tone. If you have any questions, ask the girls why they say so. Two options in this question are correct: 1. The girl wants to know if this manager can help him. 2. Girls will be relieved after solving all the problems. )
The main points of this article are:
Analysis: This article is a dialogue article, involving students' daily life and study life. The difficulty of this kind of article is that some proper nouns will appear in foreign universities, such as ID cards and meal cards. These nouns are invisible in China University, so students need to summarize and memorize the vocabulary of this scene in advance according to our scene classification. In addition, this article involves some explanations about the tone and intonation of sentences, and the meaning of sentences will change with the tone and intonation, such as the last sentence, you help! . This is a multiple-choice question, which should be chosen according to the tone of girls.
Expressions of unique words in common scenes: student ID card, dormitory, student service, employee, driver's license, supervisor, meal card, check and wallet.
Pronunciation and intonation survey: If you have any other questions, I'd be happy to help you. /Who cares.
2. The first lecture
Subject: Research on glial cells.
Content abstract: The professor said that the early research on the human brain focused on nerve cells and asked a boy to answer the main content of the last class. The boy said that bioelectricity is conducted through nerve cells and transmitted to the next cell through the contact point of two nerve cells. Interestingly, he was interrupted here and said that his answer was complete (if there is a problem, please ask the professor to interrupt his intention). In the early days, the role of glial cells was ignored, and people thought that glial cells only supported the role of nerve cells. Later, it was found that glial cells also have the function of transmitting information, not through bioelectricity, but through chemicals. So there are always three modes of conduction, between nerve cells, between glial cells and between nerve and glial cells. Moreover, the number of glial cells is huge, far more than that of nerve cells. At the same time, it is also possible to repair nerve cells and decide which nerves grow bigger. The professor also said that glial cells may be related to intelligence, and the more IQ, the higher IQ, but this is not certain. The professor said that the study of glial cells is a very open field, and suggested that students consider further research after graduation.
The main points of this article are:
Analysis: This article involves the most difficult knowledge about biology in TOEFL listening, so there are many new words, such as glial cells. However, students should pay attention to that all the new words involved in TOEFL listening will be explained by some explanation principles, such as which means.
Biology says glial cells. In the past, people's research on nerve conduction was limited to neurons, also known as nerve cells. Nerve conduction is transmitted from one node to another through electrical communication, and neurons are considered to play a major role. Glial cells are seldom studied and neglected. They are considered to help neurons grow and play an auxiliary role.
Later, I happened to find that there are many more glial cells than neurons in the brain. Glial cells attracted the attention of scientists and began to study what role it played (there was a question asking how glial cells attracted the attention of scientists).
Later, there was a major breakthrough, and it was found that glial cells used chemical conductors instead of electrical signals. Traditionally, it has been wrongly believed that glial cells use electrical signals like nerve cells. Later, I talked about the possible role of glial cells: making people smarter.
At present, the understanding of glial cells is very limited, but the related research has been popularized, which is an optional research topic for everyone after graduation (the topic appears).
3. The second lecture
Theme: Romantic Poetry
Content abstract: This paper mainly introduces the poems of Wordsworth, a representative figure of English romanticism in the 9th century. He is the originator of romanticism, but the word romanticism was added by later generations, not by themselves. Romance is not what we usually understand, and it has nothing to do with the love between men and women. Romanticism is aimed at ordinary people, not a few educated people, and describes common things in daily life, children's and human emotions, and the interaction between nature and human beings in simple language. Taking himself as an example, the professor said that he felt this kind of interaction when he was walking. A style diametrically opposed to romanticism is neoclassicism, which is also opposed by the founders of romanticism. Neoclassicism used too many explanations, for example, sky is not called sky, but blue. Birds are not called birds, but people with feathers. The professor divided the poet's works into three stages. Early romantic works mainly describe the poems of plants (flowers and plants). The mid-term is a comment on some social phenomena. Later revision of previous works. At present, the literary world still thinks that his early works are the best. The professor also said that the more poems he wrote, the worse, but the earlier ones were better. This paper mainly discusses his first-stage poems.
The main points of this article are:
This article involves an example. For example, in the article, the professor will use an example of his own experience and then ask the professor why he said this example. Students should pay attention to words like example when listening to the article. Once there are examples in the article, there will be doubts. In addition, the article involves the classification of a thing. Like this classification, it will definitely involve examination questions, such as filling out forms. Therefore, in the process of listening, candidates should remember how they are classified and the specific characteristics of each category.
4. Dialogue 2
Theme: bird migration in bird migration.
