poetic sentiment
Mulan hugged her and asked who she was. If you want to hear what you are saying, you should be grateful. My father is a soldier, and his strength is declining. Wan Li Road is not enough, and there are still few children. Husha has no clues, and the north wind cracks people's skin. How can my father help himself when he is ill? Mulan went instead of her father and prepared a horse for the trip. Ivanko Shang Qi, but washed away the lead powder makeup. Gallop to the military curtain and be generous to your assistant. Chaotun under the snow-capped mountains, staying in Qinghai at dusk. Attack the swallow at night. It is also carried by Qiang people. The general returned home in triumph, and the foot soldiers also returned to their hometown. My parents were very happy and sad when they saw Mulan. Mulan was able to honor her parents, but she took off her towel and straightened the silk spring. I used to be a martyr, but now I am a spoiled child. Relatives celebrate with wine, and parents know that they have a daughter and a gay man. In the face of the old army, ten years of rugged, this knot brothers, die. I also saw Mulan today, although her voice is beautiful. If you dare not marvel, you will sigh. There are courtiers in the world who can be like Mulan Festival. Loyalty and filial piety will never die!
For more than a thousand years, the story of Mulan joining the army instead of her father has become a household name in China, and the image of Mulan is also deeply loved by people.
work
"Poetry": Mulan Song is a quasi-ancient Yuefu for Jin people, so those who are high are strong in the Han and Wei Dynasties, while those who are flat are strong in the Han and Wei Dynasties. For example, "South City buys bridles and North City buys whips", which is still associated with Tokyo; To "when the window is decorated with clouds and the mirror is yellow", Qi's language is natural. And sentences such as "Go out to meet fire companions", although simple, actually came from the Six Dynasties, not the Han Dynasty.
Xie Zhen's Four-character Poetry: Mulan Poetry says, "What do women think? Ask the woman what she remembers. Women have nothing to think about ... Beishi buys whips. " This is a casual remark, simple and natural, complicated and not chaotic. If you ask and answer, buying pommel horses in one city is simply simple and tasteless, and there are almost no Yuefu. "Wan Li goes to Rongji, if the mountain flies ..." It is absolutely like Li Bai's five words, but there are not many words. "The male rabbit's feet pounce on the new moon ..." This knot is the most popular and surprising. If these four sentences are missing, it may be irreparable.
[Edit this paragraph] Modern people's appreciation
Mulan Poetry (Cao Daoheng)
Long narrative folk songs in the Northern Dynasties. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been different records and disputes about its age and author. It first appeared in Wen Yuan Mulan Song written by Wei in Tang Dynasty. The title of Ancient Wen Yuan is Mulan Poetry, which means "Tang Poetry". According to the poem "Khan is a great warrior" in Fan Yanlu written by Cheng Dachang in Song Dynasty, Mulan's life is either Sui or Tang. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yan Yu's poems about Canglang thought that "the new moon spreads gold, and the cold light shines iron clothes" and so on, "it is too white, and it must not be a poem of Han and Wei Dynasties". Since then, it has been said that people in the Sui and Tang Dynasties wrote this poem, but in the Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian pointed out that this poem was not written by Wei, but that Wei "got it from the people" (after Yuefu Mulan Poetry). Yuefu Poetry Collection is included in Song of Crossing Drum and Beam, also known as Mulan Poetry. Cloud is an "ancient poem", quoting Chen Shizhi's "Records of Ancient and Modern Music" and saying: "Mulan, nameless." According to "Old Tang Shu Wei Chuan", Wei was an observer in western Zhejiang and an envoy in Huainan (Huang Tingjian said that Wei Renshuo was my ambassador, which was wrong). According to the records of Old Tang Qu, it can be seen that there are "Xianbei Qu in Yan and Wei Dynasties" and more "Khan Ci" in Yuefu Qu in Liang and Northern Dynasties. So Mulan poems may be Xianbei songs. Spread in Jiangnan and translated into Chinese. He entered Yuefu in the Liang Dynasty and later dispersed among the people. It was rediscovered by Wei in the Tang Dynasty, and it is planned to become Mulan Song (Wenyuan). As for the antithetical poem Shuo Qi, it is used in the poems of Qi and Liang, and it is the trace of literati's processing. Therefore, most modern scholars believe that Mulan poetry originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty and was written by the people.
Mulan Poetry tells the story that Mulan disguised herself as a man, joined the army instead of her father, and made meritorious deeds on the battlefield. After returning to Korea, she refused to be an official, but asked to be reunited with her family. This poem enthusiastically praised the strange girl's hard-working and kind quality, her enthusiasm for defending her country, her heroic fighting spirit and her dignified and calm demeanor. It not only reflects the general martial spirit of the nomadic people in the north, but also shows the people in the north's aversion to the long-term separatist war and their desire for a peaceful and stable life. This is eulogizing Mulan, which obviously impacts the prejudice of the patriarchal society. It is a "fantastic poem" (the source of Shen Deqian's ancient poems), full of romance, with a vigorous and simple style, which basically maintains the characteristics of folk songs. Quasi-question and answer is used to describe psychological activities in the poem, which is meticulous and profound; Describe the behavior modality with extravagance and parallelism, with vivid expression; The use of refined spoken language not only expresses a woman's tone, but also enhances the narrative atmosphere and shows the true colors of folk songs. Represents the outstanding achievements of Yuefu folk songs in the Northern Dynasties.
The ideological content and artistic skills of Mulan's poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations. The music history of the Song Dynasty, Taiping Yuhuan Ji, records that there are Mulan Mountain, Mulan Township and Mulan Temple in Huanggang County, Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei), and cites Du Mu's Mulan Temple as evidence. Later, according to local records, in Bozhou, Anhui, Shangqiu, Henan, Wanxian, Hebei and other places, temples were built to worship Mulan, which reflected the far-reaching influence of Mulan's poems. Until today, the image of Mulan on the stage screen still inspires people's patriotic enthusiasm. At the same time, long before Wei wrote Caotang, Du Fu's poem Caotang described the happy scene of moving to Caotang, which obviously absorbed the expression of Mulan's poem describing the family welcoming Mulan back. As for Yuan Zhen's estimation of guest music, "Go out as a fire companion and say goodbye to your father and brother at home", Bai Juyi's "Playing Mulan" and "Mulan used to be a girl, which is so strange", it can be seen that Mulan poetry has become popular in the middle Tang Dynasty.
The Ideological Tendency of Mulan Poetry (Wang Shuzhen)
Mulan Poetry is a famous and excellent poem in China's classical poetry. It describes the extraordinary experience of an ordinary woman, Mulan, who joined the army and returned to her hometown on behalf of her father with deep feelings and narrative, comparison and rendering techniques. Mulan may not be a real person, but dressing up as a woman is a real thing. Mulan is one of these women. Mulan's joys and sorrows are very dramatic. Therefore, for thousands of years, her touching stories have been circulated among the masses. What kind of ideological tendency did Mulan's poems show?
This poem attracted readers to the scene it described from the beginning. Mulan's usual "loom sound" in weaving has been replaced by her sigh. The reason is that Khan was an autumn soldier on the battlefield. His father is in the army and there is no eldest son at home. How could he not make Mulan anxious and depressed? But she finally made a brave choice of "willing to be a pommel horse for the city and sign for the Lord from now on"
Mulan's joining the army was forced and illegal. Once she made the choice of "joining the army", her attitude was positive, which vividly showed her initiative and determination from the busy scene of shopping around. Mulan is far away from her hometown for the first time, and the mountains and rivers in a foreign land will touch her homesickness. The description of this in the poem is sincere and very touching. Joining the army gave Mulan the opportunity to show her wisdom and talent as well as men. After ten years of war, she changed from a kind, enthusiastic and capable girl to a "strong man" who made meritorious deeds. What a big change!
The war won victory and peace. The environment has changed. Where will Mulan go? She has unspeakable difficulties. Because she is a woman, she doesn't deserve the honor she deserves in this grand ceremony of rewarding merit. She had to resign as a knight and set foot on the only way to return home. Anonymous authors take this for granted. Therefore, the happy reunion of Mulan's flesh and blood is described in a cheerful style, which allows her to appear in front of her companions as a woman after "being a window-keeper and putting flowers in front of the mirror". What is valuable to the author is the metaphor that rabbits run together and men and women are inseparable, which shows that women are not inferior to men in wisdom, courage and talent if they have the opportunity to display their ambitions.
This description of Mulan's return from the army shows the author's progressive ideological tendency. The problem is how to correctly analyze this social phenomenon reflected by the author. Some people think that Mulan returned to her hometown because she didn't want fame and fortune, which reflected the true nature of working people's love for labor. In my opinion, this view is incorrect.
In the ancient feudal society of China, "women are men", besides Mulan, there was also a Huang Chongjia. Xie Fangde told their stories as anecdotes in Miscellanies of Bihu. Mulan is a heroine who died in battle, and she "returns without knighthood"; Huang Chongjia was a woman of Shu in the Five Dynasties. She disguised herself as a man and worked as a retainer in Zhou Xianggong's mansion in Shu. Because she is "sensitive to being an official, and small officials are afraid to bring clothes", Zhou Yao took a fancy to her and "wanted a wife and a daughter". Huang Chongjia was bored, so he had to explain that he was a woman and walked away.