Content abstract: A student asked his teacher for the report he wanted to write about bird migration, but he couldn't find enough materials. The teacher thinks it is impossible not to have enough information (ask the professor what this means when there is a question, and the answer is that she thinks it should be easy to find resources). The boy said there was not enough material because he wanted to write a paper on ancient bird migration. The professor said, "You did find a good topic, but you should know that my requirement is that your paper should reflect what you have learned this semester." Later, he said that he wanted to write some Aristotle's views on this topic. The teacher said that her request was that they should use what they had learned to finish the paper, not summarize it. I hope he can change his mind and write down the old theories before, and then how do these new studies support or refute these theories now? Then he thought of writing about birds migrating at night. Most people only see big birds, so they think birds migrate under the wings of big birds or something. The new discovery is actually because birds fly at night (if there is any problem, I say this topic can verify that I understand the teacher's intention). Later, he wanted to write about a hibernating bird instead of migrating, but the teacher refused. The teacher said that a report with only 15 pages should not be tossed around like this, but it's a good idea. Finally, the teacher hoped that he would come back in a week to see his clear direction.
The main points of this article are:
Analysis: This paper can still be sorted and summarized according to the scene classification. For example, if you encounter some papers, you may discuss the materials, contents and due date of the papers. Mastering these points before listening will have a certain guiding effect on listening.
5. The third lecture
Theme: ragtime music (1890- 19 15).
Content abstract: ragtime introduced a kind of music called ragtime, which was popular in America around19th century. Can express the spirit of youth and so on. This music is popular because of the piano, because the two are so well matched. At that time, the piano was used in various occasions. This kind of music was as popular as rock &; Scrolling is the same within a certain period of time. (When there is a problem, the female classmate said a lot, and then she said, "I just don't understand, that is, teach the meaning of explanation." She also said that the piano was so popular at that time because it was in harmony with temperament and because it was a symbol of wealth and status at that time. In addition, in those days, everyone had no money and went to public concerts or restaurants to listen to music. Piano's voice is loud enough to perfectly match the rhythm of ragtime music. So the two complement each other. This music is very popular with young people because it is full of passion. Apart from performing everywhere, park doesn't need a piano to perform because it is difficult to move (because of transportation problems). At the same time, this kind of music is also the predecessor of jazz, because the players don't play cards according to the cards, and seven people play a song and pop up seven keys. This ragtime music has a far-reaching influence. For example, jazz developed from there now.
The main points of this article are:
Analysis: It may be difficult to use words in this article, because it involves professional music vocabulary, and in addition, this article also involves the investigation of the tone and intonation of sentences. This kind of investigation generally involves listening questions, similar to part A in the old TOEFL. You can refer to the materials and summary in Part A of the old TOEFL for review.
6. The fourth lecture
Subject: Dacaohua.
Content abstract: The professor introduced the classification of plants from the beginning, and mentioned species, genera and orders in the classification. It is difficult to classify plants, especially some plants with special characteristics. It is pointed out that the classification of plants cannot depend entirely on the morphology and characteristics of their flowers. When it comes to the genus Dacao, flowering stones will give off a rancid smell, attracting flies to spread pollen. She cited a plant in Indonesia, M, whose flowers are very special, super large (the picture shows that the diameter is as long as an arm and the color is deep red), and its taste is unpleasant, like what meat, but in the end it was found that they were not an order. Growing in a harsh environment, other plants can't grow (the question arises: what kind of environment does it grow in? This plant has a food source, but it still eats insects, because it can't get enough nutrition from the soil, so it needs to get nutrition in this way (the question arises: why eat insects). Then the professor said how it catches insects. After a long period of research, experts found that it belongs to the same order as violet and willow. When it comes to childhood violets, they will also give off that smell. It is mentioned that another South American plant has the same use, but the flowers are small and taste good, which is consistent with blueberries. Students ask if DNA can't be measured. The professor said that this large flower basically does not carry out photosynthesis and cannot extract DNA that ordinary plants can extract. Before the DNA analysis technology is mature, it is impossible to combine them into the same kind because their characteristics are too different. The professor also mentioned that the mating of this plant is not easy. One is the bad smell, which makes it difficult for honey-passing animals to get close. The other is only once a year, and the flowers are divided into male and female. Therefore, it is not easy for so many congenital conditions to come together, and few people have the opportunity to see the whole process of flowering. So, don't judge a book by its cover. Later, it was said that this flower is likely to be extinct, because it is a small probability event to want flies to help transport pollen, to want the same kind of flowers together, and to want these conditions to happen at the same time. Small event
The main points of this article are:
Analysis: This article has appeared frequently in exams in recent months. Candidates are advised to prepare carefully, and there are many new words, so it is not appropriate to answer.