Under the feudal system, women disguised as men were regarded as abnormal phenomena. "The man is the master outside, and the woman is the master inside" is the commandment of feudal ethics. Mulan can secretly join the army instead of her father in an emergency and give full play to her potential wisdom and talents. However, she could not turn to peace with the war, and still stayed in the court to make new contributions to governing the country. Otherwise, the notoriety of the so-called "Hunji Chen Si" will fall on her. Neither Mulan nor the author of Mulan Poetry can change this fate.
It is difficult to get rid of the shackles imposed on women by feudal ethics. Wang Jun, a poetess in Qing Dynasty, felt that she couldn't show her talents like Hua Mulan and Chongqi in Partridge Sky ("Hua Mulan's devotion to Xu Qi is out of the question"), so she had to let the heroine enter the artistic stage in the dream of playing Ci ("so that she could explain her worries to the dream") to express her life ideal buried in her heart.
It can be seen that Mulan's return to her hometown is by no means a question of not wanting fame and wealth, nor a question of loving labor, but an inevitable product of oppression and discrimination against women in feudal society.
It is impossible for the author of Mulan Poetry to be clearly aware of this. However, his tortuous life path of peace-war-peace from Mulan unconsciously reflected the miracle created by Mulan under special conditions and praised it enthusiastically. This is the expression of the author's loyalty to real life, and it is also related to the thoughts and feelings of the working people.
What is the ideological tendency of Mulan's poems? In a word, it expresses the affirmation and appreciation of the wisdom and talent endowed by ordinary women. Moreover, we should also see that this attitude is naturally revealed in descriptions such as comparison ("fire companions are both surprised and busy") and metaphor ("two rabbits are walking beside the ground"). It was not until the end of the Ming Dynasty that people could say it in such clear language as "the beauty in the sea or the beauty in the clock, not for men but for women". However, in Mulan's poems, there is no obvious tendency to value women over men and overcorrect them in Ming Dynasty. The Ming people made such a bold estimate of women's potential wisdom, talent and strength. In addition to the social life at that time, from the historical and ideological origins, Mulan's poems are enlightening.
Linguistic Features of Mulan Poetry
Mulan poetry has a unique style of Yuefu folk songs. Opening questions and answers are common in folk songs. The language of Mulan's poems is vivid and simple, with few carvings and axes: "My younger brother hears my sister coming and sharpens his knife to pigs and sheep", which has been circulated for thousands of years and is still a spoken language that people relish; Except for the elegant six sentences in Wanli Qurongji, the rest have retained the form and style of folk songs, and the use of chain, question and answer, parallelism and overlap is almost the same as that of folk songs. Moreover, the language is rich and colorful, the spoken language is simple and natural, the parallelism is harmonious, and the metaphor is novel and humorous, which was not in the plan of the literati at that time. ..... Since Mulan Poetry is a northern folk song, is it dominated by Yuefu authorities? In my opinion, this song can be sung happily. As far as the original rhyme is concerned, most of the Long Yuefu poems change their rhyme every few words, and few rhyme ends, so that the syllables of the performed songs can be complicated and changeable. "Mulan Poetry" has changed seven rhymes, which can also be said to be seven kinds of songs: "Haw, haw, haw ... women have no memory"; "I bought a saddle in the west market ... but I heard the Yellow River splashing"; "the night stays on the black mountain ... but I listen to Yanshan Hu riding a horse"; "Wan Li went to Rongji ... a strong man returned in ten years"; "The son of heaven sat in the hall ... I didn't know Mulan was a girl"; "Mother rabbit's eyes are blurred ... can Ann tell whether I am a man or a woman? "This is equivalent to writing seven songs under one topic. The difference is that this is a complete song. The number of sentences in each rhyme of many folk songs is relatively neat, while the number of sentences in Mulan's poems is rather uneven. Because it was once sung by musicians, it was included in Yuefu songs of past dynasties, and until now there are still storytellers singing Mulan poems.
Language Simplification of Mulan Poetry
The language of literary works should be concise and appropriate, and we should not be greedy for too much, nor should we blindly seek simplicity. If we read Mulan's poems carefully, we can realize this truth.
"Mulan Poetry" revolves around the image of Mulan. It sometimes "cherishes ink like gold" and is extremely simple; Sometimes, I will "splash ink like water" and try my best to arrange. For example, "Wan Li comes to Rongji, and the mountains are flying. The breath of the new moon is golden, and the cold light is iron. The general died in a hundred battles, and the strong man returned in ten years. " There are only six sentences and thirty crosses, which sum up Mulan's fighting career of defending the country for more than ten years. How simple! Two of them are about the north wind and the sound of fighting; The moonlight reflected snow and Mulan woke up. Through the description of the environment, scenery and atmosphere, Mulan's homesickness complex and warrior temperament of sticking to her post are rendered. Although life in the frontier is hard and there are only intermittent struggles around, Mulan and her friends are still dressed in armor and ready to fight for the motherland. This scene is very vivid (the sound of the north wind, the sound of fighting) and colorful (moonlight, the color of snow, the reflection of iron). How intriguing! It can be said that a word is worth a thousand dollars, and a word cannot be reduced. The four sentences of "buy horses in the east market, prepare saddles in the west market, prepare reins in the south market, and prepare whips in the north market" are all twenty sentences, just repeating the content of "prepare pommel horses in the city" above. At first glance, how dull and burdensome it feels! But after careful taste, I found it very flexible and concise. Because of this exaggeration, Mulan and her family were thoroughly prepared for military uniforms. As Liu Dabai said in "Old Poems and New Stories": "The whole four-line sentence looks rigid, but in fact it has distinct layers. Because you can't ride a horse without a saddle, you have to buy a saddle; You can't ride a saddle without a halter, so you have to buy a halter; There is a bridle without a whip, so I can't catch it, so I have to buy a whip. " This way of arranging east, west, south and north in turn is very common in folk songs, but it is especially used in Mulan's poems and is particularly vivid. For example, the following eight sentences are "Say goodbye to parents", the following six sentences are "Parents heard that women are coming", and the two sentences are "The male rabbit's feet are complicated and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred", or by time (dusk), or by generation (parents, sisters, brothers), or by gender (men and women). It is in this stylized narrative that Mulan's poems are interesting and picturesque. In this respect, it is like "splashing ink like water".
The whole poem focuses on Mulan's psychological activities before going to war, during the journey and after returning to China, but rarely describes her heroic achievements in the battle. On the surface, it seems that there are more feelings for children than for heroes. However, from the actual effect, all kinds of children's situations described in the poem enrich Mulan's heroic character in many ways, making this image real and moving. For example, "Say goodbye to parents and stay by the Yellow River at dusk. I can't hear my parents calling for a female voice, but I hear the Yellow River splashing. " A picture of a girl homesick really came out. As a daughter, Mulan is very clever. During years of hard campaign life, she can pretend to be a man without being noticed. In the life-and-death struggle in Guanshan, Wan Li, it is even more heroic to be able to make meritorious military service and play Kay's return. Here, loving children and heroism complement each other, don't they?
What kind of story does Mulan Poetry tell?
Mulan Poetry is a long narrative poem, which represents the outstanding achievements of Yuefu folk songs in the Northern Dynasties. The age and author are unknown. It is generally believed that it originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty and was created by the people.
"Mulan Poetry" tells the story of a girl named Mulan, who disguised herself as a man, joined the army instead of her father and made contributions on the battlefield. After returning to Korea, she didn't want to be an official and asked to go home for reunion. This poem enthusiastically praised the strange girl's hard-working and kind quality, her enthusiasm for defending her country, her heroic fighting spirit and her dignified and calm demeanor. It not only reflects the general martial spirit of the nomadic people in the north, but also shows the people in the north's aversion to the long-term separatist war and their desire for a peaceful and stable life. Its praise of Mulan also impacted the prejudice of the patriarchal society. It is "absurd and poetic" (in Shen Deqian), full of romance, vigorous and simple in style, and basically maintains the characteristics of folk songs.
As far as ideological content and artistic skills are concerned, Mulan's poems have their own characteristics and have a far-reaching influence on later generations. Quasi-question and answer is used to describe psychological activities in the poem, which is meticulous and profound; Describe the behavior modality with extravagance and parallelism, with vivid expression; The use of refined spoken language not only expresses a woman's tone, but also enhances the narrative atmosphere and shows the true colors of folk songs. The poem "Caotang" by Du Fu, a great poet in Tang Dynasty, describes the happy scene of moving to the Caotang, obviously draws lessons from the expression of "Mulan Poetry" and describes that the whole family welcomes Mulan back. As for Yuan Zhen's estimation of guest music, "Go out to ask for fire companions and say goodbye to my father and brother at home" and Bai Juyi's "Mulan was once a girl", it can be seen that Mulan poetry was popular in the middle Tang Dynasty.
The story of Mulan is deeply rooted in people's hearts and widely circulated. According to Taiping Universe, there are Mulan Mountain, Mulan Township and Mulan Temple in Huanggang County, Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei). According to local records, temples were built to worship Mulan in Bo County, Anhui Province, Shangqiu, Henan Province and Wanxian County, Hebei Province. Until today, the image of Mulan on the stage screen still inspires people's patriotic enthusiasm.